Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “TYPHOID”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,081 records · Page 60Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

Diagnosis of typhoid fever using a string capsule device.

Cultures were made from blood, bone marrow, stool and duodenal contents (obtained with string capsules) from 36 patients with bacteriologically proven typhoid fever on admission to hospital. Duodenal content cultures proved to be as sensitive in diagnosis (86%) as bone marrow (75%) and more effective than blood (42%) and stool (26%) cultures in recovery of Salmonella typhi. The sensitivity of duodenal content cultures was not modified by the duration of illness at admission or by previous antibacterial therapy. Even on the seventh day of effective treatment with chloramphenicol, the culture of duodenal contents remained positive in 8 of 17 patients, whereas salmonellae were isolated from stool cultures in only 2 of the same patients. The results obtained with the string capsule, together with the simplicity, economy and acceptability of the procedure, the fact that it can be performed with minimal facilities and the advantages of bacteriological recovery for antibiotic sensitivity testing, suggest that its adoption would be very helpful in efforts to control this disease.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Randomized treatment of patients with typhoid and paratyphoid fevers using norfloxacin or chloramphenicol.

Forty adult patients with Salmonella typhi and S. paratyphi infections were studied in a randomly assigned prospective study to receive norfloxacin (12 drug-sensitive and 8 drug-resistant cases) or chloramphenicol (20 cases). No complication occurred in either group and no side effect was noted in the norfloxacin-treated group. The results suggest that a 7 d course of twice daily norfloxacin promises to be an alternative to a 14 d course of chloramphenicol for treating chloramphenicol-sensitive and multidrug-resistant typhoid and paratyphoid fevers.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Short-course treatment of typhoid fever with ciprofloxacin in south India.

This study assessed the performance of short-course ciprofloxacin for the treatment of 34 adult patients with culture-positive typhoid fever. Patients received ciprofloxacin, 750 mg orally twice daily for 7 d. Measurement of response was based upon time from initial treatment to fever lysis, to afebrile state, and to symptom resolution. Ciprofloxacin-treated patients defervesced in a mean of 3.21 d (+/- 0.56), with stabilization of temperature in 4.0 +/- 0.73 d. After 90 d follow-up, no relapse or carrier was identified. Side effects during therapy were minimal.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An outbreak of typhoid due to multidrug resistant Salmonella typhi in Pondicherry.

An outbreak of typhoid due to multi-drug resistant Salmonella typhi is reported from Pondicherry, India. While the average prevalence of drug resistant strains in 1980-1988 had been 11.7%, it increased to 52% in 1989-1990. The majority of strains (80.8%) were resistant to chloramphenicol, streptomycin, tetracycline and ampicillin; 40% were resistant to co-trimoxazole. Minimum inhibitory concentrations to 8 antibiotics for 17 representative strains were more than 10-fold greater than those of 13 sensitive strains. The multi-resistance was shown to be plasmid mediated in direct conjugation experiments and the strains belonged to Viphage type O, biotype II.

Chloramphenicol Resistance↗
PubMed1992

Experience with Vi typhoid capsular polysaccharide vaccine in the U.K.

Adult volunteers were immunised with a single dose of typhoid Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine. After immunisation, 96% of the 103 subjects seroconverted and 94% had antibody levels above the protective threshold. Systemic reactions were uncommon, local reactions were mild and transient.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Critical control points for foods prepared in households whose members had either alleged typhoid fever or diarrhea.

Hazard analysis of food preparation practices were conducted in four households and eleven others were visited to survey both food preparation practices and environmental conditions. Households selected had members who were suffering from either diarrhea of unknown etiology or alleged typhoid fever. Hazard analyses and sanitary surveys included gathering data on time-temperature exposures of foods, collecting samples of food and drinking water, sampling sewage or drains, and obtaining stool specimens from persons with diarrhea and from family controls. Food samples were tested for aerobic mesophilic colony counts and common foodborne pathogens; specimens were tested for Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter and Yersinia. Campylobacter was isolated from two persons purported to have diarrhea, but neither Salmonella, Shigella nor Yersinia were recovered from alleged cases or controls. Salmonella agona was recovered from a latrine. Most foods were cooked to internal temperatures to or near to boiling. Those not promptly eaten were held at ambient room or outside temperatures until a subsequent meal, until a family member returned home, or until lunch time when taken to the fields. During these intervals, microorganisms multiplied and mesophilic aerobic organisms increased often reaching 10(8)/g or greater before consumption. None of these foods were reheated before eating. Bacillus cereus was isolated from 4 of 10 samples; one sample of 'moro' (beans and rice) exceeded 10(6)/g, two other samples exceeded 10(3)/g. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 7 of 14 samples, one exceeded 10(5)/g. Fecal coliforms were isolated from 8 of 14 food samples, five exceeded 10(5)/g. Neither Salmonella nor Shigella were isolated from any food, the community water supplies or from vessels of water within houses. Fecal coliform counts of water were less than 3/ml, except one sample from a clay vessel (9/ml). Risks associated with cooked foods which were not promptly eaten appeared to be greater than that associated with water.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Safety and immunogenicity of combined rabies and typhoid fever immunization.

The prevalence of rabies and typhoid fever in many developing countries poses a serious health hazard to travellers. The development of a combined immunization schedule would be advantageous. A study was performed on 104 adult volunteers using purified Vero cell rabies vaccine and Typhim Vi, a purified capsular polysaccharide, either separately or in combination. No significant difference was observed in immunogenicity or tolerance between the two groups. A 3-year follow-up study is planned.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Construction of a genetically defined Salmonella typhi Ty2 aroA, aroC mutant for the engineering of a candidate oral typhoid-tetanus vaccine.

The construction of a Salmonella typhi Ty2 strain harbouring defined deletions in both the aroA and aroC genes is described. These deletions have been fully defined at the molecular level by DNA sequencing and have been introduced in such a way that no foreign DNA remains in the S. typhi genome. This strain is attenuated in mice when given by the intraperitoneal route suspended in hog gastric mucin and is attenuated to a similar level to strains harbouring deletions in aroA or aroC alone indicating that both lesions are capable of attenuating independently. We have used this defined S. typhi aroA aroC strain to express stably a non-toxic 50 kDa fragment of tetanus toxin (fragment C) from a gene incorporated into the chromosome. This strain has the advantage of harbouring no antibiotic-resistance markers and we consider it to be a candidate bivalent oral typhoid-tetanus vaccine.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1993

Clinical and immunological response to typhoid vaccination with parenteral or oral vaccines in two groups of 30 recruits.

The clinical and immunological responses to typhoid vaccination with parenteral and oral vaccines in two groups of 30 adult male subjects were studied. Specific anti-Salmonella typhi cell-mediated immunity and total or specific anti-lipopolysaccharide faecal immunoglobulin (Ig) A titres in vaccinated subjects were monitored. Cellular antibacterial activity was significantly increased only in orally vaccinated subjects. Serum arming activity and inhibition experiments suggested an IgA-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in those orally vaccinated. In these subjects, a total and anti-lipopolysaccharide faecal IgA increase was observed lasting up to 8 months after completion of the vaccination schedule. In parenteral vaccinated subjects, an early onset transitory increase of IgM rheumatoid factor was observed. Oral vaccine was well tolerated and free of side effects, whereas 65% of parenterally vaccinated subjects reported side effects such as fever, headache, malaise and local tenderness in the injection site.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1994

Adaptive acid tolerance response by Salmonella typhi and candidate live oral typhoid vaccine strains.

The data presented here demonstrate that Salmonella typhi is capable of expressing an acid tolerance response (ATR) and that effective induction of this response (in nutrient-rich medium) occurs at pH 5.0 in anaerobic conditions. The candidate live oral S. typhi vaccine strains made by precise genetic methods and which carry auxotrophic mutations were CVD 906 (carries defined attenuating deletion mutations: delta aroC, delta aroD), CVD 908 (carries defined attenuating deletion mutations: delta aroC, delta aroD), 541Ty (carries attenuating deletion mutations: aroA, purA), and galE, Vi-negative (via) strain EX462. All generate an effective ATR. In contrast, nitrosoguanidine-derived live oral typhoid vaccine strain Ty21a only weakly expresses acid tolerance. This further demonstrates that the non-specific mutagenesis process used to produce Ty21a affects genetic loci outside the intended target genes for mutagenesis, galE and via, and further emphasizes the importance of using precise genetic techniques when developing live oral S. typhi vaccines.

Acids↗
PubMed1994

Combined vaccination against yellow fever and typhoid fever: a comparative trial.

In order to evaluate a combination of yellow fever and typhoid fever vaccine, we conducted a controlled trial comparing reactogenicity and immunogenicity of Vi polysaccharide (ViPS) vaccine and yellow fever 17D (YF) vaccine after single, simultaneous and combined administration. The combined YF/ViPS vaccine was prepared by using the liquid ViPS vaccine as a diluent for the YF vaccine. The stability of such a reconstitution had been assessed in vitro. Safety was evaluated using a self-surveillance form and by repeated clinical visits. Immunogenicity was evaluated by a plaque reduction test for YF and by radioimmunoassay for ViPS. Tolerability was satisfactory in all groups. There was no increase in local or general reactions in groups receiving both vaccines, whether given simultaneously or combined. The serological response to ViPS was similar after single and simultaneous or combined administration. Interestingly, the immune response to YF was significantly enhanced in groups receiving the vaccines simultaneously or combined, suggesting a potential adjuvant effect of ViPS.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Molecular characterization of a conjugative R-lac plasmid in Salmonella typhi isolated from a patient with typhoid fever.

In a strain of Salmonella typhi isolated from a patient with post-operative typhoid fever, a 217-Kb conjugative plasmid has been detected which codes for lactose fermentation and drug resistance to sulphonamides (SA), chloramphenicol (CP), ampicillin (AP), kanamycin (KM) and trimethoprim (TP). The physical and genetic map was constructed. The lac region containing the lacI gene, the regulatory region and the lacZ and lacY genes was shown to be structurally identical to that of Escherichia coli K12. A transposon carrying genes for resistance to CP and AP, as well as four copies of IS1-like elements, were detected and localized on the plasmid. Their role in the emergence of such a large plasmid is discussed.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2006

DNA examination of ancient dental pulp incriminates typhoid fever as a probable cause of the Plague of Athens.

BACKGROUND: Until now, in the absence of direct microbiological evidence, the cause of the Plague of Athens has remained a matter of debate among scientists who have relied exclusively on Thucydides' narrations to introduce several possible diagnoses. A mass burial pit, unearthed in the Kerameikos ancient cemetery of Athens and dated back to the time of the plague outbreak (around 430 BC), has provided the required skeletal material for the investigation of ancient microbial DNA. OBJECTIVE: To determine the probable cause of the Plague of Athens. METHOD: Dental pulp was our material of choice, since it has been proved to be an ideal DNA source of ancient septicemic microorganisms through its good vascularization, durability and natural sterility. RESULTS: Six DNA amplifications targeted at genomic parts of the agents of plague (Yersinia pestis), typhus (Rickettsia prowazekii), anthrax (Bacillus anthracis), tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis), cowpox (cowpox virus) and cat-scratch disease (Bartonella henselae) failed to yield any product in 'suicide' reactions of DNA samples isolated from three ancient teeth. On the seventh such attempt, DNA sequences of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi were identified providing clear evidence for the presence of that microorganism in the dental pulp of teeth recovered from the Kerameikos mass grave. CONCLUSION: The results of this study clearly implicate typhoid fever as a probable cause of the Plague of Athens.

DNA, Bacterial↗
PubMed2004

Induction of cellular immune response and anti-Salmonella enterica serovar typhi bactericidal antibodies in healthy volunteers by immunization with a vaccine candidate against typhoid fever.

Typhoid fever remains a serious public health problem. We have developed a vaccine from Salmonella enterica serovar typhi (S. typhi) outer-membrane proteins (OMPs) known as porins. A single subcutaneous dose of 10 microg of porins induced a five-fold (P = 0.05) seroconversion index consisting of IgM and IgG at 7 and 15 days after vaccination as well as the production of IgG1 and IgG2 isotypes. The porins-based vaccine induced a two-fold increase (P = 0.05) in bactericidal titres in volunteers, whom also developed a T-cell response characterized by the production of interferon-gamma (INF-gamma). Side effects after vaccination were mild and transient. The data showed that our S. typhi porins-based candidate vaccine is safe and immunogenic in healthy humans.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

The TUBEX typhoid test based on particle-inhibition immunoassay detects IgM but not IgG anti-O9 antibodies.

A serological test kit (TUBEX, IDL Biotech, Sweden) developed recently for the diagnosis of typhoid fever detects antibodies to the Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O9 antigen. The antibodies are detected by their ability to inhibit the interaction between two types of reagent particles: (a). indicator latex microspheres sensitized with an anti-O9 monoclonal antibody, and (b). magnetic microspheres sensitized with S. typhi LPS. Following rapid mixing of the serum with these reagents and sedimentation of the magnetic particles by magnetic force, the concentration of indicator particles left in suspension provides a measure of the inhibition. Whereas it was previously assumed that both IgM and IgG antibodies could inhibit in the system, the present study reveals, surprisingly, that only the IgM antibodies do. It is not clear why IgG anti-O9 antibodies, both of mouse and human origin, do not inhibit, although these can bind to the LPS-sensitized magnetic particles as efficiently as the IgM antibodies. In addition, they can also inhibit very well in another detection system (ELISA) which uses a similar assay format and the same antibody and antigen reagents. Increasing the size of the LPS-sensitized microspheres made no difference; microscopic analysis of the TUBEX reaction mixture revealed that while the indicator particles bound abundantly to the IgG-aggregated LPS-sensitized particles, forming large clumps, these only formed a very light decoration on the IgM-aggregated particles. Thus, the TUBEX system is ideally suited for use in the diagnosis of infections as it allows IgM antibodies to be detected easily and rapidly from whole sera.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Ancient typhoid epidemic reveals possible ancestral strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi.

In contrast to other serotypes of Salmonella enterica, S. Typhi is exclusively adapted to human hosts. Recently, S. Typhi was identified in ancient skeletal material, thereby incriminating typhoid fever for the Plague of Athens. Since, according to Thucydides' report, animals were also affected by the disease, a working hypothesis is constituted that the causative agent of the Plague might be the anticipated original strain of S. Typhi, purportedly capable of infecting animals as well as humans. Possible future sequencing of the discovered ancient strain of S. Typhi may help towards identifying its genomic differences responsible for its modern specification to humans.

DNA, Bacterial↗
PubMed2005

Multidrug resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar typhi isolated from patients with typhoid fever complications in Lagos, Nigeria.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Salmonella enterica serovar typhi in patients with pyrexia of unknown origin (PUO), and antimicrobial resistance in strains isolated from patients with S. typhi in Lagos, Nigeria. STUDY DESIGN: In total, 103 patients were included in this study, subdivided into two categories. Category A comprised 74 patients presenting with PUO, and Category B comprised 29 patients harbouring S. typhi who did not respond to initial treatment. METHODS: Blood samples were cultured for bacterial isolates and identified by standard procedures. Susceptibility testing was performed according to the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Plasmid DNA extraction was performed using the alkaline lysis method with Escherichia coli v517 used as the standard. Conjugation and transformation experiments were performed using standard methods. For the latter, E. coli K12 HB 101 (ara-14, galK2, hsd 520, lacyl, leu, mtl-1, Pro A2, rec A13, rps L20, sup E44, thii xyl-5) was used as the recipient and plasmid PBR 322 was used as the positive control. RESULTS: The prevalence of S. typhi in PUO was 16.2% (12/74). In all, 25 of 41 (61.0%) cases were multidrug resistant (MDR) with phenotypic-resistant patterns: ACoCT, ACTCeS, ACTCoCe and ACTS were commonly encountered among the strains. Interestingly, four of the strains harbouring similar plasmid DNA were isolated from patients with hepatosplenomegaly, and a strain harbouring a large transferable plasmid of 81.2MDa was isolated from a psychosis patient. CONCLUSIONS: Our study confirmed the circulation of MDR S. typhi in Lagos, Nigeria. Periodic review of antibiotics used in hospitals is essential as the efficacies of chloramphenicol, ampicillin and cotrimoxazole are now doubtful. Ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin are effective drugs for treatment of typhoid fever, but with current trends of drug abuse in Nigeria, resistance is likely to develop. These results, therefore, provide an early warning signal for the prudent use of fluoroquinolone antimicrobials to preserve their usefulness.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2004

The emergence of multidrug resistance to antimicrobial agents for the treatment of typhoid fever.

Resistance to chloramphenicol was reported in Salmonella Typhi in 1950 but it was not until 22 years later that the first outbreaks of chloramphenicol-resistant typhoid fever occurred. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella Typhi emerged in the 1980s and today has an almost worldwide distribution. Genome analysis of Salmonella Typhi strain CT18, an MDR isolate from a patient admitted to The Centre for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam, in December 1993 revealed that the resistance plasmid pHCM1 is very closely related to plasmid R27 which was first isolated in 1961. There is a core region shared by the two plasmids with five regions of variation. Two of these regions contain the genes encoding resistance. The largest region is 34.955 kbp in length, is bordered by two almost identical IS10 elements and contains several integron-like structures including a truncated Tn10 element. The second region is 14.75I kbp and encodes a trimethoprim-resistance gene, dfrA14, associated with a class one integrase. Restriction enzyme analysis has shown that the variation in Salmonella Typhi plasmids, collected during the emergence of resistant Salmonella Typhi in Viet Nam, maps to five variable regions. These regions appear to be hot spots for DNA acquisition in IncHI1 plasmids.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗