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PubMedDate not supplied

Disordered balance of IgA subclass production in the tonsils of some IgA nephropathy patients.

BACKGROUND: There are reports concerning the relationship between tonsillectomy and immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN). Two reports on the biochemical analysis of over-produced IgA1 from IgAN patients were recently published. On the other hand, histochemical analysis of tonsillar tissue indicated the disordered balance in IgG and IgA producing cells and in the IgA subclass producing cells in IgAN patients. METHODS: IgA in tonsillar extracts and serum was separated into passed fraction (IgA2) and bound fraction (IgA1) by a jacalin-agarose column. Isoelectric focusing (IEF) analysis was carried out using an IPGphor instrument. The IgA content in each sample was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: The IgA1/IgA2 ratio of the tonsillar extracts from controls and IgAN patients was compared. The ratio distribution indicated statistically significant differences. The mean ratio for the control tonsil was 61/39. However, the ratio from eight out of thirty-two IgAN patients exhibited a higher value than the mean + 2SD (standard deviation) of the controls. Among them, three patients exhibited 92/8. Meanwhile, the ratios for serum by this method were close to the previously reported 89/11. There were no differences in the IgA1 IEF profile between the representative lowand high-IgA1 producing patients. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report concerning IgA subclass distribution in tonsillar tissue. The ratio 61/39 for tonsillar IgA differ from the value (>90% of IgA1) in the previous histochemical report. The value is similar to the previous report for colostrum, whole saliva, jejunal fluid and bronchial fluid. The IgA1/IgA2 ratio distribution in the tonsillar extracts from the patients with chronic tonsillitis is significantly different from that of the IgAN patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Adverse effect of chronic tonsillitis on clinical course of sarcoidosis.

Sarcoidosis resolves spontaneously in many cases on a long-term basis. However, there are many cases whose resolution is delayed. We have experienced a frequent association of chronic tonsillitis (CTL), and dental caries in those patients of persistent course. We hypothesized that the presence of chronic or recurrent inflammatory foci in the upper airway may adversely affect the natural resolution of sarcoidosis. We analyzed the difference of regression of bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy on chest roentgenogram (CXR) in relation to changes in serum angiotensin converting enzyme (SACE) in sarcoidosis patients with and without CTL, and the effect of tonsillectomy (TLT) on the clinical course. In this study, we focused only on the tonsil for the sake of simplicity of analysis. Sarcoidosis resolved spontaneously in 10 of 28 (36%) patients with CTL and in 19 of 25 (76%) without CTL, and after TLT 9 cases became favorable in the course and the rate of unfavorable turned similar to those without CTL. The presence of CTL may be adversely related to the resolution of sarcoidosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Neurotrophins and neurotransmitters in human palatine tonsils: an immunohistochemical and RT-PCR analysis.

Lymphoid organs are supplied by many nerve endings associated with different kinds of cells and macrophages. The role of these neuromediators on the release of locally active molecules is still unknown. Here we focused our attention on the expression of some neurotrophins (NTs), their high- and low-affinity receptors and several neurotransmitters in human palatine tonsils. Light and electron microscopy immunohistochemistry showed that human tonsillar samples were positive for all analyzed neurotrophins (NGF, BDNF and NT-3) and their high-affinity receptors (TrkA, TrkB and TrkC, respectively). All of these molecules were strongly expressed in macrophages whereas, in some patients, a weaker specific staining of lymphocytes and blood vessels was also found. The low-affinity receptor for NGF (p75) was always absent in the analysed samples. RT-PCR confirmed the occurrence of specific transcripts for NTs and their high-affinity receptors as well as the absence of mRNA for p75 protein. Also, specific immunoreactivity for neurotransmitters SP, VIP, CGRP, ChAT and nNOS was mainly expressed by macrophagic cells. These results suggest the presence of an extensive network of innervation in the human palatine tonsils which may play a role in the regulation of some immune functions as well as in the modulation of a possible functional scenario of interactions among different immune cellular subtypes.

Blood Vessels↗
PubMed2006

[Prevalence of chronic family tonsillitis and its prevention].

To evaluate prevalence, main causes and social factors of chronic tonsillitis (CT), we examined 321 families 335 children (age 1-15 years) from which had diagnosis of CT. The examination detected CT in the other 114 children from these families. Families of 120 healthy children matched for age served control. Family tonsillitis was detected in 171 (53.3%) families of the study group and 15 (17.5%) families of the control group (p < 0.05). Of 307 mothers of reproductive age, 84 (26.3%) were diagnosed to have CT, 36 (11.2%) of them had a history of tonsillectomy. Our data suggest the existence of family CT. To prevent it, early preventive measures should be taken.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2007

Detection and molecular typing of Streptococcus suis in tonsils from live pigs in France.

Streptococcus suis is an important pathogen of swine, causing meningitis, arthritis, polyserositis, septicemia, and sudden death in weaning piglets as well as fattening pigs. Recently, 3 molecular tests have been developed in our laboratory: a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (m-PCR) assay for the detection of S. suis species and serotypes 2 and 1/2, and 2 molecular typing methods, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and an approach based on PCR amplification of a fragment of rRNA genes, including a part of the 16S and 23S genes and the 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer region (ISR), followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis (ISR-RFLP). In the present study, we used these tests to analyze tonsil samples from clinically healthy pigs and to identify individual isolates of S. suis during epidemiologic investigations of 8 related herds with a history of septicemia caused by S. suis serotype 2. Capsular typing showed that 58% of the strains were nontypable. Of the 17 serotypes present, serotype 22 was the most prevalent. In the 7 farms without clinical signs on the day of sampling, we detected S. suis serotype 2 or 1/2, or both, in less than 5% of the pigs by m-PCR or by bacteriologic culture. In the 8th farm, on which 2 pigs had clinical signs of septicemia on the day of sampling, we detected S. suis serotype 2 or 1/2, or both, by m-PCR in the tonsils of 40% of fattening pigs (21 wk old) that lacked symptoms. Molecular typing of the serotype 2 strains showed a common origin of contamination in these herds, given that 1 pattern (C1) was detected in the isolates from 6 of the 8 herds. However, up to 4 patterns were associated with septicemia and sudden death. Several patterns of S. suis serotype 2 can be responsible for disease in the same herd. These molecular tools may be useful for confident studies of the transmission of S. suis, thereby contributing to the control of S. suis infection.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A comparative study of the efficacy of josamycin versus oral penicillin in the treatment of acute tonsillitis].

We have compared the efficacy josamycin (750 mg/12 h/orally) versus penicillin V (500 mg/8 h) for the treatment of acute tonsillitis in a prospective randomized study. Of the 82 eligible patients, 18 were diagnosed of infectious mononucleosis and excluded and the remaining 64 could be evaluated. The duration of the fever and the clinical evolution was similar away the 31 randomized to receive josamycin and the 27 treated with penicillin. In conclusion, josamycin seems to be a useful alternative to penicillin for the treatment of acute tonsillitis.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1991

Surgery of the tonsils.

The palatine tonsils are paired aggregates of lymphoid tissue that are surgically removed as a result of primary tonsillar disease, or are extirpated in an effort to decrease upper airway resistance in conjunction with other procedures of the oropharynx. Complications from tonsillectomy can arise for three reasons: 1) the effects of tonsil disease on the function of the oropharyngeal regions; 2) surgical dissection in the region; or 3) postoperative complication of the insult to tissue. Thorough preoperative patient evaluation, gentle tissue handling plus meticulous hemostasis, and careful observation during the postoperative period are stressed in this discussion of problems in tonsillar surgery.

Airway Obstruction↗
PubMed1991

Lymphocyte migration through the wall of postcapillary venules in the fetal development of human palatine tonsil.

Migration of lymphoid cells through the wall of postcapillary venules was studied in the palatine tonsils of five human fetuses. The direction of the migration of lymphoid cells as observed in the early fetal period seems to be mostly from the lumen of the venule into the tonsillar parenchyma. Migration starts with the adherence of the lymphocyte by means of a cytoplasmic projection to the cellular surface of a high-endothelial cell. The projection slips between two neighbouring endothelial cells and extends to settle on the basal membrane of the endothelium. After the disruption of the basal lamina the lymphocyte migrates into the subendothelial connective tissue and further into the extrafollicular tissue of the tonsil. The possibility of transendothelial migration of lymphoid cell through the wall of the postcapillary venule is discussed. Even in case, when the lymphocyte appears to be completely enveloped by the cytoplasm of the endothelial cell it may be in reality the intercellular migration--the lymphoid cell is pressed into the cytoplasm of an endothelial cell.

Cell Movement↗
PubMed1991

Do children waiting for tonsillectomy grow out of their tonsillitis?

OBJECTS: to determine whether children may grow out of recurrent acute tonsillitis. METHODS: the parents of 100 children aged 2-14 on the elective waiting list for tonsillectomy were given a postal or telephone interview in November 1989. RESULTS: data from the parents of 92 respondents showed the children had been on the waiting list for a mean of seven months. Ninety-two percent still suffered from sore throats and 79% had had at least one course of antibiotics within the last six months. There was no reduction in the frequency of sore throat or the number of courses of antibiotics in children who had waited longer. CONCLUSIONS: there was no justification for claiming that long waiting lists for tonsillectomy are frequently associated with resolution of recurrent acute tonsillitis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Human in vivo-induced spontaneous IgG-secreting cells from tonsil, blood and bone marrow exhibit different phenotype and functional level of maturation.

The subset of human spontaneous IgG-secretion cells consists of mature B lymphocytes which are capable of active and high rate IgG production in vitro without the need for additional stimuli. Therefore, such a cell subset provides a useful model for studying the terminal stages of B-cell maturation. The present work analyses the phenotypic and functional characteristics of spontaneous IgG secreting cells obtained from tonsil, blood and bone marrow. The tonsilar cell subset was CD9+ CD20+ CD19+ CD38+/-, the blood cell subset CD9- CD20- CD19+ CD38+/- and bone marrow cells were CD9- CD20- CD19+/- CD38+. The three cell subsets required de novo RNA and protein synthesis for IgG secretion to occur. Tonsilar and blood, but not bone marrow, subsets also required DNA synthesis to undergo IgG secretion. Kinetics studies revealed that IgG production by tonsil and blood cells reached a plateau after 3 days of culture. In contrast, the bone marrow cell subset secreted IgG in a linear fashion for 2 weeks. These results indicate that spontaneous IgG-secreting cells from different organs exhibit functional and phenotypic heterogeneity.

Antigens, Surface↗
PubMed1990

Laser surgery of tonsils, adenoids, and pharynx.

The author reports his experience with the laser in the treatment of lingual and palatine tonsillitis as well as with other lesions of the region. The results of laser surgery for procedures in the tonsils, adenoids, and pharynx are compared with the results of conventional surgery and electrocautery.

Adenoidectomy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Specific features of the clinical course and treatment of chronic tonsillitis in children].

This author applied present-day methods--clinical, immunological, immunomorphological--to examine 2262 children with chronic tonsillitis and processed the data obtained statistically. The emergence and development of chronic tonsillitis were strongly stimulated by preceding cases of angina, acute respiratory pathologies, flu, and other infectious diseases. The children were treated using dioxidine, desensitizing drugs, vitamins, ultrasonic and tubus-quartz exposures as well as levamisole. The treatment was effective and caused no complications.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Human mast cell heterogeneity: histamine release from mast cells dispersed from skin, lung, adenoids, tonsils, and colon in response to IgE-dependent and nonimmunologic stimuli.

We have compared the ability of anti-IgE, calcium ionophore A23187, substance P, compound 48/80, poly-L-lysine, and morphine to release histamine from mast cells of human skin, lung, adenoids, tonsils, and colon. Use of a single collagenase/hyaluronidase dispersion technique for all tissues has allowed comparisons of reactivity to be made that are free from methodological variations. Mast cells from all tissues examined secreted histamine in response to anti-IgE and calcium ionophore A23187. However, only skin mast cells were responsive to substance P, compound 48/80, poly-L-lysine, and morphine. Activation of human skin mast cells by these nonimmunologic stimuli clearly distinguishes them from the mast cells of human lung, adenoids, tonsils, and colon and is indicative of functional heterogeneity within the human mast cells population. We propose that the presence of functional receptor sites for neuropeptides and basic compounds on skin mast cells that are not present in mast cell populations from mucosal or lymphoid sources reflects a specialized role for these cells in vascular homeostasis.

Adenoids↗
PubMed1988

Antigenic phenotype and functional characterization of human tonsil B cells.

Human tonsil cells were labeled with anti-leu-16, a monoclonal antibody (MoAb) that recognizes the CD20 antigen and that is specific for B cells. Two populations of B cells were identified by flow cytometry on the basis of antigen density. One labeled brightly with anti-Leu-16, and the other labeled at a level comparable to blood B cells. These two populations were characterized with a panel of MoAbs in two- and three-color flow cytometric studies and appeared to correspond to germinal-center and mantle-zone B cells. The pattern of staining of anti-Leu-16 on sections of frozen tonsil supported this characterization. Anti-Leu-16 labeled germinal center cells more intensely than mantle zone cells and stained a few scattered B cells in the interfollicular zone. The ability of each Leu-16+ population to secrete IgG and IgM in response to mitogens was measured in a particle immunofluorescence assay. Dim Leu-16+ B cells (small, resting B cells and a subpopulation of preactivated cells) secreted IgG and IgM in response to pokeweed mitogen (PWM) but only IgG in response to B cell growth factor (BCGF). Bright Leu-16+ B cells (small to large activated cells and possibly memory cells) did not respond to PWM but secreted IgG in response to BCGF. The functional responses of dim Leu-16+ and bright Leu-16+ B cells were consistent with their identification as mantle-zone and germinal-center B cells. Phenotypic identification and functional studies of mantle-zone and germinal-center B cells may help clarify the differentiation pathway within the germinal center.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1989

Spiramycin versus penicillin V in the empiric treatment of bacterial tonsillitis.

The efficacy and safety of spiramycin were compared with those of penicillin V in the treatment of 55 patients with acute bacterial tonsillitis. The most frequently isolated pathogens were streptococci and about one-third were group A/beta haemolytic streptococci. There was one clinical failure in the patients treated with penicillin, and none with spiramycin. No side effects were reported in either of the treatment groups. Thus in this study, spiramycin proved to be equivalent to penicillin in the treatment of acute bacterial tonsillitis in adults.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Hemorrhagic accidents in palatal tonsil surgery].

Here is shown that, even though tonsillectomy is the most frequently performed operation in ORL, it may sometimes cause severe hemorrhaging that could imperil the patient's life if not rapidly and competently dealt with. Tonsil hemorrhaging is favoured by the anatomical situating, tonsils being greatly vascularized, as well as by the specific of the pharyngeal wounds. There are discussed here the cases in the Bistriţa ORL Clinic between 1981-1987.

Humans↗
PubMed1989

[Tonsillitis].

The tonsils, paired structures which protect the pharynx, are frequently the target of infections, most often in pediatric patients. Etiology of tonsillitis may be viral (Adenovirus) as well as bacterial (Corynebacterium diphtheria, among others). Clinically, the disease may manifest congestive disturbance and exudative membranes, it may have local or systemic complications, and its treatment is symptomatic.

Humans↗
PubMed1989

[Immunoglobulins in chronic tonsillitis].

Thirty patients aged 3-40 were tonsillectomized at the Clinic of Otorhinolaryngology in Novi Sad. The tonsils removed were fluoroscentically investigated to establish the presence of G, A and M immunoglobulins. The presence of all three immunoglobulin classes was confirmed in 60% of the investigated samples of tonsillar tissue. IgG producing plasma cells were seen in the largest number while IgA producing plasma cells were noticed in the least number. Immunoglobulins were positioned on the surface of the epithelium and in the subepithelial tissue. However, plasma cells were localized in interfollicular spaces in 85% of the cases which pointed to the existence of local immunoglobulin synthesis inasmuch as plasma cells were not found at all in 10% of the patients. Parallel pathohistologic and other investigations being now under way would give the basis for final opinion on local immunoglobulin synthesis and its part in chronic tonsillitis.

Adolescent↗