[Terramycin-micro in the treatment of bone tissue infections].
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Studies on the origin of bacterial viruses. I-IV.
I. The Incidence of Phage-Producing Cells in Various B. megatherium Cultures Analyses of small samples containing a few cells each show that lysogenic B. megatherium produces phage particles in groups of from 10 to 1000 depending on the megatherium strain and the culture medium. These groups probably correspond to the number of particles produced by a single cell. The proportion of such phage-producing cells varies from <1 x 10(-10) to about 1 x 10(-2) depending on the megatherium strain and the culture medium. If a culture produces two types of phage, the different types usually appear in separate samples. If mixed samples occur, the number of such samples is about what would be expected for the probability that two separate groups would appear in one sample. This result indicates that the appearance of a distinct phage type is the result of a change in the bacterial cell rather than a change in a phage particle, since in the latter case a mixture of the two types would result. II. The Effect of Ultraviolet Light on the Incidence of Phage-Producing and of Terramycin-Resistant Cells in Various B. megatherium Cultures Low intensity of ultraviolet light increases the proportion of both phage-producing cells and of terramycin-resistant mutants. The increase in phage-producing cells is greater than the increase in terramycin-resistant cells. High intensities of ultraviolet light cause practically all the cells of some B. megatherium strains to produce phage. The number of terramycin-resistant mutants cannot be determined under these conditions. The effect of ultraviolet light varies, depending on the megatherium strain and the culture medium. III. The Effect of Hydrogen Peroxide on the Incidence of Phage-Producing and of Terramycin-Resistant Cells in Various B. megatherium Cultures Low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide increase the number of phage-producing cells and of terramycin-resistant cells, concomitantly, from two to five times. High concentrations of hydrogen peroxide cause almost all the cells of some strains of megatherium to produce phage. IV. Calculation of the Incidence of Phage-Producing Cells The time rate of the appearance of phage particles in normal cultures, or in cultures treated with ultraviolet light or hydrogen peroxide, may be calculated by the same equations which predict the occurrence of terramycin-resistant mutants in B. megatherium cultures. These equations predict that the number of mutants will increase more or less in proportion to the concentration of mutagenic agent, so long as the mutation rate remains very small compared to the growth rate. As the mutation rate approaches the growth rate, there will be a very rapid increase in the proportion of mutants. This explains the striking effect of higher concentrations of mutagenic agents. In order to calculate the results after exposure to strong ultraviolet light or hydrogen peroxide, it is necessary to assume that the change from normal to phage-producing cell occurs without cell division.
Bacillus megaterium↗
A clinical comparison of two injectable oxytetracycline preparations for the treatment of pneumonia in calves.
The experiment was set up to make a clinical comparison in 140 pneumonic calves of two injectable oxytetracycline formulations with different pharmacokinetic properties: Engemycin 10% DD and Terramycin LA. The animals were examined clinically on the day of admission (day 0) and 1, 2, 3, 6 and 21 days thereafter. Calves were treated on day 0 with either Engemycin 10% DD (n = 70) or Terramycin LA (n = 70) at a dose of 20 mg/kg. If animals were not cured after one single injection, a second or even third injection was given at day 3 and day 6 respectively. No significant differences between the two treatment groups were found with regard to the number of injections needed for a complete cure, the evolution of dyspnoea, or the restoration of appetite. Thus both preparations gave comparable recovery rates. A difference between the two groups existed in the evolution of body temperature during the test period: the return to a normal body temperature occurred more rapidly in the Engemycin 10% DD group. Regarding the tolerance aspects the degree of irritation depended in the preparation used. Calves treated with Engemycin 10% DD showed significantly less swelling of the injection site on day 1 then calves treated with Terramycin LA.
Animals↗
[Demonstration of tissue lesions after intramuscular injection by determination of creatine kinase in blood].
Local muscle tissue damage by Terramycin-LA (20 mg/kg BM) injected at the neckmuscle was tested with seven pigs prepared with veneous catheters. Four of the pigs were used as the control group and were treated with an intramuscular injection of 0.9% NaCl-solution into the opposite neckmuscle later on. The tissue damage was clinically, pathologically and enzymatically examined. A significant rise of creatinkinase (CK) in bloodplasma up to 48 hours after intramuscular injection of Terramycin-LA proves to be a good indicator of local muscle damage. Based on enzymekinetic calculations it was possible to estimate the amount of muscle laesions after intramuscular injection of Terramycin-LA up to 13 g/100 kg BM and of NaCl-solution up to 0.5 g/100 kg BM respectively. The difference is significant.
Animals↗
Laboratory and field studies on the effects of the antibiotic tylosin on honey bee Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) development and prevention of American foulbrood disease.
Laboratory and field studies were conducted to determine the effectiveness of the antibiotic tylosin in preventing and controlling infections of American foulbrood disease (AFB) of honey bees. Studies conducted on immature worker bees maintained in the laboratory revealed that honey bee larvae could tolerate quite a range of doses of antibiotic in their diet. Intermediate doses of tylosin protected very young larvae from becoming infected by Bacillus larvae at a concentration of 1.5 x 10(8) spores/ml of diet. Antibiotic treatment had no measurable effects on larval or pupal developmental rates until the dose reached a lethal level. Bees in field colonies readily consumed tylosin in powered sugar, up to a level of 800 mg/7 g sugar. No negative colony effects were noted at any dosage rates. Protection against infection by American foulbrood was compared to results obtained with 200 mg Terramycin, the standard dose of the only substance currently registered for foulbrood control. Both 200 mg Terramycin and 100 mg tylosin protected the colonies for up to 3 weeks. A 200-mg dose of tylosin protected the colony for an additional week. Doses of 100 mg or more of tylosin were adequate to eliminate signs of AFB infection in overtly diseased colonies.
Animals↗
Studies on certain aspects of chemical control of bacterial stalk rot disease of maize.
Sandoz seed dressing 6335 showing high efficacy in checking the growth of the maize stalk rot pathogen Erwinia carotovora f. sp. zeae Sabet in culture. Brestan, Antracol, Difolatan, Aratan, Duter, Ceresan wet, Flit-406, Cuman, Blitox-50, Streptocycline, Agrimycin, Terramycin, Actidione, Aureomycin, Chloromycetin, Penicillin G, and Streptomycin were moderately effective. The rest of the 35 chemicals was negligible in its influence. 15 different chemicals, namely Agrimycin, Streptocycline, Chloromycetin, Sodium penicillin G, Actidione, Terramycin, Aureomycin, Sandoz seed dressing 6335, Antracol, Aratan, Blitox-50, Diflotan-80, Ceresan wet, Cuman and Brestan 60 could also control the disease, but only when the plants were treated in vivo immediately after inoculation. They could not show any effectiveness, however, after 24, 48, and 72 hours of inoculation, showing their failure to control, once the infection has taken place by the pathogen.
Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
Experimental and clinical trials of long acting oxytetracycline in the treatment of canine ehrlichiosis.
Four splenectomized dogs were experimentally infected with Ehrlichia canis and treated at the point of illness with long acting (LA) Oxytetracycline at different dosages. Terramycin LA, when given at a dose of 20 mg/kg body weight (deep intramuscularly) twice, at a four-day interval, was found to have effectively controlled the disease and has replaced the usual 7-14 successive days' treatment regimen when other groups of tetracycline drugs are used. Predef 2X at the rate of 2 mg given intramuscularly concurrently eliminated the local inflammatory reaction caused by the injection of Terramycin LA. Twenty-four out of the 26 naturally infected dogs which were treated in a similar way were completely cured; one died before it could receive the full treatment, and another received a second medication five weeks after the first treatment, showing recurrent epistaxis; blood samples taken from this dog were negative for E. canis.
Animals↗
Treatment of antibiotics wastewater utilizing successive hydrolysis, denitrification and nitrification.
A process consisting of anaerobic hydrolysis, denitrification, and oxidation/nitrification was proposed for simultaneous removal of carbon and nitrogen from terramycin crystallizing mother solution (TCMS), and its performance was investigated by treating diluted TCMS in a lab-scale continuous flow column system. Direct denitrification-nitrification of diluted TCMS produced a significant residual of nitrate and nitrite, which disappeared 44 days after startup of anaerobic hydrolysis column. The electron donors available to denitrification were increased by 6 times after diluted TCMS was treated in the hydrolysis column under an HRT of 2.5 h or longer. The reaction rates of organics decomposition, nitrification, and denitrification were also significantly increased due to reduction of terramycin and decomposition of complicated molecules to small molecules during anaerobic hydrolysis. The specific denitrification rate and nitrification rate increased from 0.033 d(-1) and 0.01 d(-1) to 0.045 d(-1) and 0.021 d(-1) respectively after diluted TCMS (dilution ratio: 1:4) was hydrolyzed in anaerobic hydrolysis column at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 4 h.
Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
Alterations in the mouse cecum and its flora produced by antibacterial drugs.
Addition of penicillin, Terramycin, or kanamycin to the drinking water of adult mice rapidly induced in them an enlargement of the cecum. In all animals, this occurred within 12 hr after the beginning of drug administration-the effect being most pronounced with penicillin. The cecums remained enlarged and generally continued to increase in size as long as the antibacterial drugs were administered. The increase in wet weight of the cecums was due primarily to an accumulation of water in the lumens during the first 24-48 hr of drug administration. At that time, there were no detectable histological changes in any case, but the bacteriological picture differed from drug to drug. The cecums were free of bacteria in animals receiving penicillin, fusiform-shaped bacteria and bacteroides were present in those receiving Terramycin, and lactobacilli and bacteroides in those receiving kanamycin. After the initial 48 hr, an abundant and complex secondary microflora developed in all treated animals, its composition being characteristic for each type of antibacterial drug. When penicillin was administered for 2 wk, the cecal weights and microbial populations did not return to normal levels for over 14 days after discontinuance of the drug. This recovery period could be shortened to 10 days by giving the mice food contaminated with cecal homogenates prepared from normal animals. A period of 7 or 8 days was required for the cecal weights and microflora to reach normal levels when the administration of penicillin lasted only 24 hr; this period could not be shortened by giving the animals contaminated food. The effects of drugs on the size and bacterial contents of the cecum have been discussed in the light of earlier findings concerning the characteristics of the huge cecums uniformly found in germfree mice. Taken together, these observations support the hypothesis that certain elements of the intestinal microflora-not yet completely identified-play an essential role in maintaining the integrity of the water-transport mechanism in the intestinal epithelium.
Animals↗
Antimicrobial agents in the prevention of dietary hepatic injury (necrosis, cirrhosis) in rats.
The effect of various antimicrobial agents, such as aureomycin, terramycin, streptomycin, chloromycetin, penicillin, polymyxin, and sulfaguanidine on the development of massive dietary necrosis of the liver in rats has been studied. Delay in the production of hepatic necrosis was obtained from aureomycin and, to a lesser extent, from terramycin and streptomycin. Indication of temporary protection was shown by sulfaguanidine, whereas chloromycetin, polymyxin, and penicillin were not protective. B(12), added alone, or in combination with aureomycin, to the basal experimental diet had no influence on the development of hepatic necrosis. A combination of pectin with streptomycin enhanced the protective effect of the antibiotic. All the antimicrobial agents tested, without relation to their effect on hepatic necrosis, produced temporary stimulation of growth in the experimental animals. The beneficial effect of aureomycin was not limited to the delay of hepatic necrosis but manifested itself also in the prevention of hepatic cirrhosis in rats fed a low protein (casein)-high fat diet. In contrast to control animals showing the usual combination of cirrhosis and renal changes, the rats receiving supplements of aureomycin were free of both cirrhosis and renal changes. The rats receiving aureomycin took more food in and gained weight. No microscopic alterations were seen in the pancreas of the control rats with cirrhosis. In both groups of experiments (necrosis and cirrhosis) the antimicrobial agents, with the exception of penicillin, were given mixed with the food. Their possible effect on the intestinal flora is discussed.
Animals↗
Comparison of the pharmacokinetics and local tolerance of three injectable oxytetracycline formulations in pigs.
The pharmacokinetic properties and local tolerance of three oxytetracycline formulations, one conventional (Engemycine, 10%) and two long-acting (Oxyter LA, 20% and Terramycin LA, 20%) were compared in clinically healthy cross-bred pigs following intramuscular injection of single doses (20 mg/kg body weight) in the neck region. Non-compartmental methods were used to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters. Assessment of local tolerance was based on serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) concentration and a combination of echographical, macroscopic and histological examinations of the intramuscular injection site. Statistically significant differences (one-way analysis of variance, F-test) were obtained between the three formulations in peak plasma concentration, peak time and mean residence time. Area under the curve did not differ significantly between the formulations. Using the Students t-test for paired data, the two long-acting formulations differed significantly in peak plasma concentration and peak time. Both of the long-acting formulations differed significantly from the conventional formulation in the peak time and mean residence time. All three formulations produced an increase in serum CPK concentrations. The increase in CPK concentration was present from 6 to 24 h post treatment for Terramycin LA, from 6 to 72 h for Oxyter LA and from 6 to 96 h for Engemycine (the conventional formulation). Echographical examination of the injection site showed lesions of an inflammatory type up to 96 h after IM injection of the drug products, whereas from 7 days the lesions represented primarily scar formation. Histological examination of tissue from the injection site did not correlate with echographical scores. The results obtained in this study show that the long-acting formulations provide significantly longer mean residence times of oxytetracycline than the conventional formulation, and that local tolerance at the IM injection site was similar for all three formulations under the experimental conditions used in this study. It can be concluded that the long-acting formulations provide the advantage of a longer dosage interval when administered to pigs by intramuscular injection in the neck region at a dose of 20 mg/kg body weight.
Analysis of Variance↗
Evaluation of methods for the isolation of Salmonella and Arizona organisms from pet turtles treated with antimicrobial agents.
Turtles infected with and actively excreting Salmonella-Arizona organisms were treated with various concentrations of both Neo-Terramycin (N-Te) and Terramycin (Te) (Pfizer) for various periods of time and then tested for the presence of these pathogens by two methods, excretion and blending. Turtles treated with 200 mug of Te per ml of container water for 9, 12, or 14 weeks, whereas when representative turtles from treatment groups were blended 72 h posttreatment these organisms were isolated from the whole turtle homogenate. Salmonella and Arizona could be recovered from homogenate prepared from turtles treated for 7 and 14 days with 400, 800, or 1,000 mug of Te or N-Te per ml. These findings suggest that the blending methods is more sensistive than the excretion method for the detection of Salmonella-Arizona in the treated turtle.
Animals↗
The effect of two different oxytetracycline treatments in experimental Ehrlichia phagocytophila infected lambs.
The effect of 2 different oxytetracycline treatments in acute E. phagocytophila infected lambs was investigated. Twenty 5-month-old lambs of the Dala and Rygja breeds were used. Ten lambs were inoculated intravenously with a stabilate of an ovine E. phagocytophila strain. On the third day of fever, 4 lambs were given long-acting oxytetracycline (Terramycin prolongatum vet, Pfizer) (20 mg/kg) intramuscularly and another 4 lambs were given short-acting oxytetracycline (Terramycin vet, Pfizer) (10 mg/kg) intravenously for 5 consecutive days. The lambs were examined for the presence of Ehrlichia infection by blood smear evaluation, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and antibody titre against E. equi. One month after the last antibiotic treatment, 250 ml citrate blood from each of these lambs were inoculated into each of 10 susceptible lambs, which were observed during the following 6 weeks. The results indicate that oxytetracycline given in the acute stage of the infection may effectively terminate the development of fever, rickettsemia and weight reduction in E. phagocytophila infected lambs. No difference was observed between the 2 treatment groups. However, at least 3 of 8 antibiotic treated lambs (37.5%) were still infected with granulocytic Ehrlichia 3 months after treatment.
Animals↗
Survival and fertility of antibiotic-treated bovine spermatozoa.
Motility of spermatozoa stored at 5 C with up to 1000 units or mug of chloramphenicol, polymyxin, kanamycin, tylosin, ampicillin, lincomycin, spectinomycin, erythromycin, novabiocin, or terramycin per ml of extender was compared to that with penicillin plus dihydrostreptomycin. Novabiocin and terramycin were toxic, but other antibiotic treatments had no effect. However, erythromycin and tylosin, as well as colymycin, depressed motility of frozen thawed spermatozoa. Spermatozoal motility was equivalent, following freezing in ampules or straws. All of the antibiotics which were non-toxic when added singly to frozen semen were also not harmful to frozen spermatozoa when as much as 2000 units or mug were added per ml of extender containing penicillin and dihydrostreptomycin. The addition of 1000 units or mug of ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, lincomycin, polymyxin, or spectinomycin per ml of extender containing 750 units penicillin and 750 mug dihydrostreptomycin per ml did not influence the fertility of frozen spermatozoa in a field test involving 19,663 first inseminations.
Animals↗
[Incidence and treatment of salmonella carriers in tejus and tortoises (author's transl)].
In seven groups of teju-lizards and tortoises, twenty-five tejus and thirty tortoises were found to be harbouring Salmonella. The serotypes of the Salmonella organisms harboured by these animals were identified. The animals positive for Salmonella were treated with 75 mg. of ampicillin and 250 mg. of chloramphenicol per animal daily. Of the animals treated for five days, twenty out of twenty-three (both tejus and tortoises) became free from Salmonella. The strains of Salmonella isolated after treatment all were adequately sensitive to the antibiotics administered. All animals, i.e. two tejus and seven tortoises, became negative following treatment for ten days. In seven strains of Salmonella isolated from tejus prior to treatment, sensitivity to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin and terramycin was determined. Sensitivity to the three first-named antibiotics ranged from adequate to moderate, sensitivity to terramycine being slight or absent. In five out of six cases, serotypes other than those isolated prior to treatment were isolated from those animals which continued to be positive after treatment.
Ampicillin↗
Current anaplasmosis control techniques in the United States.
A card test for detecting anaplasmosis, along with the complement-fixation test, has proved useful in identifying carrier animals. This identification, associated with treatment with tetracyclines, has been a basis for control in the southeast where anaplasmosis is endemic. The tetracyclines are used parenterally (terramycin 11 mg/kg, 10-14 days) or orally (2,2 to 11 mg/kg, 45-60 days). Notwithstanding these methods, anaplasmosis remains a problem and many animals require treatment to moderate the course of acute infection. A new drug, T-200 (a long-lasting terramycin), has been tested and found effective in treating acute infections (20 mg/kg, 1 time) and in cleaning carrier infections (20 mg/kg, 2 times at a 7-day interval). For several years, a killed adjuvant vaccine was extensively used to control anaplasmosis. The occurrence of neonatal isohemolytic anaemia in association with this vaccine has discouraged its use. This vaccine is still being marketed, but is usually used on selected animals. An attenuated Anaplasma vaccine of ovine origin has been developed, but is not licensed for use in the United States although it has been successfully used elsewhere.
Anaplasmosis↗
Effect of chemotherapy on semen characteristics of Balami rams infected with Anaplasma ovis.
Six intact Balami rams were experimentally infected with Anaplasma ovis. Another six were infected one month after splenectomy and six others served as controls. Clinical manifestations of the disease, first observed between 5 to 7 days post-infection, were more severe and prolonged in the splenectomised-infected than in the intact-infected group. There was progressive deterioration in semen quality, which was also significantly more severe and prolonged in the splenectomised than in the intact-infected rams. Following treatment with long-acting terramycine, clinical recovery occurred earlier in the intact-infected (1-4 weeks) than in the splenectomised-infected group (5-7 weeks). A similar pattern was observed in post-treatment improvement in the sperimiogram. However, although the infected animals recovered clinically by 1-7 weeks post-treatment, restoration of the reproductive potential did not occur for 20 to 25 weeks. It appears that stress factors may aggravate the deliterious effects of anaplasmosis.
Anaplasmosis↗
Comparative efficacy of drugs in bovine anaplasmosis.
Calves experimentally infected with Anaplasma marginale were subjected to chemotherapeutic treatment in groups, each group receiving one drug only. Observations were made on clinical signs, haematological changes, parasitaemias and levels of antibodies as measured by the complement fixation test. The most effective treatment was with imidocarb; other drugs which were apparently effective were steclin, terramycin and aureomycin in that order, while chloroquin diphosphate and camoquin gave little indication of therapeutic value.
Amodiaquine↗