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PubMed2002

How do mothers' childrearing histories, stress and parenting affect children's behavioural outcomes?

BACKGROUND: Information is needed to understand the role of low to moderate levels of mothers' emotional stress and child characteristics (i.e. prematurity) on parenting behaviours and their impact on children's behaviour that might be deemed 'challenging' but not 'disordered'. METHODS: The direct and indirect relations of maternal childrearing history and emotional stress, and observed parenting practices when children were 3 years of age on 4-year child behavioural outcomes was examined in a sample of low-income families with a term (n=112) or preterm (n=180) child. Parenting practices included displays of warmth and restrictiveness when interacting with their children. Child outcomes at 4 years included observation of social initiations with their mothers and maternal report of social and attentional problems. RESULTS: A Structural Equation Model building approach guided by specific hypotheses indicated that preterm as compared to full-term children had more maternal reported social and attentional problems but did not differ in observed social initiating skills. Greater negative maternal childrearing history indirectly influenced social initiating skills through its direct influence on maternal emotional stress. Greater maternal emotional stress directly influenced mothers' parenting that, in turn, directly influenced social initiating. Prematurity and a more negative childrearing history had a direct negative influence on the maternal report of social and attentional behavioural outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: These findings delineate the effects of prematurity and maternal parenting on the behaviour of 4-year-old-children and extend current knowledge of the influence of parental emotional stress on parenting. Even milder levels can negatively influence parenting, and in turn, contribute to children's less well developed social skills. The issues raised in this study could help with the identification and prioritization of medical and psychological services.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Mutually responsive orientation between mothers and their young children: implications for early socialization.

Parent-child mutually responsive, binding, reciprocal orientation, or a system of reciprocity has been implicated as fundamental in socialization, particularly by Maccoby, but it remains poorly understood. In this study, two posited components of such orientation, mother-child shared cooperation with each other and mother-child shared positive affect, were measured in multiple contexts of daily interactions using a combination of micro- and macroscopic behavioral coding systems, and subsequently aggregated. Mothers' self-reports were also used. Two implications of thus conceptualized mutually responsive orientation were examined: mothers' use of power in disciplinary interactions and children's degree of internalization of maternal rules, both assessed using multiple observational and mother-reported measures. Mothers and children were studied twice, when children were 26-41 months (Time 1, N = 103), and when they were 43-56 months (Time 2, N = 99). In the dyads high on the mutually responsive orientation (particularly those who maintained such orientation throughout early childhood), mothers resorted to less power and children were more internalized regarding maternal values and rules, in the contemporaneous and longitudinal sense. Mothers high on empathic perspective taking were more likely to establish a system of reciprocity with their children. The importance of such systems for social development is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Neonatal hearing screening.

Neonatal hearing screening can be performed using reliable and reproducible methods. Intervention before the age of 6 months with hearing aids and appropriate educational support services will give the infant the best possible opportunity to develop language. Potential barriers to efficient implementation of a neonatal hearing screening program include access to appropriate and timely diagnostic and support services and insurance to cover the services. Without universal neonatal hearing screening, many children with hearing loss will be missed, which will have a direct negative impact on their speech, language, educational, and social development.

Hearing Disorders↗
PubMed1989

[Changes in clinical diagnosis].

Historical view of diagnostic reveals a permanent change which depends on epochs of social development. Physicians relationship with patients in the age of scientifical and technical revolution is liabel to special influences which are discussed and admits of conclusions for clinical diagnosis in dentistry.

Humans↗
PubMed1988

Behavioral and sociocognitive correlates of ratings of prosocial behavior and sociometric status.

Although peers' and teachers' evaluations of children's prosocial behavior and peers' sociometric ratings frequently have been used in studies of social development, the validity of young children's ratings of others has been questioned, as has that for teachers' ratings of prosocial behavior. In this study, preschoolers' ratings of peers' sociometric status and prosocial behavior, as well as teachers' ratings of children's prosocial dispositions, were obtained. These were correlated with children's naturally occurring prosocial or social behavior; ratings of prosocial behavior also were correlated with children's prosocial moral reasoning and prosocial self-attributions. Peers' sociometric ratings were positively related to children's sociability whereas prosocial ratings were related to helping (but not sharing) behavior. Teachers' ratings of prosocial behavior were not related to frequency of prosocial behaviors, but were positively related to developmentally mature moral judgments and self-reported motives.

Child Behavior↗
PubMed2005

Sibling relationship quality from birth to adolescence: the enduring contributions of friends.

The purpose of the present study was to examine continuity in sibling relationships across childhood and to evaluate the degree to which children's experiences with their friends and mothers prior to their sibling's birth predict the quality of the relationship they establish with their siblings in adolescence. Twenty-eight firstborn children, who were 48 months old at the time of their sibling's birth, were observed interacting with their siblings and friends at multiple time points. The level of positive social behaviors demonstrated in their early relationships with friends continued to predict sibling relationship quality in adolescence. Firstborn children who had more positive interactions with friends prior to their sibling's birth demonstrated more prosocial interactions with both their siblings and friends in adolescence and exhibited fewer externalizing behaviors. Longitudinal associations support the hypothesis that the social competencies that young children demonstrate in their early relationships with friends may have enduring significance for their social development.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1983

Sleep behavior of preterm children at three years of age.

Caregivers of 50 preterm children completed a questionnaire relating to their child's sleep behavior at three years of age. Assessments of the children's EEGs at term and three months, medical status at birth and at four, nine and 24 months, caregiver-child interaction at one, eight and 24 months, the Bayley Scales at 25 months and the Stanford-Binet at five years of age were also obtained. Sleep disturbances were frequently noted at three years of age. However, by five years of age, the number of reported sleep-problem children was greatly reduced, and they were not the same children with sleep problems at three years. Surprisingly, children with the greatest difficulty falling asleep at night at three years were likely to have had fewer medical problems, higher scores on the Bayley scales, and more positive social interactions with their caregivers in the first two years. The relationships among early physical, psychological and social development and sleep behavior are discussed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2003

[Combating poverty and rebuilding social ties: the lessons of Citizens' Action in the Struggle Against Hunger and Destitution and in Defense of Life].

To reflect on Citizens' Action in the Struggle Against Hunger and Destitution and in Defense of Life is to seek to approach the dilemmas and challenges involving the consolidation of citizenship and social justice, as well as the forces in action in contemporary Brazilian society. However, many questions remain open in this effort. The intertwining issues of poverty, politics, and solidarity and the concrete shapes and multiple social developments of Brazil's "Campaign Against Hunger" leave room for various possible interpretations. Thus, considering the breadth of the theme on the one hand and the limits of this article on the other, the objective is to explore some relevant issues in the debate on destitution and exclusion and the process of constructing new kinds of public social intervention and civic participation, arising over the course of the study conducted by the "Citizens' Action Committees" in Rio de Janeiro during 1996 and 1997. The basic idea is to focus on volunteer practices to discuss the dilemmas posed for solving impoverishment and social fragmentation through cooperative activities and mutual help in Brazil.

Brazil↗
PubMed2003

Art and "the language of well-being" in adolescent health care.

Feeling effective as a young person depends on a capacity to draw upon one's own resources in the service of healthy living and development. In adolescent health care, there is the need to call upon the talents and creativity of young people, to introduce new and exciting experiences, and to facilitate involvement in their own care in order to nurture optimal growth and development on a physical and psychological level. While hospitalisation can represent a major crisis point in adolescence, the provision of a stimulating environment and the opportunity for creative activities offers an exciting, transformative and healing experience. Art allows adolescents to use alternative languages beyond illness, to engage in endeavours that are distanced from overt therapeutic intent, and to embrace attributes of self-esteem and resilience. Through the process and production of art, and the inclusion of music, poetry, film or theatre, young people can experience personal growth, acquire skills, develop socially and contribute to environmental change. In seeking to illustrate the value and importance of such approaches, this paper draws upon the experiences of a youth arts program attached to an adolescent ward. In a project called Art Injection, art students worked with adolescents to make sculptures from old hospital equipment, with startling results. More recently, the development of personal totem poles and an imaginative mosaic mural has powerfully engaged creativity and community in care. Group and individual art sessions, including the media arts project Creative Well, are offered on weekdays as part of the general hospital routine, enabling hospitalised young people to experience creativity as a daily part of their lives.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

The nutrition transition: an overview of world patterns of change.

This paper examines the speed of change in diet, activity, and obesity in the developing world, and notes potential exacerbating biological relationships that contribute to differences in the rates of change. The focus is on lower- and middle-income countries of Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and Latin America. These dietary, physical activity, and body composition changes are occurring at great speed and at earlier stages of these countries' economic and social development. There are some unique issues that relate to body composition and potential genetic factors that are also explored, including potential differences in body mass index (BMI)--disease relationships and added risks posed by high levels of poor fetal and infant growth patterns. In addition there is an important dynamic occurring--the shift in the burden of poor diets, inactivity and obesity from the rich to the poor. The developing world needs to give far greater emphasis to addressing the prevention of the adverse health consequences of this shift to the nutrition transition stage of the degenerative diseases.

Body Composition↗
PubMed2006

Mental health of residents during Obstetrics and Gynecology training in Thailand.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate mental health of residents during Obstetrics and Gynecology training and identify the factors that affect mental health problems. MATERIAL AND METHOD: During January-April 2004, one hundred and sixty Obstetrics and Gynecology residents (62% of 259) had completed a self-administered questionnaire composed of demographic data, workload, self-report of life stressors, and the Thai Mental Health Questionnaire (TMHQ-70). RESULTS: The prevalence of mental health problems was 29% (46/160). Somatization and social function were found in the first and second rank (18.1% and 11.9%), respectively. A resident who was younger than 25 years old, was married, cared for more than 20 patients per 8 hours in the labor room, performed more than 10 academic activities per year, or attended more than 5 examinations per year was at risk to develop social function problems. CONCLUSION: About one-third of residents training in Obstetrics and Gynecology have faced mental health problems--somatization, social function, depression and anxiety. The significant risk factors associated with social function problems were younger age, marriage and excessive workload

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Features of the development of a welfare system for visually disabled people in Denmark.

PURPOSE: To describe the development of a formal system of welfare for blind and partially sighted people in Denmark. METHODS: The principal laws in Denmark relating to a formal system of welfare for blind and partially sighted people are noted and commented on. No such collection of laws has been found in the literature. The history of aid to visually disabled people in Denmark is described, as are the Danish classifications of visual impairment. DEVELOPMENT: Formalized welfare for blind and partially sighted people was started in Denmark in 1811, as a private initiative by the Kjaede Order. Later, the Danish state took over responsibility, and in 1858 the Royal Danish Institute for the Blind was established. Since then a series of laws concerning welfare for blind and partially sighted people have been issued in accordance with economic and social development in Denmark. In 1858 the Braille writing system for blind people was introduced. The Danish Association of the Blind was founded in 1911 and has profoundly influenced subsequent legislation. During the last 10 years, several visual centres have been established. Since 1968 prevention of blindness has also played a prominent role in Denmark. CONCLUSION: Great steps have been taken towards improving the welfare of blind and partially sighted people. However, being blind is still very difficult. Modern technologies and hectic lifestyles have created new problems for blind people. The obligations of the Danish state towards visually disabled people have, therefore, increased in recent years.

Blindness↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Psychological aspects of diabetic neuropathic foot complications: an overview.

Despite recent advances in understanding and major efforts to control the biomedical risk factors for neuropathic foot complications, the rates of foot ulceration and amputation remain unacceptably high. As the current focus on physical factors alone has not led to a substantial decline in foot complications in persons with diabetes, we propose a more balanced approach with the consideration of potentially important psychological factors. Until recently, psychosocial research in diabetes has almost exclusively focused on self-care behaviours and the burdens associated with the management of glycaemia, almost to the total neglect of the effects of chronic complications including neuropathy. As the burdens associated with the complications of diabetes begin to overshadow those specific to the control of glycaemia, it is important to develop social and psychological concepts and measures that capture how patients perceive and respond to specific threats such as that of neuropathy. There is now some progress in this area as evidenced by emerging patient-centred, theory-based methods to identify psychological factors influencing adherence behaviours, emotional status and quality of life in diabetic patients at high risk of developing foot ulcers. The development of a conceptual model of patient's common-sense representations or beliefs about foot complications and the type and source of their emotional distress should allow clinicians and behavioural investigators to share ideas for the assessment of patient beliefs and behaviour, and the development of educational methods that should improve clinicians' ability to empower patients to manage their neuropathy more efficiently.

Diabetic Foot↗
PubMed1988

Building the infrastructure for primary health care: an overview of vertical and integrated approaches.

In the past four decades there has been a succession of different approaches to the development of infrastructure for the delivery of health services. There have been striking similarities among these approaches in both direction and timing in many different countries, particularly in the developing world. While the general trend has been strongly in the direction of a more comprehensive, integrated health infrastructure, there have been important regressions from this path. It is suggested that the recent attention given to the delivery of 'selective' packages of interventions has often diverted energy and resources from the essential task of developing comprehensive, efficient and effective health services. This paper begins with an historical review of trends in the development of health services infrastructure in recent decades. It proceeds to analyse the implications for the organization of health services and for resource allocation when the health services infrastructure is viewed as part of a health system based on primary health care. Finally, we maintain that district health systems based on primary health care provide an excellent practical model for health development, including an appropriate health system infrastructure. Within this model the concerns with accelerating the application of known and effective technologies and the concerns with strengthening of community involvement and intersectoral action for health are both accommodated. The district health system provides a realistic setting for dialogue and planning involving both professionals and non-professionals concerned with health and social development.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed1990

Direct caregiver intervention in infant peer social encounters.

The extent and nature of direct caregiver intervention in peer social encounters among 12 infants were studied in a day care setting. Interventions were common, with almost half of them solicited by the infants; they tended to concentrate on problematic exchanges and to ignore positive ones; and they appeared to be aimed at fairness and the shaping of acceptable peer behavior. Implications for models of peer social development, for the interdependency of infant-peer and infant-caregiver systems, and for day care are discussed.

Child Day Care Centers↗
PubMed1997

Malaria dreams: postwar visions of health and development in the Third World.

In 1995 the World Health Assembly voted to launch a global program for the eradication of malaria. The program lasted fourteen years. Though it was successful in a number of countries, eradication failed in most of the developing world. Studies that have examined the failure of malaria eradication have focused on the various technical, organizational, and financial problems which hampered the program. While these critiques are valid, they lose sight of the wider political, economic and cultural context within which eradication was conceived and executed. Malaria eradication was a product of a postwar vision of economic and social development and needs to be examined in this context. Many of the problems that plagued eradication efforts flowed from this intense association between eradication and "development".

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMed1991

Macroeconomic adjustment and social sector expenditure.

This paper presents a review of the evolution of public financing of the social sectors in Costa Rica during the period 1975-1988 in which the country went in succession through rapid expansion, recession, and macroeconomic adjustment with slow reactivation. The review underlines the magnitude of the effort made by the country in the social sectors and the distortions that have occurred during the period in study. The paper concludes that Costa Rica can sustain its high level of social development provided that public sector resources are used more efficiently, and on activities targeted on the provision of basic services.

Costa Rica↗
PubMed1985

The effects of knowledge of child development and social-emotional maturity on adolescent attitudes toward parenting.

This study investigated the relationship between the combined effect of knowledge of child development and level of social-emotional maturity, and the extent to which this relationship affects adolescent attitudes toward parenting. The analysis of the data (multiple regression and canonical analysis) suggested that there were significant relationships among these variables. In general, the relationships indicated that subjects' negative attitudes toward parenting were associated with lack of knowledge of child development and low levels of social-emotional maturity, while subjects' positive attitudes toward parenting were associated with knowledge of child development and high levels of social-emotional maturity. The joint impact of knowledge of child development and social-emotional maturity factors on attitudes toward parenting accounted for 51% of the variation among the variables.

Adolescent↗