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PubMed1992

[Epizootiology of foot and mouth disease during a quarter century (1962-1988) in Greece].

Greece has been considered as free from FMD since 1984. During the years 1962-1988 29 primary and 240 secondary (totally 269) outbreaks had appeared in Greece. From these 187 were of Type O, 60 of Type A, 14 of Type C, 6 of Type SAT 1 and 2 of Type ASIA 1. From the 269 cases 81 appeared in Attiki, 57 in Evros (near the Turkey) and 131 in the other provinces. With reference to animal species 197 were in cattle, 60 in pigs and 12 in sheep and goats. Most of the 29 primary outbreaks appeared in January and none in December. According to the epizootiological results FMD seems to be introduced in Greece either by imported meat and meat products (especially in Attiki) or from the neighbour Turkey (especially in Evros), where the disease is enzootic. Because of the geographical position of Greece it seems very important for all EEC countries that the FMD-Institute in Athens as well as the State Veterinary Service in Evros should be better organised so that any zoonoses from Asia could be controlled without delay.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Site-directed mutagensis of the major antigen E2 gene of CSFV, its high level expression in Escherichia coli and the immunonicity of recombinant E2 protein].

Classical swine fever virus (CSFV), an enveloped positive-stranded RNA virus in the genus Pestivirus of the Flaviviridae family, is the causative agent of a highly contagious swine disease characterized by symptoms of hemorrhagic fever and immune depression, usually leading to substantial economic losses. The serological methods for detection of CSFV antibody such as ELISA are important means for the diagnosis of CSFV and immune surveillance. It is difficult to obtain CSFV antigen with high quality using traditional method because its titration titer is low in cell culture. CSFV has four structural protein named C, E0, El and E2. The E2 protein contains major antigenic determinants that are conserved between different CSFV strains and involved in neutralization by antibodies. So recombinant E2 protein can be developed as an alternative to the intact viral antigen. So far, CSFV E2 have not been expressed in E. coli with high level. Many factors, such as the secondary structure, the stability of 5' and 3' terminus of gene, the location of SD sequence and the bias of codes, are involved in the expressing level of foreign gene in E. coli . In this study, two sites of the E2 gene sequence were confirmed to be detrimental to its expression efficiency in E. coli through the computer-aided analysis. So they were mutated using recombinant PCR without changing the amino acids sequence of CSFV E2 gene. A plasmid was constructed by inserting the mutated E2 gene into the prokaryotic expression vector pET-28a(+) and named pETE2. The E. coli competent host BL21 (DE3)lysS transformed with pETE2 could express the E2 gene at high level, amounting to 28% of the total protein of the induced recombinant bacteria at the presence of IPTG. Except the hydrophobic transmembrane domain at C terminus, the recombinant E2 protein includes the total aa sequence. So it contains all the potential linear antigen epitopes of E2 protein because hydrophobic aa region can not form epitope. The recombinant E2 protein was CSFV-specific as proved by Western blotting and indirect ELISA. The rabbits immunized with the recombinant E2 can be protect from the challenge of hog cholera lapinized virus. This is the first report that E2 gene is expressed with high level expression in E. coli. In conclusion, it is an effective measure that mutate the CSFV E2 gene to increase its expression level in E. coli. The recombinant CSFV E2 protein possess fine immunonicity and can be used the antigen for the detection of CSFV antibody.

Antigens, Viral↗
PubMed1991

Vaccination against herpesvirus, fiction or reality?

Against Herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) there are commercially available vaccines which may induce protection against symptoms of primary infections, but not against establishment of latency. Effective animal vaccines have been developed against herpes simplex-like viruses, for example pseudorabies vaccine for pigs, and an experimental vaccine can protect cattle against infection with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus. There are also commercially available effective live vaccines against Marek's disease virus which belongs to the lymphoproliferative group of herpesviruses and causes lymphoma in chicken. An experimental immunostimulating complex (iscom) vaccine against Equine herpesvirus 2, an equine cytomegalovirus, has been tested in horse and protective immunity was induced. In man vaccines against Cytomegalovirus are used in immunosuppressed patients. Several laboratory animal models have been created for HSV-1 and HSV-2 mostly using mice but also guinea pigs. In these models many different HSV-1 or HSV-2 vaccines have been tested and induced protective immunity. The antigens in the vaccines have been envelope proteins extracted from native virus or envelope glycoproteins gB or gD in single or combined use. Glycoprotein C seems to be a less interesting as antigen for a HSV-1 vaccine. The cottontop tamarin monkey has been studied as a model for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) induced lymphoma. An iscom vaccine containing the envelop protein gp340 of EBV induced full protection in the cottontop tamarins against a challenge infection. The iscom vaccine concept is discussed and the formation of an iscom particle with "tailor made" antigens and immunomodulators is presented.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Thermotolerant Campylobacter occurrence in slaughtering animals].

The aim of the study was detection and quantification of thermotolerant Campylobacter spp. in swab samples taken from carcasses of slaughter animals, i.e. poultry, cattle and pig. It has been examined 287 poultry, 176 pork and 114 beef carcass samples. Additionally, 22 poultry carcasses taken directly from slaughter line operation after evisceration were examined on the level of Campylobacter spp. contamination. Among the 287 isolates of Campylobacter spp. from poultry the most frequent was C. jejuni (59.1%), followed by C. coli (34.2%) and C. lari (6.3%). A few isolates strains from pork or beef carcasses were classified as C. coli (3.4%) or C. jejuni (0.9%).

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Noninfectious complications due to vascular access ports (VAPs) in Yucatan minipigs (Sus scrofa domestica).

Vascular access ports (VAPs) for studies requiring intermittent or continuous infusion and frequent sampling are well accepted and widely used in large animal species. However, the use of medical devices such as VAPs to facilitate sample collection can lead to complications. Noninfectious complications of VAP implantation can result from thrombotic or mechanical obstructions, other mechanical problems, and animal-associated complications. To facilitate our research, we surgically implanted VAPs in the right external jugular vein of 6 adult male and 3 female Yucatan miniswine (age, 12 mo) to enable collection of blood samples every 30 min for 8 h and then every 8 h for as long as 60 d. The VAPs were operational an average of 35.6 d (range, 29 to 56 d) and had an overall success rate of 77.8% with 7 of 9 VAPs functional. In these 7 animals, 53.1 samples on average (range, 28 to 95 samples) were collected from each VAP. Rates of noninfectious complications were 60% for thrombotic events and 40% for nonthrombotic events over the course of this study.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

The airborne dispersal of foot-and-mouth disease virus from vaccinated and recovered pigs, cattle and sheep after exposure to infection.

Foot-and-mouth disease virus was detected during two periods in the air of looseboxes which housed susceptible, vaccinated or recovered pigs, cattle or sheep exposed to infection. The first was 30 min to 22 h after exposure and occurred in all animals. The second was two to seven days after exposure and occurred with those susceptible and vaccinated animals which developed clinical lesions, and with vaccinated and recovered pigs and sheep, which did not develop clinical lesions. Vaccination of animals before exposure resulted in less or no virus being detected. The virus during the first period was attributed to virus trapped on the animal during exposure, and the virus during the second period to limited multiplication in the respiratory tract. Control of movement for two weeks after contact with infection is suggested as a means of preventing spread of foot-and-mouth disease in areas that contain vaccinated animals.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed1991

[The usefulness of urine analysis for the diagnosis of macroscopic lesions of the urogenital system of sows during slaughter].

As part of a research project concerned with the monitoring of health problems in sows, the practicability of post-mortem urinalysis of sows during slaughter was studied to determine the extent to which this analysis was useful. Samples of urine were taken from 232 sows after slaughter to test them for pH, nitrite and blood concentrations by test strips (Combur-8, Boehringer Mannheim). Positive results of testing were found not to be associated with pathological disorders of the genito-urinary system to any marked extent. Samples of urine taken pre- as well as post-mortem from 111 other sows were subjected to same tests. During the process of slaughter, the pH was found to show a decrease, whereas the concentrations of protein and blood increased. The results of post-mortem tests for nitrite were definitely not correlated with those of pre-mortem tests. The results of testing urine sampled prior to slaughter at the farm were related to post-mortem pathological findings to a greater extent than were the results of testing after slaughter.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1990

[From Rumanian folk medicine: Non-specific stimulus therapy using transcutaneous implantation of hellebore (Helleborus purpurascens, Fam. Ranunculaceae) in agriculturally useful animals].

In the Rumanian traditional medicine a transcutaneous implantation of the root of Helleborus purpurascens is used to provoke leucocytosis and neutrophils with the aim to activate chronic diseases for better healing. The skin is perforated with a thick needle (in cattle and horses in the area of the thorax, in sheep and pigs in the ear flap), the transplant is introduced and after 24 hours removed. Though the method is more than 100 years old, it is not reported in the literature. The way of action is unknown. The investigation are performed to show the efficacy of this method of Helleborus-implants in comparison with the effect of an placebo. It could be shown that Helleborus-implant increased leucocytes in horses, sheep and pigs and increased neutrophils in all animal species. In the same way the phagocytosis was increased. Only in horses an abscess was observed. As a loss of performance may occur and fever and inappetence is followed by the implantation the authors dissuade from the use of Helleborus-implants in cattle and horses. Pigs and sheep tolerate this procedure without any problems, so that the methods may be used in modern treatment.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Immuno-histochemical and -cytochemical evidence suggesting the presence of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in cases of porcine intestinal adenomatosis.

Antisera against a number of Campylobacter species were used in immuno-histochemical and -cytochemical studies on cases of porcine intestinal adenomatosis. Avidin-biotin-complex (ABC) and streptavidin immunoperoxidase methods were used on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded and frozen sections. Protein A gold method was used on formaldehyde fixed and frozen sections for immuno-cytochemistry. The antisera used were raised in rabbits by subcutaneous or intravenous injection of living or formalin treated organisms. Anti-sera against different serotypes of the thermotolerant, catalase positive campylobacters, Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli, gave positive reactions in the immuno-histochemical studies. The staining was found in intestinal epithelial cells both in the ileum and in the colon and was restricted to the apical cytoplasm of adenomatous epithelial cells. The staining had a granular pattern, the positive structures sometimes having the shape of Campylobacter. Epithelial cells in areas with normal differentiation of goblet cells did not stain. In contrast, no staining resulted with antisera against Campylobacter sputorum subsp. mucosalis and Campylobacter hyointestinalis. Immuno-cytochemistry, using antisera against Campylobacter jejuni, showed that the positive staining in altered epithelial cells were restricted to intracellular organisms having a structure resembling Campylobacter spp.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Mycotoxin research in the Hungarian Central Veterinary Institute.

Mycotoxin research conducted in the Hungarian Central Veterinary Institute is reviewed briefly. The effect of zearalenone was studied by experiments in several animal species (cattle, pig, sheep, chicken, goose, duck, guinea fowl, fish) and in cell cultures in vitro. The chicken (Gallus domesticus) has proved to be resistant to the toxin. In the susceptible species zearalenone causes the most severe damage to the sexual organs. The metabolism of zearalenone, T-2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol was also studied. These toxins are resistant to physicochemical factors but are easily transformed in biologically active environment. The acute toxicity study of trichothecene toxins is described along with morphological changes, with particular respect to those of the lymphoid and myeloid organs. Trichothecene toxins impair the natural defence mechanism of the organism and result in the manifestation of different diseases (swine dysentery, caecal coccidiosis). Deoxynivalenol contamination of the feeds, first of all of wheat, is common in Hungary. Its effect on pig fattening was investigated in a field trial. The toxins of different storehouse moulds were also examined.

Animals↗