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PubMedDate not supplied

Topical mitomycin C effect on swine vocal folds healing.

UNLABELLED: Several adjuvant therapies to surgery have been used to modulate the healing process of vocal folds, including topic mitomycin (MTC). AIM: to evaluate the effect of topical MTC in the healing process of vocal folds 30 days after the exeresis of a mucosal fragment with CO2 laser in a swine model (control group without mitomycin and study group with topical MTC), with collagen deposition measurement. STUDY TYPE: prospective experimental in swine. METHODS: two groups of 6 swine each were subjected to exeresis of a mucosal fragment of the vocal fold with CO2 laser. Immediately after the procedure MTC was applied topically for three minutes on the study group. Thirty days later the animals were slaughtered and samples of the vocal folds were collected for histological analysis, with the purpose of quantifying collagen deposition by Picrosirius Red stain. RESULTS: the average area of total collagen in the vocal folds in the control group was 2.648,03 microm2, whereas in the study group it was 2.200,30 microm2 (p=0.0043). CONCLUSION: topical application of MTC after the exeresis of a mucous fragment of vocal fold with CO2 laser in swine significantly decreased total collagen deposition.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1998

Enhanced transdermal delivery of sex hormones in swine with a novel topical aerosol.

This study investigated the enhanced transdermal delivery of testosterone (Tes) and estradiol (E2) in swine in vivo with novel metered-dose topical aerosols containing the penetration enhancer padimate O (PadO) and predicted the dose deliverable in humans from the calculated drug flux across the skin. Weanling swine were catheterized and castrated under general anaesthesia and used as a conscious hypogonadal model. Tes and E2 (with and without PadO) were applied once, and venous blood samples were taken over 24 h. Tes and E2 plasma levels were determined by radioimmunoassay. After daily topical dosing of Tes for 6 days, the plasma Tes levels were determined and the transdermal flux was calculated by correcting the pseudo steady-state plasma concentration versus time profile with the clearance of an iv dose within the same swine. After a single application of the E2 aerosol over 30 cm2, or the Tes aerosol over 180 cm2, the mean AUC0-24 h when PadO was included in the spray was 14.1- and 2.0-fold greater than control, respectively (p < 0.03). After the sixth application of the Tes spray with PadO, the mean flux (+/-SE, n = 4) across swine skin in vivo was 2.12 +/- 0.35 microg/cm2.h, which gave a predicted flux in humans of 0.95 microg/cm2.h. From these data the expected plasma levels of Tes in hypogonadal men would compare well with the normal diurnal Tes profile in healthy men. These novel topical aerosols are capable of enhanced transdermal delivery of sex hormones in vivo, and they have the potential to deliver clinically relevant doses to humans.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed2002

Modulation of plasma levels of soluble adhesion molecules and nitric oxide in healthy volunteers by exposure to swine dust.

Short-time exposure to swine dust causes an intense airways inflammation and symptoms of systemic inflammation in healthy volunteers. Here, we sought to study whether this response involved signs of endothelial cell activation. Peripheral blood cell counts and plasma levels of sE-selectin, sP-selectin, sICAM-1, interleukin-8, nitrite and nitrate were measured in blood samples from 17 healthy subjects before and after a 3-hr exposure to swine dust in a swine confinement building. Dust exposure induced a 3-fold increase of blood neutrophil p = 0.0009) and 1.5-fold increase of monocyte counts (p = 0.0047). IL-8 was detected in 15 individuals after exposure (p = 0.001). Endothelial cell markers such as sICAM and nitrate increased by 10 and 34% resp. (p = 0.011 and 0.017), whereas sE-selectin remained unchanged and sP-selectin was reduced by 15% (p = 0.031). Thus, short time exposure to swine dust induced a systemic inflammatory response with evidence of endothelial and inflammatory cell activation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

High efficiency DNA delivery into swine oocytes and embryos by electronic pulse delivery (EPD).

The production of transgenic swine for xenotransplantation has been proposed as an optimal option to overcome the chronic shortage of human organ donors. Generation of genetically engineered swine has been elusive due to the difficulties in gene transfer. In order to achieve effective gene delivery, a key step for the genetic modification, we applied electronic pulse delivery (EPD) technology to introduce H2Kb-DC DNA construct into swine eggs. Using the developed EPD Protocols, we have achieved good viability of the EPD treated oocytes, satisfactory embryonic development of the EPD treated embryos, and stable DNA transfer into the swine embryos with high efficiency. Thus, application of the EPD technology promises to effectively facilitate the generation of large transgenic mammals.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Isolation, characterization and comparison of bacteria from swine faeces and manure storage pits.

Storage of swine manure is associated with the microbiological production of a variety of odorous chemicals including ammonia, organic acids and alcohols, and sulphides. Although largely the product of microbiological activity, little is known about the microorganisms present in swine manure. In order to gain a better understanding of the types and activities of the microorganisms present, representative strains of microorganisms were isolated from faeces and stored manure slurry, identified, and physiologically characterized. For swine manure slurry samples, total anaerobe colony counts were greatest when a non-selective, habitat simulating medium containing clarified swine manure slurry was used whereas the highest counts for faecal anaerobes were obtained on rumen fluid containing medium. Faecal and slurry samples were also plated onto the appropriate medium containing the antibiotics tetracycline, erythromycin and tylosin (10 micro g ml-1, individually) and the proportional counts of organisms capable of growing in the presence of these antibiotics determined. Randomly selected isolates from the highest dilutions were identified by 16 s rDNA sequence analysis, and selected physiological characteristics were determined. The results of these examinations indicate that the predominant culturable microorganisms from these environments are obligately anaerobic, low mol percentage G + C Gram positive bacteria (Firmicutes) who are members of Clostridial, Eubacterial, and Lactobacillus/Streptococcus phylogenetic groups. Isolates similar to Sporomusa and Flexibacter/Cytophaga/Bacteroides (CFB or Bacteroidetes) groups were also obtained. Although similar overall, faecal and slurry samples differed in bacterial composition. Manure slurry samples were dominated by organisms similar to Clostridium coccoides and Enterococcus species whereas the distribution of species present in faeces appeared much broader. Whereas most of the pure cultures could be assigned to known phylogenetic groupings, few could be identified as known species. Examination of some growth and physiological characteristics of faecal and slurry isolates showed these to be primarily carbohydrate fermenters, although some were able to ferment lactate and amino acids. When the ability of manure and faecal isolates to ferment protein, peptides and amino acids was examined, a relatively small percentage of these were able to do so and most of these fermented carbohydrates in addition to the amino acid sources provided. The predominant amino acid fermenters were most closely related to C. coccoides and C. botulinum, but representatives of the Bacteroides, Staphylococcus, Enterococcus and other phylogenetic groups were also found. The results reported here are compared with those obtained from clone libraries prepared from the same environmental samples.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2003

The extracorporeal perfusion of swine uterus as an experimental model: the effect of oxytocic drugs.

The objective of this study was to establish an experimental model for extracorporeal perfusion of swine uterus. In order to validate this model, we examined some biochemical parameters and determined the effect of oxytocic drugs (Oxytoxin, Prostaglandin E (2)) on extracorporeal perfused swine uteri. Thirty swine uteri were perfused with Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate-glucose buffer for a period up to eleven hours with the aim to preserve a viable organ, which should be responsive to hormones. The intrauterine pressure was recorded after administration of various concentrations of oxytocin and prostaglandin E (2). Perfusate pH, perfusate lactate, partial oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions, oxygen saturation, and hydrogencarbonate levels in the perfusate, all indicators of tissue ischemia or cell necrosis, showed good preservation of the organ for up to seven hours. We examined the relation of intrauterine pressure to oxytocin and prostaglandin E (2). Both were able to induce contractions of the uterus, whereas prostaglandin E (2) produced rhythmical contractions of smaller amplitude and a higher frequency. We could demonstrate that our perfusion system was able to preserve the swine uterus in a functional condition appropriate for the study of physiological questions.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

High-level synthesis of a heterologous milk protein in the mammary glands of transgenic swine.

The whey acidic protein (WAP) is a major milk protein in mice, rats, and rabbits but has not been found in milk of livestock including swine. To determine whether mammary gland regulatory elements from the WAP gene function across species boundaries and whether it is possible to qualitatively alter milk protein composition, we introduced the mouse WAP gene into the genome of swine. Three lines of transgenic swine were analyzed, and mouse WAP was detected in milk from all lactating females at concentrations of about 1 g/liter; these levels are similar to those found in mouse milk. Expression of the corresponding RNA was specific to the mammary gland. Our results suggest that the molecular basis of mammary-specific gene expression is conserved between swine and mouse. In addition the WAP gene must share, with other milk protein genes, elements that target gene expression to the mammary gland. Mouse WAP accounted for about 3% of the total milk proteins in transgenic pigs, thus demonstrating that it is possible to produce high levels of a foreign protein in milk of farm animals. that it is possible to produce high levels of a foreign protein in

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Overexpression of apolipoprotein A-IV enhances lipid transport in newborn swine intestinal epithelial cells.

Apolipoprotein A-IV (apoA-IV) has myriad functions, including roles as a post-prandial satiety factor and lipid antioxidant. ApoA-IV is expressed in mammalian small intestine and is up-regulated in response to lipid absorption. In newborn swine jejunum, a high fat diet acutely induces a 7-fold increase in apoA-IV expression. To determine whether apoA-IV plays a role in the transport of absorbed lipid, swine apoA-IV was overexpressed in a newborn swine enterocyte cell line, IPEC-1, followed by analysis of the expression of genes related to lipoprotein assembly and lipid transport, as well as quantitation of lipid synthesis and secretion. A full-length swine apoA-IV cDNA was cloned, sequenced, and inserted into a Vp and Rep gene-deficient adeno-associated viral vector, containing the cytomegalovirus immediate early promoter/enhancer and neomycin resistance gene, and was used to transfect IPEC-1 cells. Control cells were transfected with the same vector minus the apoA-IV insert. Using neomycin selection, apoA-IV-overexpressing (+AIV) and control (-AIV) clones were isolated for further study. Both undifferentiated (-D) and differentiated (+D) +AIV cells expressed 40- to 50-fold higher levels of apoA-IV mRNA and both intracellular and secreted apoA-IV protein compared with -AIV cells. Expression of other genes was not affected by apoA-IV overexpression in a manner that would contribute to enhanced lipid secretion. +D +AIV cells secreted 4.9-fold more labeled triacylglycerol (TG), 4.6-fold more labeled cholesteryl ester (CE), and 2-fold more labeled phospholipid (PL) as lipoproteins, mostly in the chylomicron/very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) density range. ApoA-IV overexpression in IPEC-1 cells enhances basolateral TG, CE, and PL secretion in chylomicron/VLDL particles. This enhancement is not associated with up-regulation of other genes involved in lipid transport. ApoA-IV may play a role in facilitating enterocyte lipid transport, particularly in the neonate receiving a diet of high fat breast milk.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Respiratory symptoms and lung function among workers in swine confinement buildings: a cross-sectional epidemiological study.

To study possible chronic respiratory problems of people working in swine confinement buildings, a cross-sectional epidemiological study was initiated. A cohort of swine confinement workers was matched for age, sex, and smoking history with nonconfinement swine producers. Pulmonary function studies and a survey questionnaire for chronic respiratory disease symptoms (the American Thoracic Society, Epidemiologic Standardization Project Questionnaire) were performed on both groups. Compared to controls, the confinement workers experienced significantly higher prevalence of chronic bronchitis and wheezing, (odds ratio 7 and 4, respectively). There were, however, no significant differences in baseline pulmonary functions. Based on the high prevalence of chronic respiratory disease symptoms, this study emphasizes an emerging occupational concern in agriculture to the estimated 500,000 persons working in swine confinement operations and the estimated 500,000 additional persons who work in poultry, veal, beef, or dairy confinement operations. It is important to study a representative population of these workers prospectively to determine if a progressive loss in lung function is evident.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

The elastase inhibitors of swine serum: an improved method for the isolation of alpha 2-macroglobulin.

A previous communication from this laboratory as well as one from another described the separation of alpha 2-macroglobulin from swine serum. The products from both laboratories contained, in addition to alpha 2-macroglobulin, an additional macroglobulin contaminant with alpha 2-globulin mobility. Due to their physicochemical similarity these macroglobulins are not resolved using conventional column procedures such as ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration. Subsequent experiments have shown that immunoelectrophoretically pure swine alpha 2-macroglobulin is present, in good yield (65%) in the breakthrough effluent of columns of Bio-Gel A-1.5m-Reactive Blue 2 while the contaminating macroglobulin is tightly bound. The production of highly purified swine alpha 2-macroglobulin utilizing this observation is the subject of the present report. The product of the separation was found to be homogeneous when subjected to immunoelectrophoresis, at a concentration of 14-16 mg/ml, and diffused against antiswine whole serum antibody. The production of monospecific antibody, a more stringent test for homogeneity, resulted when the purified alpha 2-macroglobulin was injected into rabbits. Physicochemical analyses on the purified product showed that swine and human alpha 2-macroglobulins are true homologs.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Microcystin-LR decreases hepatic and renal perfusion, and causes circulatory shock, severe hypoglycemia, and terminal hyperkalemia in intravascularly dosed swine.

Cross-bred, anesthetized female swine were given intravascularly a lethal (72 microg/kg; n = 6) or toxic-sublethal (25 microg/kg; n = 6) dose of microcystin-LR (MCLR), from Microcystis aeruginosa, or the vehicle (n = 4). At the high dose, from 12 to 18 min after administration, central venous pressure and hepatic perfusion were significantly lower, and shortly thereafter, portal venous pressure was significantly higher and aortic mean pressure was significantly lower than controls. By 45 min postdosing, serum bile acids, lactate, potassium, and total bilirubin, as well as blood pO2, were significantly higher, while hematocrit, platelet count, and blood bicarbonate, pCO2, and base excess were significantly lower than controls. By 90 min, serum arginase, urea nitrogen, inorganic phosphorus, and creatinine were significantly higher, while glucose and blood pH were significantly lower than in controls. By 150 min, serum alanine and aspartate aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatinine phosphokinase activities were significantly higher than controls. At the low dose, significant differences from controls occurred in hemodynamic, organ perfusion, and serum chemistry parameters, but such changes generally took longer to occur and were of a lesser magnitude than at the high dose. Livers of the high-dose swine were swollen and dark red-purple, and exuded excessive blood on the cut surface. Based on increases in liver weight and liver hemoglobin, 38% of the total blood volume was lost into the liver. Terminally, all high-dose swine experienced hyperkalemia, and most had severe hypoglycemia. Death due to acute MCLR toxicosis in intravascularly dosed swine appears to result from severe intrahepatic hemorrhage, partial obstruction of blood flow through the liver, circulatory shock, severe hypoglycemia, and/or terminal hyperkalemia.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Swine manure cleanup criteria calculation for odor causing volatile organic compounds based on manure-to-ventilation air exposure pathway.

A mathematical model was derived to calculate swine manure cleanup criteria for odor causing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) so that acceptable total dose would not exceeded through the inhalation of ventilation air in swine housing for workers and pigs. A hypothetical scenario was used which assumed that subsurface contaminant in swine manure diffuses through a layer of manure-air interface then is swept into the ventilated airspace via advection, where long-term inhalation of contaminant was assumed to occur. The philosophy of the transport model is to incorporate the age distribution of contaminated air and a first-order decay of contaminant sources into the diffusion model for simulation of air concentrations of VOCs and total exposure dose. A closed-form solution is presented to allow a series of numerical experiments for investigating the effects of adsorption characteristics between manure gas and manure, the mean age of contaminated air, effective diffusivity, and degradation coefficient on total dose. Swine manure cleanup criteria based on non-exceedence of the total hazardous dose corresponding to an acceptable risk from indoor inhalation of four selected VOCs of p-cresol, hexane, toluene, and xylene were calculated in a typical pig unit. The model can be used in the future to compute the relative effectiveness of VOCs filtration systems and/or altered ventilation rates on the VOC exposure problem in animal housing.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2006

Tetracycline residues and tetracycline resistance genes in groundwater impacted by swine production facilities.

Antibiotics are used at therapeutic levels to treat disease; at slightly lower levels as prophylactics; and at low, subtherapeutic levels for growth promotion and improvement of feed efficiency. Over 88% of swine producers in the United States gave antimicrobials to grower/finisher pigs in feed as a growth promoter in 2000. It is estimated that ca. 75% of antibiotics are not absorbed by animals and are excreted in urine and feces. The extensive use of antibiotics in swine production has resulted in antibiotic resistance in many intestinal bacteria, which are also excreted in swine feces, resulting in dissemination of resistance genes into the environment. To assess the impact of manure management on groundwater quality, groundwater samples have been collected near two swine confinement facilities that use lagoons for manure storage and treatment. Several key contaminant indicators - including inorganic ions, antibiotics, and antibiotic resistance genes - were analyzed in groundwater collected from the monitoring wells. Chloride, ammonium, potassium, and sodium were predominant inorganic constituents in the manure samples and served as indicators of groundwater contamination. Based on these analyses, shallow groundwater has been impacted by lagoon seepage at both sites. Liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) was used to measure the dissolved concentrations of tetracycline, chlortetracycline, and oxytetracycline in groundwater and manure. Although tetracyclines were regularly used at both facilities, they were infrequently detected in manure samples and then at relatively trace concentrations. Concentrations of all tetracyclines and their breakdown products in the groundwater sampled were generally less than 0.5 microg/L. Bacterial tetracycline resistance genes served as distinct genotypic markers to indicate the dissemination and mobility of antibiotic resistance genes that originated from the lagoons. Applying PCR to genomic DNA extracted from the lagoon and groundwater samples, four commonly occurring tetracycline (tet) resistance genes - tet(M), tet(O), tet(Q), and tet(W) - were detected. The detection frequency of tet genes was much higher in wells located closer to and down-gradient from the lagoons than in wells more distant from the lagoons. These results suggested that in the groundwater underlying both facilities tetracycline resistance genes exist and are somewhat persistent, but that the distribution and potentially the flux for each tet gene varied throughout the study period.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A randomized, crossover comparison of various ventilation devices in a swine pneumothorax model.

OBJECTIVE: Bag-valve-mask devices (BVMs), manually triggered ventilators (MTVs), and automatic transport ventilators (ATVs) are three available options for out-of-hospital artificial ventilation. Use of the MTV and the ATVs has been limited by concern for causing or worsening a pneumothorax (PTX). The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of ventilation with a BVM, ATV, and MTV in a swine PTX model. METHODS: This was a randomized, crossover study. Six fasted swine (21.2-24.5 kg, mean = 23.5 kg) were sedated and paralyzed. The swine were intubated with a cuffed endotracheal tube. A lung injury was created with a hemostat under direct visualization after the pleural cavity was entered by sharp dissection. A 16-Fr Foley catheter was inserted and sealed in the pleural space at the injury site. Prior to each trial, a PTX was created by instilling 300 mL of air through the Foley catheter. Each swine underwent 10-minute ventilation trials, at a rate of 12-14 breaths/min, with BVM, MTV, and ATV by the same investigator following each trial; PTX size was determined by withdrawing air through the Foley catheter. Analysis of variance for repeated measures (alpha = 0.05) was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: There was no difference in the extent of PTX expansion produced by ventilation with BVM (339.8 +/- 35.9 mL), MTV 327.8 +/- 28.9 mL), or ATV (321.8 +/- 22.2 ml). CONCLUSION: BVMs, MTVs, and ATVs do not differ in their effects on PTX volumes. Concern for excessive expansion of PTX by MTVs and ATVs is not supported. Prospective evaluation is warranted to determine the efficacy of these ventilation techniques.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1983

Airborne bacteria, endotoxin and fungi in dust in poultry and swine confinement buildings.

Airborne dust in swine and poultry confinements was analyzed to determine concentrations of total and gram-negative bacteria, total fungi, Aspergillus fumigatus and endotoxin. Airborne concentrations of total and gram-negative bacteria in swine and confinement units have been found to be as high as, or higher, than those found in other environments, such as wastewater treatment plants and cotton card rooms, where microbiologically contaminated organic dusts were present. Airborne endotoxin concentrations in the swine units (average 0.12 micrograms/m3) and poultry units (average 0.31 micrograms/m3) were in the range where clinical effects have occurred in other populations. Therefore, health studies of poultry and swine confinement workers with concurrent estimation of the individual daily exposure dose are warranted.

Air↗
PubMed1961

A study in vitro of components in the transmission cycle of swine influenza virus.

Swine lungworm extracts and suspensions of swine lungworms contain receptor-like substances capable of adsorbing influenza virus, a result consonant with the hypothesis (5-8) that the lungworm may be involved in the swine influenza cycle. Yet no evidence for multiplication of virus or even persistence of infectious virus in lungworms at undimished titer was found. Clearly much more information is needed, and it is hoped that the present demonstration of the practicality of studying the components of the transmission cycle proposed by Shope, will provide important tools requisite for further investigation of this problem. Studies on the role of the earthworm in the transmission of swine influenza suggest that, at best, that role would be a passive one.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Oxidative phosphorylation and aspects of calcium metabolism in myocardia of hypercholesterolaemic swine with moderate coronary atherosclerosis.

Aspects of myocardial oxidative phosphorylation and Ca2+ metabolism were studied in a swine model in which coronary atherosclerosis was induced by a combination of denudation of the endothelium of the coronary arteries plus 7--11 months of feeding a high fat--high cholesterol diet. By microscopy, a moderate amount of coronary atherosclerosis was present at the time of sacrifice, and 2 of the 14 swine hearts had old myocardial infarcts. Myocardial mitochondria from grossly normal areas showed partial uncoupling and decreased state 3 O2 uptake with 3 of 4 substrates tested. In addition, Ca2+ stimulated mitochondrial respiration was decreased in the atherosclerotic swine. In the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ uptake under conditions of heavy loading was greater in the atherosclerotic swine than in control animals. The degree of atherosclerosis was not great enough to suggest that persistent myocardial ischaemia was present. Possibly coronary artery spasm induced an intermittent ischaemia resulting in the metabolic abnormalities observed, or the changes may have been brought about by the effects of the high fat--high cholesterol diet on subcellular membranes.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Risks of in-vitro production of cattle and swine embryos: aberrations in chromosome numbers, ribosomal RNA gene activation and perinatal physiology.

In cattle, in-vitro production (IVP) of embryos has become a standardized technique; however, increased frequencies of calving problems and larger calves have been reported. In swine, IVP has resulted in only a limited number of piglets. In this paper we present information on cattle and swine embryos produced in vitro by oocyte maturation, fertilization and further embryo culture to the blastocyst stage in vitro. Control in-vivo developed embryos were collected after superovulation. The cattle embryos were processed for fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) with two chromosome-specific probes to detect numerical chromosome aberrations. The swine embryos were processed for transmission electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry with an antibody against RNA polymerase I [essential for ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene transcription] in order to highlight the post-fertilization development of the nucleolus as a marker for rRNA gene activation. The FISH analyses of the cattle embryos revealed that 72% of IVP blastocysts were mixoploid, i.e. contained both diploid and polyploid cells, versus 25% in vivo. Chromosome abnormalities were observed from the 2-cell stage onwards. The immunocytochemical analyses of the swine embryos revealed that during in-vivo development, RNA polymerase I became localized to multiple foci in the developing nucleoli late during the 4-cell stage. This focal localization of RNA polymerase I was not observed in IVP embryos. In conclusion, IVP embryos may display aberrations in chromosome numbers and rRNA gene activation. The significance of these deviations for fetal and perinatal viability, however, remains unknown. The survival of most calves derived from IVP indicates that a considerable number of these embryos are able to compensate for the adverse effects of the in-vitro procedures.

Animals↗