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At least 1,081 records · Page 60Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Management of agricultural nonpoint source pollution in China: current status and challenges.

Water quality in China shows an overall trend of deterioration in recent years. Nonpoint source pollution from agricultural and rural regions is the leading source of water pollution. The agricultural nonpoint source pollutants are mainly from fertilization of cropland, excessive livestock and poultry breeding and undefined disposal of daily living wastes in rural areas. Agricultural nonpoint sources contribute the main source of pollution to most watersheds in China, but they are ignored in management strategy and policy. Due to the lack of full understanding of water pollution control and management and the lack of perfect water quality standard systems and practical legislative regulations, agricultural nonpoint source pollution will become one of the biggest challenges to the sustainable development of rural areas and to society as a whole. The system for agricultural nonpoint source pollution control in China should include an appropriate legislation and policy framework, financing mechanisms, monitoring system, and technical guidelines and standards. The management of agricultural nonpoint source pollution requires multidisciplinary approaches that will involve a range of government departments, institutions and the public.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1982

The impact of class, education, and health care on infant mortality in a developing society: the case of rural Thailand.

Demographic and social factors affecting infant mortality in rural northern Thailand are examined using log-linear modified multiple regression models and data drawn from a representative sample of married couples in Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai provinces. Demographic factors do not account for the effects of variations in parental ability or willingness to provide adequate infant care. The final model estimated incorporated both these social dimensions of child care. Parental ability, measured by father's social class, mother's health information, and local community development levels, continued to have significant independent effects upon infant survival. Parental willingness, measured by parent's beliefs about intergenerational wealth transfers, no longer had a significant effect net of other social variables, but infant survival was still affected by whether both parents wanted a birth.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Decree No. 2001, 28 September 1988.

This Decree regulates the establishment of indigenous reservations in Colombia. Under the Decree, an indigenous reservation is a legal institution constituted by the transfer to an indigenous community of title to the property where the community is situated or where it will be located. The property may be cultivated or uncultivated. The Decree sets forth the requirements for qualifying for the transfer of such land. Before the land is transferred, the Colombian Institute for Agricultural Reform is to monitor and review the proposed reservation. It is to undertake a socioeconomic and legal study of the indigenous community and to ascertain the community's origins, institutions, customs, and property claims. It is also to address the property claims of third parties.

Americas↗
PubMed1993

Prevalence of NIDDM and impaired glucose tolerance in aborigines and Malays in Malaysia and their relationship to sociodemographic, health, and nutritional factors.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and IGT in different ethnic groups living in the same physical environment and to find their relationship to nutritional status and dietary intake. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The study was conducted among Malays and Orang Asli in six rural and urban locations in Malaysia. OGTTs were performed on 706 adult subjects > or = 18 yr of age. WHO criteria were used for diagnosing diabetes mellitus and IGT. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of diabetes mellitus and IGT among Orang Asli was 0.3 and 4.4% compared with 4.7 and 11.3%, respectively, among Malays. This increased prevalence of glucose intolerance among Malays was associated with higher levels of social development. Among rural Malays, the crude prevalence of diabetes in a traditional village was 2.8% and in the land scheme was 6.7%, whereas urban Malays had a prevalence of 8.2%. In contrast, the prevalence of IGT (10.5-14.8%) was higher among rural Malays, compared with 9.6% among urban Malays. Ethnic group, > or = 40 yr of age, an income > M$250, fewer daily activity, and obesity were associated with a higher prevalence of diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: Diabetes mellitus and IGT, which were more common among Malays than Orang Asli, were associated with more affluent life-styles and modernization.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Sustainability of population growth: a case study of urban settlements in Israel.

"One of the most sensitive criteria for gauging the degree of socio-economic prosperity of an urban settlement is the ability to sustain stable rates of population growth by attracting newcomers and retaining existing population. The present paper argues that after reaching a particular size (on the average, 20-30,000 residents), urban localities in Israel tend to experience substantial changes in components of their annual population growth. Starting with this inflection point, the growth of settlements gradually becomes less dependent on natural causes (birth and death rates) than on the ability to attract newcomers and retain current residents. On the basis of this conclusion, a strategy of ¿redirecting priorities' to developing the peripheral regions of the country is suggested."

Asia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Population dynamics and rural poverty.

An overview of the relationship between demographic factors and rural poverty in developing countries is presented. The author examines both the micro- and macro-level perspectives of this relationship and the determinants and consequences of population growth. The author notes the prospects for a rapid increase in the rural labor force and considers its implications for the agricultural production structure and the need for institutional change. Consideration is also given to the continuing demand for high fertility at the family level and the role of infant and child mortality in the poverty cycle. "The paper concludes by drawing attention to the need for developing the mechanism for reconciliation of social and individual optima with respect to family size and population growth." The need for rural development projects that take demographic factors into account is stressed as is the need for effective population programs. (summary in FRE, ITA)

Agriculture↗
PubMed1998

Reasons for referral of very elderly patients to the community dental service in rural England and the implications for developing oral health care services.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the medical conditions and dental treatment requirements. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis. SETTING: Rural South West Surrey, England. SUBJECTS: 100 patients aged 75 or over who were referred for dental treatment to the Community Dental Services (CDS) because of various medical disabilities. MEASUREMENTS: Age, sex, medical history including drug intake, dental treatment provided, time taken for treatment. RESULTS: Two-thirds of the patients required domiciliary care; two-thirds had problems of mental confusion. In addition, 89% were dependent on carers. Treatment requirements indicate that the majority of dental care, although time consuming, were simple in nature and within the technical scope of a competent general dental practitioner (GDP). CONCLUSION: This study implies that the reasons for referral are other than lack of dental skills and may be due to perceived difficulties in managing patients. Further research is recommended to establish whether aspects of patient management are problematic so that resources, including appropriate training programmes, can be developed to enable a quality service to be provided. In the evolving health care system in the United Kingdom (UK) these issues will need to be considered when developing contracts at a local level.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

The Indonesian transmigration program in historical perspective.

"The purpose of this paper is to look at what has been achieved by the transmigration program [in Indonesia], to examine the major problems that have arisen and to consider the present constraints which now cast some doubt upon the future of the program." A historical overview of government policies from 1905 to 1988 is provided, and problems of land supply, land use, and lack of funds are discussed. Data are from the 1961 and 1980 Indonesian censuses. (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA)

Agriculture↗
PubMed1998

Maternal resources, parenting practices, and child competence in rural, single-parent African American families.

A family process model was tested that linked maternal education, maternal religiosity, and the adequacy of family financial resources to cognitive and psychosocial competence in the mothers' children. The sample included 156 6- to 9-year-old African American children living in single-mother-headed households in rural areas, 82% of whom lived in poverty. The distal variables of maternal education, maternal religiosity, and adequacy of financial resources were linked with the proximal variables of "no nonsense" parenting, mother-child relationship quality, and maternal involvement in the child's school activities. The proximal variables were, in turn, indirectly linked with children's cognitive competence, social competence, and internalizing problems through their association with the children's development of self-regulation.

Achievement↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Integrating nursing education into a trauma outreach program.

A level 1 trauma center is challenged to provide optimal trauma care to patients in the region it serves. One approach is to increase the knowledge and clinical skills of all trauma care providers, especially those who work outside urban areas. This article describes one trauma center's experience of integrating rural nursing education into an existing medical trauma outreach program. The educational strategies, example of course content, and organizational aspects of the program are described, along with marketing strategies used to promote the program.

Curriculum↗