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PubMed2003

Contextualizing a medical breakthrough: an overview of the case of IVF.

In this article I examine the ways in which the technology of in vitro fertilization (IVF) is embedded in prevailing sociocultural perceptions and power relations in North American and Western European contexts. From this perspective, I look at the efforts involved in developing reproductive technologies and at the particular direction such attempts have taken. I then examine the policies and laws through which IVF is regulated; the technical characteristics of the technology and its implementation; the social implications of IVF for poorer women, women of color, and single and lesbian women; and the media coverage of the subject. Women's responses to IVF and their roles in its shaping are also addressed. I conclude with a reference to the social and cultural repercussions of IVF in the industrialized world. The overview suggests that IVF embodies social continuity while also encapsulating a potential for radical social transformations.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Human rights of an embryo.

Spontaneous ethical views very often spring just from feelings. But an ethical standpoint of any lasting value cannot be based just upon feelings. Relevant facts and values are indispensable. The purpose of the article is to draw the attention to the set of values that is enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, particularly the values of human life, human dignity, human liberty, human physical integrity and the brotherhood of man. More generally recognized values are difficult to find. The usefulness of them as criteria in ethical contexts is tested by applying them to a judging pro and con of research on human embryos. The testing is performed against the background of the report of the Warnock Committee.

Advisory Committees↗
PubMed2001

Male appropriation and medicalization of childbirth: an historical analysis.

AIMS OF THE PAPER: This paper aims to explore through historical analysis some of the means by which medicine successfully appropriated and medicalized pregnancy and childbirth and to consider the impact that this has had on women's experiences within maternity care. BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE: The appropriation and medicalization of pregnancy and childbirth by men are rooted in a patriarchal model that has been centuries in the making. A model that perceives women as essentially abnormal, as victims of their reproductive systems and hormones, it is also one that defines pregnancy as inherently pathological - a clinical crisis worthy of active intervention. In both law and medicine men have used their power to define reproduction as a biological defect (LeMoncheck L. 1996 Journal of Clinical Ethics 7, 160--176), requiring both legal regulation and medical intervention, whilst feminist writers have long argued that women's experiences within the health care system at least to some extent reflects their social position. CONCLUSIONS: Male justifications of female inferiority have been developed and nurtured through professional discourses and socialization processes inherent within medical education and practice (Cahill H. 1999 MA Thesis, University of Keele). These assumptions are internalized and reproduced to shape quite profoundly, the nature of doctors' interactions with women in their care. Perhaps more fundamentally, such discursive explanations of women's bodies as inherently defective continue to shape women's position in society. Maternity care is a key area in which women's ability to exercise real choice and make informed decisions is limited and where doctor-patient interactions are themselves constructions of existing gender orders; women's autonomy continues to be violated through both quite subtle and overt discourse and practice.

Female↗
PubMed2003

Pericardial effusion, right-sided pleural effusion and ascites associated with stage IV endometriosis. A case report.

BACKGROUND: Endometriosis has rarely been associated with ascites and less often with pleural (usually right-sided) effusion. CASE: A multiparous, reproductive-aged woman was referred for evaluation of possible ovarian carcinoma following the development of dyspnea, progressive abdominal distention, weight loss and increasing secondary dysmenorrhea. Imaging demonstrated normal ovaries in the presence of massive ascites and right-sided pleural and pericardial effusions. At laparotomy, grade IV endometriosis was noted. Total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and appendectomy were performed, with subsequent resolution of all cavity fluid accumulations. CONCLUSION: Pericardial and pleural effusions in the presence of ascites may be associated with endometriosis.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Reproductive health today].

Sexual and Reproductive Health are considered at present as a Human Right that must be guaranteed by the State. In Argentina some Federal, Provincial and Municipal Laws have been sanctioned in order to guarantee this right through programs that bring information, counselling and implementation in the use of contraceptive methods, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of sexually transmitted infections and genitomammary pathologies. Many Institutions, including Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, have been incorporated in these programs. Contraceptive methods have selection criteria and indication for its use that are described in this publication, for the purpose to explain indications, side-effects, advantages and disadvantages of each one of them; as well as their best usefulness in the three stages of reproductive life: adolescence, sexual maturity and premenopause. Finally, the Eligibility Criteria were synthetized for the use of contraceptive methods, performed by the OMS in 1996.

Contraception↗
PubMed2002

Human rights to safe motherhood.

Each year an estimated 515000 women die of complications of pregnancy and childbirth, 7 million more suffer serious health problems and 50 million suffer adverse health effects. Over 98% of deaths occur in resource-poor countries. However, poverty alone neither justifies nor necessarily explains death rates. The Inter-Agency Group for Safe Motherhood, composed of six leading international agencies, has identified major medical causes of unsafe motherhood, and their origins in medical and health system failures, and in the failures of social justice that underlie them. These include women's 'inadequate education, low social status, and lack of income and employment opportunities.' This paper addresses the role of human rights to redress inequities that condition unsafe motherhood, and identifies five critical rights the observance of which would facilitate safe motherhood. These are women's rights to life, to liberty and security of the person, and to health, maternity protection and non-discrimination.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed2003

Safer sex and reproductive choice: findings from "positive women: voices and choices" in Zimbabwe.

Positive Women: Voices and Choices was an advocacy-research project developed by the International Community of Women Living with HIV/AIDS to explore the impact of HIV/AIDS on women's sexual and reproductive lives, challenge the violation of their rights and advocate improvements in policy and services. The project in Zimbabwe, the first one in three countries, was carried out from 1998 to 2001. This article presents selected findings from the Zimbabwe research report. It shows that HIV-positive women were unaware they were at risk before an HIV diagnosis, and that gender norms and economic dependence on husbands/partners restricted women's ability to control their sexual and reproductive lives. Prejudices that HIV-positive women should not be sexually active or have children meant women did not disclose their status to health workers, making it difficult for their needs to be acknowledged or addressed. Condom use was considered inappropriate in marriage. Younger childless women wanted to become pregnant, often in spite of previous miscarriage and stillbirths. Women with several children wanted to avoid further pregnancies, and contraceptive and condom use increased markedly after HIV diagnosis, especially among those attending support groups. Safe abortion was almost entirely inaccessible, though technically the law would have permitted it. Better economic opportunities for women, and integrated pregnancy and delivery care, family planning, STI and HIV-related services are needed which take account of HIV-positive women's needs.

Abortion, Induced↗