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PubMed1983

Cutaneous melanoma in relation to exogenous hormones and reproductive factors.

Eighty-seven women of ages 37-74, who resided in King County, Wash., and who had been diagnosed between July 1976 and November 1979 as having cutaneous malignant melanoma, were interviewed regarding prior use of estrogen-containing preparations and reproductive history. The responses were compared with those of a random sample of 863 women from the same county. Among the 61 women with superficial spreading melanoma (SSM), use of oral contraceptives for 5 years or more was more common than among controls. The estimated relative risks for users of 5-9 and 10 years or more were 2.4 and 3.6, respectively. No differences between cases and controls were noted for oral contraceptive use of 4 years or less. Giving birth to a first child after age 30 was also associated with an increased relative risk of SSM. Although the positive findings regarding oral contraceptive use and age at birth of first child must be interpreted cautiously pending results of other studies, they suggest that hormonal factors can play a role in the etiology of SSM.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Ring 13 in an adult male with a 13:13 translocation mother.

A male with a ring 13 chromosome [r(13)(p11q34)], mild mental retardation, short stature, oligoasthenospermia, and few dysmorphisms is reported. His mother who had a poor reproductive history is carrier of a t(13q13q), featuring a dicentric NOR-negative element. The clinical significance of the r(13) and the mother's unusual karyotype are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Evaluation of the Olsen technique for estimating the fertility response to child mortality.

In a previous issue of this journal, Olsen proposed a technique for quantifying the fertility response to child mortality. To estimate the extent of child replacement, one needs data only on the number of children ever born and the number of child deaths for each woman. The technique involves first running a regression of the number of births on the number of deaths and then correcting the regression coefficient in order to obtain a consistent estimate of replacement. Here we evaluate the performance of the technique by seeing how well it works on a simulated set of reproductive histories for which we known the true extent of replacement. In passing, we derive an extension of the technique to handle the situation in which replacement strategies are heterogeneous. We conclude that the technique performs very well, especially in those cases where the stochastic structure of the data can be diagnosed.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Incidence of breast-feeding in a low socioeconomic group of mothers in the United States: ethnic patterns.

Breast-feeding has been shown to have increased in incidence during recent years in the United States. However, this increase is not particularly evident in lower socioeconomic groups. Factors associated with the decision to breast-feed or not were investigated in a population of 379 mothers. Self-completed questionnaires were obtained from 94.5% of these mothers. Data with respect to demographics, reproductive history, prenatal care, and education were collected. Only 27.2% of the study population indicated that they intended to breast-feed. Using the chi2 test for equality of proportions, marital status, head of household, maternal and paternal ethnicity, maternal education, income, and number of pregnancy were found to be the most important variables associated with breast-feeding. The effect of ethnicity predominated over that of the other demographic variables when they were examined jointly within ethnic groups. The effect of ethnicity was apparent when the number of each ethnic group in the study population was compared with the percent of that group that intended to breast-feed: 145 Anglo-Americans, 43.5% breast-feeding; 131 black Americans, 9.2%; 62 Mexican Americans, 22.6%; 19 others, 42.1%. The importance of ethnicity in the decision to breast-feed has probably been underestimated. Efforts to increase breast-feeding in the United States ought to be designed with full consideration of this factor.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

A prospective cohort study of oral contraceptives and breast cancer.

In 1970 a questionnaire was sent to 97,300 married women aged 25-50 years residing in eastern Massachusetts information was requested on use of oral contraceptives (OC), education, and gynecologic and reproductive histories. Subsequent questionnaires were sent in 1973 and 1979 to a subset of the original cohort (37,000) to obtain recent information. Surveillance of 34 hospitals disclosed 622 cases of breast cancer among respondents diagnosed in a 6 1/2-year period. The rate ratio of breast cancer associated with any use of OC was 0.84 (95% confidence limits: 0.7, 1.1). Although certain subgroups users experienced significantly lower rates of hospitalization for breast cancer than did nonusers (including users aged 25-29, those for whom less than or equal to 5 yr had passed since first use, women with ages at birth of first child either before 25 or after 30, and women who first used OC after the birth of the first child), the risk of breast cancer OC after the birth of the first child), the risk of breast cancer was not consistently lower among users of OC. Among nulliparous women, the rate ratio associated with use of OC was 2.1 (0.9, 5.0).

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Association of breast cancer risk with age at first and subsequent births: a study in the population of the Estonian Republic.

Information on reproductive history was obtained from 362 urban breast cancer patients attending the oncological dispensaries at Tallinn and Tartu, Estonian Republic, and from 694 urban women participating in gynecologic screening programs offered by the same centers. The 2 groups were compared by means of Mantel-Haenszel and logistic regression procedures to estimate age-adjusted odds ratios. Women whose first birth occurred before 20 years of age had a breast cancer risk less than one-third the risk of nulliparous women. Risk increased with increase in age at first birth (AFB) but remained below 1.0 (relative to nulliparae), even in the highest AFB categories. The fertility rate in Estonia during the period of this study was relatively low, which facilitated an evaluation of the effect of births subsequent to the first. After adjustment for AFB, it appeared that in this population subsequent births had a protective effect additional to that conferred by the first birth. Moreover, for women who had only 2 children, the age at the time of birth of the second child was a determinant of that effect. Compared to nulliparous women, the breast cancer odds ratio for uniparous women who had their child before age 25 was 0.62, and the ratio for duoparous women who had both their children under that age was 0.18. Neither lactation nor menarche was a risk factor for breast cancer in this pouplation.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Plasma hormone profiles of young women at risk for familial breast cancer.

The plasma hormone concentrations of 30 young women, who were judged by genetic analysis to be at high risk for familial breast cancer, were compared with those of 30 matched controls identified as at low risk for the disease. The hormone measurements were obtained every second day throughout the menstrual cycle, and the results were analyzed in terms of follicular, luteal, and full-cycle mean concentrations. Comparison was carried out in a paired fashion with each high-risk and low-risk pair matched closely for height, weight, age, and reproductive history. No statistically significant differences were found in prolactin, gonadotropin, estrone, estradiol, or estriol plasma concentrations although the high-risk group displayed consistently lower values in all of the above except estriol.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Chromosome translocations in couples with multiple spontaneous abortions.

The reported incidence of balanced chromosomal translocations in couples with multiple spontaneous abortions (SABs) ranges from 0% of 31%. Because our experience has suggested that SABs are useful for ascertaining balanced translocations, we report the results of chromosome analyses performed on blood specimens from 440 individuals including 200 couples who were ascertained on the basis of two or more SABs. Balanced translocations were found in 3.6% of these 200 couples. For 122 of these couples, more detailed reproductive histories were available. For 48 couples with two SABs, four (8.4%) had balanced translocations; for 37 couples with three SABs, one (2.7%) had a balanced translocation; for 20 couples with four SABs, two (10%) had balanced translocations; and for 17 couples with five or more SABs, one (5.9%) had a balanced translocation. These 122 couples could also be classified on the basis of having abnormal or healthy children. For 40 couples with two or more SABs, one or more healthy children, and no abnormal offspring, two (5.0%) had balanced translocations; for 20 couples with two or more SABs and one or more abnormal children (and in some cases one or more healthy children), one (5.0%) had a balanced translocation; for 62 couples with two or more SABs and no other pregnancies, four (6.5%) had balanced translocations.

Abortion, Habitual↗
PubMed1978

Centric fusion of autosomal chromosomes in a bitch and offspring.

A fertile Golden Retriever cross had a chromosome number of 77, with 3 large metacentric chromosomes representing the 2 X chromosomes and a centric fusion of 2 autosomes. The known reproductive history of the bitch included litters of 6, 5, 13, and 10 pups during 4 consecutive estrous cycles. A total of 16 pups and their sire were located and karyotyped. The sire and 9 of the pups were of normal karyotype. Seven of the 16 pups were found to be carriers of the translocation. The translocation was determined to be a fusion of chromosomes 13 and 17, utilizing G-banding techniques. Although centric fusion has been reported in dogs with congenital disease, the dogs in the present study were not phenotypically unique or abnormal.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

The genital Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma flora of healthy and diseased dogs.

The genital mycoplasma and ureaplasma flora was compared in 136 dogs with varied reproductive histories. Mycoplasmas were recovered from 88% of vulvovaginal swabs, 85% preputial swabs and 72% semen samples. Isolation rates were slightly higher from dogs that were infertile or had evidence of genital disease but the differences from those that were fertile or clinically normal were statistically significant only in the male. Ureaplasmas were recovered from half the females sampled. Higher, but not statistically significant isolation rates (75%) were made from infertile females with purulent vulvar discharge versus those that were clinically normal and fertile (40%). In the male dog there was a significantly higher incidence of ureaplasmas in the prepuce of infertile animals (69%) than those that were fertile (0%) (p less than or equal to 0.05). Semen isolations although not significantly higher in infertile males, were all made from ejaculates, with subnormal motility, low sperm counts and/or a high percentage of midpiece and tail abnormalities (bent or tightly coiled).

Animals↗
PubMed1980

A comparison of pregnancy experience in DES-exposed and DES-unexposed daughters.

Reproductive histories were compared for 226 DES-exposed and 203 -unexposed daughters whose mothers participated in a double-blind evaluation 27 years before. Irregular menstruation was slightly more common among the exposed (10%) than among the unexposed (4%). Nineteen of the exposed and only four of the unexposed had primary infertility. Among those at risk, 86% of the unexposed and 67% of the exposed had become pregnant. The reasons for these differences are not known. Comparison of evaluable first pregnancy outcome revealed full-term live birth to be more common among the unexposed (85%) than the exposed (47%). Premature live birth was experienced by 22% of the exposed but only 7% of the unexposed. Nonviable outcomes of stillbirth, neonatal death, miscarriage and ectopic pregnancy occurred in 31% of the exposed and 8% of the unexposed. The difference in pregnancy outcomes between the groups is highly significant. The DES-exposed with transverse cervicovaginal ridges were more likely to experience a nonviable outcome. Overall 82% of the exposed and 93% of the unexposed had at least one live offspring.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1980

Breeding laboratory cats during artificially induced estrus.

Mature female cats of known reproductive history were randomly divided into groups for natural breeding or mating following hormonal induction of estrus. Treatment with a single injection of 100 international units of pregnant mares' serum followed in 7 days by 50 international units of human chorionic gonadotropin produced results comparable to natural breeding. Daily injections of pregnant mares' serum (300-500 international units total) resulted in fewer successful pregnancies and adversely affected the ability of kittens to survive to weaning.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Studies of cancer and radiation dose among atomic bomb survivors. The example of breast cancer.

A comprehensive program of medical follow-up of survivors of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, by the Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF) has produced quantitative estimates of cancer risk from exposure to ionizing radiation. For breast cancer in women, in particular, the strength of the radiation dose response and the generally low level of population risk in the absence of radiation exposure have led to a clear description of excess risk and its variation by age at exposure and over time following exposure. Comparisons of RERF data with data from medically irradiated populations have yielded additional information on the influence of population and underlying breast cancer rates on radiation-related risk. Epidemiological investigations of breast cancer cases and matched controls among atomic bomb survivors have clarified the role of reproductive history as a modifier of the carcinogenic effects of radiation exposure. Finally, a pattern of radiation-related risk by attained age among the survivors exposed during childhood or adolescence suggests the possible existence of a radiation-susceptible subgroup. The hypothetical existence of such a group is lent plausibility by the results of recent family studies suggesting that heritable mutations in certain genes are associated with familial aggregations of breast cancer. The recent isolation and cloning of one such gene, BRCA1, makes it likely that the hypothesis can be tested using molecular assays of archival and other tissue obtained from atomic bomb survivor cases and controls.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[Histologic classification and morphologic prognostic factors in malignant ovarian tumors].

Most cases of death in genital neoplasms of females are caused by ovarian cancer. Prognostic factors are the postoperative tumor, tumor stage (FIGO, pTNM), age, tumors among family, and the reproductive history. On the basis of 710 malignant ovarian tumors we describe the histogenetic classification and compare the morphologic diagnosis with additional prognostic factors by literature to give a practical review of ovarian neoplasms. The morphologic prognostic factors are the histological subtype, tumor grading and perhaps the receptor status. Worse prognosis, despite of tumor grading, show undifferentiated carcinomas, followed by the serous and mucinous subtype. Endometrioid carcinomas have the best prognosis. Malignant Mullerian tumors show a very aggressive behavior. After the introduction of polychemotherapy the sex-cord- and germ cell-tumors show better prognoses. New prognostic factors are DNA-parameters (ploidy, S-phase-fraction), detection of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, cellular adhesion molecules (integrins, CD 44-splicing variants), and the proliferation rate of the tumor. Perhaps, these factors show prognostic relevance for individual treatment. A correct histologic classification with consideration of all morphology related prognostic factors and the knowledge about them is necessary for oncologists to choose the optimal individual therapeutic treatment.

Biomarkers, Tumor↗
PubMed1995

Who are the Zimbabwean loop users? The social and demographic characteristics of Zimbabwean IUCD users.

As part of a study into the reasons for the low utilization of the intra-uterine contraceptive device (IUCD) among Zimbabwean women, a records' review of IUCD users over the period 1985 to 1989 was carried out. A 10 pc sample of the records of women inserted over this period was taken. This paper reports on the social demographic and selected screening characteristics of these women. A total of 1,179 records were reviewed. The IUCD users had a higher socio-economic status than the Zimbabwean population as a whole. Nearly 20 pc of the IUCD users were professional, technical and related workers, (mostly nurses and teachers), compared to 4.3 pc among the general population. Clients had apparently better reproductive histories than the population as a whole, probably reflecting their socio-economic status and possibly the screening process. The women were in their mid to late twenties in age at the time of insertion, and had been married an average of nine years. A quarter of the clients did not want any more children. They were using the IUCD to suspend their conception indefinitely after completion of their families. About 74 pc of the women had learnt about the family planning clinic from the local clinic/nurses or the community based distributor, indicating the importance of these sources of information. Eighty pc of the women were previous acceptors of modern contraceptives, but only 6 pc had apparently used the IUCD before.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Bone mineral density in healthy Dutch women: spine and hip measurements using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate in healthy normal Dutch women the age-associated changes in bone mineral density (BMD) and the effect on bone mass of the menopause and potential risk factors. METHODS: In 260 healthy Dutch women BMD was measured in the lumbar spine and three regions of the proximal femur (Ward's triangle, femoral neck and trochanter), using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The subjects were interviewed using a structured questionnaire on age, reproductive history and gynaecological status, height, weight and consumption of tobacco and alcohol. RESULTS: In 125 premenopausal women a small age-related bone loss was observed at both the lumbar spine and proximal femur, while in postmenopausal women (n = 135) a 2-3 times higher age-related loss was observed. Expressed in years since the menopause this postmenopausal loss was found to be exponential (p < 0.001). After adjustment for age there appears to be a relationship between actual age of menopause and BMD at the lumbar spine and femoral neck. After adjustment for age and actual age of menopause we observed a small negative effect of breastfeeding, whereas parity, current alcohol use and smoking showed no additional effect on BMD in this cohort. For all women (n = 260) a highly significant correlation between BMD and body mass index was found. CONCLUSIONS: In healthy Dutch women we observed a small premenopausal and an accelerated postmenopausal bone loss in both the lumbar spine and proximal femur. Except for breastfeeding, no other risk factors could be identified.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1994

Hormonal factors in vulvar cancer. A case-control study.

As part of a case-control study of vulvar cancer, we examined the role of reproductive history, menstrual history, exogenous estrogen use and body mass in the etiology of this disease. A total of 330 women with vulvar squamous cell cancer (259 in situ, 81 invasive), aged 18-79 years, who were diagnosed with this tumor during 1980-1990 were interviewed. Their responses were compared to those of 1,010 women who were selected from the general population by means of random digit dialing. Cases and controls did not differ regarding age at menopause, parity, number of prior pregnancies or number of prior births, history of miscarriage or use of noncontraceptive estrogens. Women diagnosed with vulvar cancer were slightly more likely to have experienced menarche at < 12 years (odds ratio [OR] = 1.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2-2.7, in situ cancer; OR = 1.6, 95% CI = 0.8-3.1, invasive cancer), to have excess weight (invasive cancer only, OR = 2.9, 95% CI = 1.5-5.8 for highest tertile of Quetelet's index) and, among gravid women, to have had their first pregnancy after age 24 (in situ cancer only, OR = 1.5, 95% CI = 0.9-2.5). These data, together with similar results from previous studies and quantitative studies of hormone receptors in vulvar tissue, suggest that in situ and invasive vulvar cancer are not strongly hormone dependent tumors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

The fine structure of the human ovarian vein.

The human ovarian vein is of particular interest as an adult vessel which changes with the different phases of reproductive life. At the ultrastructural level we have characterised the endothelium, vascular smooth muscle and autonomic innervation of the human ovarian vein. Transmission electron micrographs were prepared from surgical specimens of the human ovarian vein (n = 11) to demonstrate the features of the vessel wall. The pattern of innervation was investigated using an image analysis system which was also used with high-magnification micrographs to count and measure axonal vesicle types. Possible relationships between ultrastructural features and age and reproductive history were investigated. Endothelial cells contained Weibel-Palade bodies and numerous microfilaments. There were 3 muscle coats: no elastic lamina separated the endothelium from an inner layer of smooth muscle; a middle smooth muscle layer consisted of cells orientated in a circular fashion; an outer smooth muscle layer was made up of longitudinally arranged smooth muscle bundles with collagen and nerves penetrating throughout. The percentage of the vessel thickness occupied by the middle circular smooth muscle layer ranged from 0 to 33% and fell with increasing age (r = -0.67, P < 0.05). Penetration of nerves into the circular layer was observed only in 2 of 9 specimens. The observed ultrastructural features are consistent with the ability of the ovarian vein to distend substantially in response to changing circulatory demands. The vascular endothelium may have a role in the local control of haemostasis via the synthesis and storage of von Willebrand factor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗