Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “RESPIRATION, ARTIFICIAL”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,081 records · Page 60Linked to original sources
PubMed1981

[Resuscitation].

The newest resuscitation methods are summarized, and the time to train is now! Time can be saved by mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration. Adjuncts for opening the airway should be avoided as an initial measure (masks, bellow devices, S tube, esophageal tube, endotracheal tube). Use the percordial thumb in nonhypoxic cases. Make sure that epinephrine is available for use within the first minute of CPCR. If there is no diastolic pressure, there is no flow in the coronary system. Use 6 J/kg body wt. for defibrillation. Drugs and blood-volume increase (dextran 60) should be used alternatively to maintain a stable blood pressure and adequate circulation in the brain as well.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMed1992

A microcomputer oxygen control system for ventilatory therapy.

A computer-based feedback system has been developed to adjust the concentration of oxygen in the inspired gas of a patient under artificial respiration. The system uses a proportional plus integral controller and feedback of arterial oxygen saturation to adjust the inspired oxygen fraction. The effectiveness of the controller has been tested using a dynamic, mathematical model of the human respiratory system. This relatively sophisticated model has been developed and examined in the past, and it has been shown that it can realistically describe the human respiratory system for a wide variety of test conditions. The performance of the oxygen control system has been evaluated using the simulation model. The response of the controller to different disturbances is always stable, with arterial pressure of oxygen returning to normal in less than 12 minutes. Some of the simulation results are presented to illustrate the dynamic behavior and robustness of the controller.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed1986

Analysis of the gas exchange system dynamics during high-frequency ventilation.

High-frequency ventilation (HFV) as a form of artificial respiration has attracted interest in recent years as a means of reducing the risk of barotrauma in clinical applications. This paper explores the high-frequency dynamics of the gas exchange system in order to obtain mathematical models that allow optimization studies aimed at answering the question: What is the optimum ventilatory waveform that secures a certain level of gas exchange while minimizing the resulting fluctuations in pleural or alveolar pressure? Two classes of input are considered: sinusoids and band-limited white noise. A model for the dynamic relation between tracheal flow and CO2 tension is obtained from experimental data which, in combination with existing models relating tracheal flow to pleural or alveolar pressure, allows optimization of the input flow waveform for a given level of CO2 elimination rate. The developed relation between CO2 elimination rate and input was verified by experimentally measured arterial CO2 tension.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[Tracheostomy: indications, methods, risks].

Tracheostomy is one of the most ancient procedures in surgery. Although it was traditionally used for treatment of upper airway stenosis, its primary surgical indication is now in the long-term intensive care unit patient. Here, the aims are avoidance of damage to the larynx, earlier weaning from artificial respiration, and improved nursing care. Apart from the conventional operating method, minimally invasive procedures have been increasingly employed. More than 20,000 ICU patients per annum are now treated in Germany by these modern methods. Common features of these procedures are the initial puncture of the trachea with subsequent dilatation of the puncture channel. Current meta-analyses of prospectively randomised studies show a lower complication rate than with conventional methods. Furthermore, serious sequelae such as tracheal stenosis are rare in the long-term course. However, conventional operative tracheostomy still has its place, particularly in circumstances where the new methods are contraindicated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[Microbiological and clinical effects of selective bowel decontamination in transthoracic resection of carcinoma of the esophagus and cardia].

INTRODUCTION: Surgical therapy of carcinoma of the esophagus or cardia by transthoracic esophageal resection is associated with a high morbidity in which nosocomial infections have a great importance. This study investigates the influence of prophylactic selective bowel decontamination on the course and results of transthoracic resection of the esophagus. METHODS: Seventy patients with carcinoma of the esophagus and cardia were included in this prospective and partially randomized study at the University of Heidelberg. Twenty-five patients received prophylactically selective bowel decontamination with tobramycin, polymyxin B and amphotericin B. The treatment course was documented uniformly. In addition, microbiological screening was performed by swab examinations of nose, throat and anus, by urine and blood cultures, and the documentation of results of additional microbiological diagnostic studies. RESULTS: Bacteriological screening confirmed a reduction in infectious agents and a change of their spectrum in the respiratory and digestive tract without an increase in multiresistant bacteria. Patients who received selective bowel decontamination had a lower infection rate, a shorter artificial respiration period and a shorter intensive care stay without statistically significant differences. The mortality rate was 4% vs 9% in the control group (95% confidence interval -0.172-0.116). CONCLUSION: This study confirms the feasibility and microbiological effectiveness of selective bowel decontamination in the context of surgical therapy which is associated with a high nosocomial infection rate. The result of the clinical treatment seems slightly more favorable in the treatment group. Decisive are complications caused by surgery which fundamentally determine the clinical course and frequently cause infectious complications. The prophylactic use of selective bowel decontamination may be useful in patients with an increased risk of prolonged ventilation support or colon interposition but it is not to be generally recommended.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Mechanical ventilation of mice.

Due to growing interest in murine functional genomics research, there is an increasing need for physiological stable in vivo murine models. Of special importance is support and control of ventilation by artificial respiration, which is difficult to execute as a consequence of the small size of the animal and the technically demanding breathing pattern. In addition, numerous genetically altered mice show depressed spontaneous ventilation or impaired respiratory responses. After an introduction in murine respiratory physiology we describe options for ventilatory support, its monitoring and the potential side effects. This review will provide an overview on current possibilities in the field of airway support in mouse research.

Aging↗
PubMed1983

Optimum ventilation levels for maintenance of normal arterial blood pO2, pC02, and pH in the pithed rat preparation.

Cardiovascular status in artificially respired whole animal preparations is dependent, among other factors, upon the maintenance of normal blood gas and acid-base equilibria. A method is described for respiring the pithed rat preparation with oxygen-enriched air. Using this system, ventilation-body weight relations have been defined for maintenance of normal blood pO2, pC02, and pH values in this commonly employed preparation.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 in critical illness polyneuromyopathy.

Critical illness polyneuromyopathy (CIPN) occurs in critically ill patients on artificial respiration. The pathophysiology of this disease is unknown. Because of the strong association with sepsis, the levels of cytokines, TNF and IL-6 were measured several times daily in patients having CIPN and in a control group of critically ill patients without CIPN. The diagnosis of CIPN was made on clinical criteria. Patients with CIPN had no significantly elevated levels of TNF or IL-6 as compared to controls.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Use of non-ionic contrast media for tracheobronchography in neonates and young infants.

The paper describes the experience gained with tracheobronchography in 11 neonates and young infants with severe pulmonary disease--most of them on artificial respiration--using isotonic solutions of iopromide (17 series) and iotrolan (14 series). Both contrast agents were tolerated without any obvious problems when instilled into the lungs. Because of its higher content of iodine and greater viscosity, iotrolan was superior to iopromide as regards both the demonstration even of the more peripheral bronchial morphology and the duration of the contrast coating.

Blood Gas Analysis↗
PubMed1980

The history of cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

The development of modern cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is an exciting and surprising history to modern health professionals who rarely are aware of how new CPR really is. Artificial respiration began in the 16th century with Vesalius's work on living animals; progressed with the rise and fall of mouth-to-mouth, manual, and positive pressure ventilation methods of the 18th and 19th centuries; and culminated in 1958 with demonstration of the superiority of the mouth-to-mouth technique. Cardiac massage began in 1874, with the open chest method gaining ascendancy until the 1960 demonstration of the equality and greater ease of closed chest cardiac massage. Electrical defibrillation may have begun in 1775, but was not proven successful in animals internally until 1899. The technique was applied to man internally in 1947 and externally in 1956. The simultaneous use of all these modern CPR methods dates back only 20 years.

France↗
PubMed2001

Increasing mean airway pressure reduces functional MRI (fMRI) signal in the primary visual cortex.

Changes in both blood flow and blood oxygenation determine the functional MRI (fMRI) signal. In the present study factors responsible for blood oxygenation (e.g., FiO(2)) were held constant so that changes in pixel count would above all reflect changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) breathing at 12 cm H(2)O, which was previously shown to influence rCBF, was applied in human volunteers (n = 19) to investigate the sensitivity of fMRI for changes in rCBF caused by increased mean airway pressure. Increasing the mean airway pressure decreased the pixel count in the primary visual cortex (median (range)): baseline: 219 (58-425) pixels vs. CPAP (12 cm H(2)O): 92 (0-262) pixels). These findings indicate that fMRI is sensitive to detect a reduced rCBF-response in the primary visual cortex. The underlying mechanism is likely to be a reduced basal rCBF due to constriction and/or compression of postcapillary venoles during CPAP breathing. These findings are important for interpreting fMRI results in awake and in artificially respirated patients, in whom positive airway pressure is used to improve pulmonary function during the diagnostic procedure.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[Hygiene status of ambulances and equipment in rescue services].

PURPOSE: Focus on hygienic management in ambulances is presented based on findings from hygienic microbiological sampling. METHODS: In 44 ambulances, the handwashing area, equipment for artificial respiration, insufflation, intubation, aspiration, intravasal catheterisation, blood-pressure measurement, and sterile materials storage were examined hygienically and microbiologically using the following methods: water sampling, imprint technique, and swab technique with subsequent cultivation on blood-, endo-, and Sabouraud agar. RESULTS: The highest contamination was found in the hand-washing area and on insufflation equipment (up to > or = 100,000 cfu/ml), where proof of the potential pathogens Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, and Alcaligenes spp. was found. The second highest contamination level was found on the sphygmomanometer cuffs, stethoscopes, and respirator masks (e.g., Enterococci and S. aureus were identified). Apparently, the germs chiefly originate from the drinking water at the handwashing station, from the environment and mucous membranes from the skin, and intestines of the ambulance personnel. The predominant hygienic deficiensies were found in the equipment of the handwashing areas, and in the storage of resuscitation equipment and sterile materials. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the results of hygienic microbiological analysis, the main focus of hygienic measures--besides hand disinfection--should be on spray disinfection of the sphygmomanometer cuffs and stethoscopes as well as disinfection of ambulance equipment and storage areas for sterile devices, supplemented by dust protection of ready-to-use materials and devices. Stationary dispensers for hand disinfection possessing at least midlength levers must become the standard in ambulances, and conventional handwashing basins with plastic drinking-water containers and pump must be eliminated entirely.

Ambulances↗
PubMed1999

[Multi-rotation CT during continuous ventilation: comparison of different density areas in healthy lungs and in the ARDS lavage model].

PURPOSE: In this animal study, density ranges for CT-based quantification of ventilated lung area were determined. Healthy lungs and ARDS lungs were compared during artificial respiration. MATERIAL AND METHODS: CT-scans were performed in 5 anesthetized pigs using a dynamic multiscan CT option on a predefined transverse slice (slice thickness 1 mm; effective temporal resolution, 250 ms). During continuous CT acquisition, airway pressure was increased or decreased in a stepwise manner. In all images, areas of defined HU ranges were determined planimetrically. The lower threshold was set to -910 HE in all images. The upper threshold was varied from -800 HE to -200 HE in steps of 100 HE. RESULTS: During inspiration in healthy lungs the HU-range of -910 to -700 HU showed the largest increase in area. During inspiration in ARDS lungs the HU range from -910 to -300 HU allowed the most sensitive assessment of area changes. These findings can be explained by recruitment of atelectases (HU-range > -300 HU) and their transition to a HU range from -700 to -300 HU. CONCLUSION: Dynamic multiscan CT acquisitions are a useful method to determine changes of ventilated lung area during a respiratory cycle. Different HU-ranges are required to access volume changes in healthy lungs and in ARDS lungs.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

[Critically ill polyneuropathy].

"Critically ill" polyneuropathy occurs in patients with artificial respiration. It is more frequent in men than in women. The most frequent underlying diseases, in the course of which CIP was found, were pneumonias, traumas and major surgery. In most cases sepsis and/or multiple organ dysfunction syndrome can be observed. Symmetrical motor polyneuropathy is the typical clinical pattern. In many cases the thoracic muscles are also involved. In some cases facial pareses and ophthalmoplegia may occur. Sensory disturbances are rather rare. The EMG often shows a myopathic pattern in addition to the neuropathic pattern. Morphologically, CIP is an axonal degeneration. The rate of lethality is high. In surviving patients there is a 50% chance of full remission.

Axons↗
PubMed1986

[Interstitial pulmonary emphysema in mechanically ventilated newborn infants. Study of the course of the disease].

106 (15.7%) of 675 artificially ventilated newborn developed interstitial pulmonary emphysema (PIE). Basic lung diseases were: IRDS, neonatal pneumonia, shock lung, meconium aspiration, hypoplasia of the lungs and other miscellaneous disorders of the chest. PIE developed in 68% of patients within 8 hours following artificial respiration. At the beginning of PIE both lungs were concerned in 41.5% of patients, one lobe of both lungs was affected in 32.1%. PIE was located in one lung in 8.5% and in only one lobe in 17.9%. Maximum of PIE was seen within 5 days after initiating respiration in 76.7% of the patients. Persistent PIE developed in 28.7% of the patients. Persistent PIE of both lungs was seen in 11 cases, PIE of one lung in 8 cases and persistent lobar emphysema in another 8. Pulmonary pseudocysts developed in 22 (20.8%) of the patients.

Female↗
PubMed1977

Use of neostigmine after snake bite.

Cobra venom consists of a neurotoxin which is responsible for respiratory paralysis simulating that associated with a non-depolarizing muscle relaxant. A combination of artificial respiration and neostigmine has been useful in resuscitating a child bitten by a snake.

Child↗
PubMed1999

Organization of the sympathetic innervation of the forelimb resistance vessels in the cat.

UNLABELLED: Detailed information on the outflow pathway of sympathetic vasoconstrictor fibers to the upper extremity is lacking. We studied the organization of the sympathetic innervation of the forelimb resistance vessels and of the sinoatrial (SA) node in the decerebrated, artificially respirated cat. The distal portion of sectioned individual rami T1-8 and the sympathetic chain immediately caudal to T8 on the right side were electrically stimulated while the right forelimb perfusion pressure (forelimb perfused at constant flow) and heart rate were recorded. Increases in perfusion pressure were evoked by stimulation of T2-8 (maximal response T7: 55 +/- 2.3 mm Hg). Responses were still evoked by stimulation of the sympathetic chain immediately caudal to T8 (44 +/- 15 mm Hg). Increases in heart rate were evoked by the stimulation of more rostral rami (T1-5; maximal response T3: 55.2 +/- 8 bpm). These vasoconstrictor and cardioacceleratory responses were blocked by the cholinergic antagonists hexamethonium and scopolamine. Sectioning of the vertebral nerve and the T1 ramus abolished the vasoconstrictor response. Stimulation of the vertebral nerve and of the proximal portion of the sectioned T1 ramus increased perfusion pressure (69 +/- 9 and 34 +/- 14 mm Hg, respectively), which was unaffected by ganglionic cholinergic block. These data suggest that forelimb resistance vessel control is subserved by sympathetic preganglionic neurons located mainly in the middle to caudal thoracic spinal segments. Some of the postganglionic axons subserving vasomotor function course through the T1 ramus, in addition to the vertebral nerve. IMPLICATIONS: Forelimb vasculature is controlled by sympathetic preganglionic neurons located in middle to caudal thoracic spinal segments and by postganglionic axons carried in the T1 ramus and vertebral nerve. This helps to provide the anatomical substrate of interruption of sympathetic outflow to the upper extremity produced by major conduction anesthesia of the stellate ganglion or spinal cord.

Anesthesia, Conduction↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Successful treatment of patients with respiratory failure due to fungal infection after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

The mortality rate associated with respiratory failure due to invasive fungal infections after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is exceedingly high. We present a retrospective analysis of 4 HSCT recipients who survived long-term artificial respiration subsequent to pulmonary mycosis, and compare our current findings with historic data. Several clinical parameters indicate a remarkable improvement in the clinical courses of those patients in recent years: weaning time, extubation rate, and improvement of additional organ failures were all significantly better in patients treated after the emergence of new antimycotic agents, resulting in prolonged overall survival. We propose that our observations reflect an improved management of these patients, mainly because of the use of new antimycotics with alternative mechanisms of action and decreased toxicity, allowing for earlier, more aggressive, and more effective antifungal treatment approaches. In addition, the optimized use of new technologies designed to augment spontaneous breathing efforts by patients, mechanical ventilation, as well as the advantages of early tracheotomy will contribute to better outcomes in the treatment of respiratory failure due to pulmonary mycoses following allogeneic HSCT.

Adult↗