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At least 1,081 records · Page 60Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Prostate volume and serum prostate-specific antigen as predictors of acute urinary retention. Combined experience from three large multinational placebo-controlled trials.

OBJECTIVES: We evaluated prostate volume and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) as predictors of acute urinary retention (AUR) in men with benign prostatic enlargement (BPE). METHODS: Data were pooled from 3 identical 2-year, multinational, multicenter, non-US, placebo-controlled finasteride trials in 4,222 men with BPE and no evidence of prostate cancer. RESULTS: The 2-year incidence of spontaneous AUR was higher in placebo patients with enlarged prostates (4.2% in men with prostate volume > or =40 ml vs. 1.6% in the <40 ml group) and higher PSA levels (3.9% in men with PSA > or =1.4 ng/ml vs. 0.5% in the <1.4 ng/ml group) at baseline. Finasteride reduced AUR incidence by 61% in men with larger prostates, by 63% in men with higher PSA levels, and by 47% in men with smaller prostates, compared with placebo. CONCLUSIONS: BPE patients with larger prostate volumes, higher PSA levels and no evidence of prostate cancer have an increased risk of developing AUR and therefore derive the greatest benefit from the risk reduction seen with finasteride therapy.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2003

Real-time RT-PCR for the measurement of prostate-specific antigen mRNA expression in benign hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma of prostate.

Since PSA is supposed to play an active role in the progression of prostate cancer, we applied a quantitative RT-PCR to measure the absolute levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) mRNA expression in benign and malignant prostatic tissue. Consecutive fine needle prostate biopsy material from 59 patients (43 with prostate adenocarcinoma and 16 with benign prostatic hyperptrophy; BPH) was used for the measurement of PSA mRNA expression. In addition, we evaluated the correlation between PSA synthesis and PSA circulating levels in the same patients. The relationship between PSA mRNA expression and histological grade was also evaluated. PSA mRNA was measured with a quantitative RT-PCR, based on the use of fluorogenic probes, according to the TaqMan reaction system. The mRNA expression for PSA in prostate adenocarcinoma biopsies was highly variable, ranging from 2 x 10(4) to 2.1 x 10(8) molecules/microg total RNA with a mean value of 2.5 x 10(7) and significantly higher (p = 0.006) than that found in BPH patients (mean: 1.3 x 10(6) and range: 6.9 x 10(2) to 8 x 10(6)). The mRNA PSA expression in needle biopsy material did not seem to be related to PSA circulating levels in prostate cancer patients (r = 0.281), whereas in BPH patients the two parameters correlated significantly (r = 0.667, p < 0.01). A reduction of PSA mRNA expression in samples with a lower grade of differentiation (Gleason score 9-10) was also observed. Even though a mean increase of PSA expression was demonstrated in cancer samples, this small difference does not confirm a significant role of PSA proteolytic activity in prostate cancer progression. In conclusion, the assay procedure we proposed represents a reliable basis for more extensive study of PSA physiopathology in prostate cancer.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1999

Membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) and MMP-2 immunolocalization in human prostate: change in cellular localization associated with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia.

Membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) is a known activator of latent MMP-2 (pro-MMP-2), and increased MMP-2 expression has been associated with tumor aggressiveness in prostate cancer. However, expression of MT1-MMP in human prostate tissue has not been described. We investigated the expression and immunolocalization of MT1-MMP and MMP-2 in the epithelial components of benign prostate epithelium, high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN), and prostate cancer. Tissue sections from the peripheral zone of 50 prostates (radical prostatectomy specimens) were chosen based on their containing benign glands, HGPIN, and prostate cancer glands. All 50 sections were immunostained for MT1-MMP and MMP-2 and were evaluated for staining pattern, uniformity, and intensity. Western blotting and gelatin zymography were done to confirm expression of MT1-MMP and activity of MMP-2, respectively. Comparisons were made between benign epithelium, HGPIN, and cancer. In benign glands, basal cells (BCs) uniformly stained intensely for MT1-MMP, whereas secretory cells (SCs) were rarely positive (P < 0.0001). Conversely in HGPIN, SCs showed consistent cytoplasmic staining (P < 0.0001). In cancer cells, staining was heterogeneous and varied from no staining to very intense staining in select glands. MMP-2 in normal tissue stained both BCs and the apical region of SCs, whereas in HGPIN, staining was observed in the SC in a predominantly cytoplasmic pattern. Similar to MT1-MMP, staining in cancer tissue for MMP-2 was heterogeneous; however, there was a significant association between the pattern of MMP-2 and MT1-MMP staining within the epithelial components of the cancer glands in individual specimens (P < 0.001). Finally, MMP-2 and MT1-MMP were confirmed to be expressed in the prostate tissues by gelatin zymography and Western blotting. In conclusion, we found that consistent changes in localization and intracellular distribution of MMP-2 and MT1-MMP were associated with the transition from benign prostate epithelium to HGPIN, suggesting that regulation of these enzymes is altered during the earliest stages of prostate cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Relationship between screening by stratifying cases into groups on prostate specific antigen level and the positive rate of transrectal ultrasound guided systematic sextant prostate biopsy].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the detection of prostate cancer in different prostate specific antigen (PSA) level and the predict value of PSA, digital rectal examination (DRE), transrectal ultrasound scan (TRUS) and PSA density (PSAD). METHODS: The clinical data of 634 cases who had underwent transrectal ultrasound guided systematic sextant prostate biopsies between April 1996 to December 2002 due to being suspicious of prostate cancer were retrospectively analyzed. The detection of prostate cancer in different PSA groups, namely PSA < or = 4.0, 4.1-, 10.1-, > 20.0 microg/L, and the predict values of PSA, DRE, TRUS and PSAD were statistically analyzed using t test, chi2 test and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The rates of prostate cancer detection in different PSA groups were 11.6%, 26.8%, 39.8% and 68.6%, respectively. The higher the PSA, the higher the rate of prostate cancer detection, the same was the positive predictive value of DRE and TRUS. The sensitivity and specificity of PSA > 4.0 microg/L were 93.0% and 33.0%, and the efficiency of DRE and TRUS were very low. Logistic regression analysis indicated that PSAD was the most risk factor of prostate cancer in the group of PSA 4.1-20.0 microg/L (OR = 687.09 +/- 646.96, P = 0.000). CONCLUSIONS: The rates of prostate cancer detection in different PSA groups are different compared with other countries. The screening roles of DRE and TRUS are dependent on PSA level. Utilization of the screening protocol which to stratify cases into three PSA groups, namely PSA < or = 4.0, 4.1 - 20.0, > 20.0 microg/L, can elevate the positive rate of prostate biopsies without sacrificing cancers detected.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Prostate-specific antigen. A new biological serum marker for prostatic adenocarcinoma].

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was measured by polyclonal radioimmunoassay in 45 untreated patients with prostatic cancer and 14 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) was determined in 35 patients with prostatic cancer and 14 patients with benign hyperplasia. Serum PSA was raised in 42 patients with cancer of the prostate, but only 14 of 35 patients showed increased serum levels of PAP. Half the patients with benign prostate hyperplasia had PSA greater than 4 micrograms/l and one third had PSA greater than 10 micrograms/l. PAP was slightly elevated in two patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Serum PSA increased with the clinical stage of prostatic cancer. However, preoperative levels of PSA were not sufficiently reliable to predict the final pathological stage for each individual patient. After radical prostatectomy for cancer confined to the prostate, serum PSA fell to an undetectable level.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1989

Evaluation of prostate-specific antigen as a marker for adenocarcinoma of the prostate.

Serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentrations were measured in samples from 437 subjects, including patients with prostate cancer, patients with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), and patients with genitourinary cancer or benign genitourinary diseases other than prostatic, as well as patients who had undergone prostatectomy and healthy controls. PSA concentration was elevated (less than 10 ng/ml) in 84.4% of the patients with prostate cancer, in 14.1% of the patients with BPH, and in 10% of the patients with genitourinary cancer (as compared with 2% of the patients with benign genitourinary diseases). PSA concentration was not elevated in any of the patients who had undergone prostatectomy nor in the controls. In the same samples, the level of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) was increased (greater than 4 IU/L) in only 55.6% of the patients with prostate cancer and in 7.4% of the patients with BPH. According to these findings, the sensitivity of the test is 84.4% (55.6% for PAP) and the specificity is 92.9% (94.9% for PAP). The increase in PSA concentration in BPH correlates well with the prostate mass (gamma = 0.794), although there was no patient with a prostate weight higher than 30 gm and a PSA concentration lower than 5 ng/ml, and all patients with PSA concentrations lower than 4 ng/ml had prostate weight of less than 10 gm.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1989

[Cytologic diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma by transrectal prostatic aspiration biopsy].

Since October 1982, 500 cases of transrectal fine needle aspiration biopsy have been done. Among them, 486 cases (97.2%) got prostate epithelium enough for diagnosis but 14 cases (2.8%) failed. The cytologic results showed prostatic cancer in 100 cases (20.5%), bladder cancer with metastasis to prostate in 7 cases (1.4%), suspicious cancer in 4 cases (0.82%), hyperplasia of prostate 251 cases (51.64%), normal prostate 104 cases (21.3%), tuberculosis one case (0.2%), lithiasis one case (0.2%), purulent prostatitis 4 cases (0.82%), granulomatous prostatitis 6 cases (1.23%), and insufficient epithelium for diagnosis in 8 cases (1.64%). In this series, there were one false positive and two false negative by Franzen's technique. Among 41 cases received further treatment, 35 prostate specimen were available for regular pathological study. The consistent rate between pathological and cytologic diagnosis was 85.4%. In a word, transrectal prostatic aspiration is an outstanding safe and practical method for the diagnosis of prostate cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

The effect of manipulation of the prostate gland on serum prostate-specific acid phosphatase measured by radioimmunoassay.

We investigated the effects of digital prostatic palpation, cystoscopy, and biopsy of the prostate on the concentrations of serum prostate-specific acid phosphatase (PAP) measured by radioimmunoassay. Serum concentrations of PAP in patients with normal or hyperplastic prostates did not exceed the upper limit of our reference range (4 microgram per liter) during the 48 hr after digital prostatic palpation. The serum concentrations of PAP did not significantly increase in patients with carcinomatous prostates after digital examination of the prostate. Serum PAP did increase in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia soon after cystoscopy of biopsy of the prostate. No diurnal variation in the serum concentrations of PAP during the follow-up of 48 hr was detected in the patient groups with normal, benign hyperplastic, or carcinomatous prostates not subjected to rectal examination.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1993

[Examination of serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) in the mass screening for prostatic diseases].

While it is widely recognized that elevated prostate specific antigen (PSA) correlates with the presence of prostate cancer, little data exist on the use of PSA as the initial test in the mass screening for prostate diseases. Thus, digital rectal examination, transrectal ultrasonography of the prostate as well as measurements of serum PSA were performed in a series of 647 men 55 years old or older who participated in the mass screening. We found 7 patients with prostatic cancer (1.1%) and 53 with benign prostatic hypertrophy faced with the necessity of the therapy (8.2%). The PSA values of 6 cancer patients exceeded 3.6 ng/ml and that of one cancer patient was 2.6 ng/ml. While 587 subjects were judged to be without clinical evidence of prostate cancer and benign prostatic hypertrophy, 564 of them has PSA values under 2.6 ng/ml. The proportion of those who were free from prostatic diseases and had a PSA value of 2.6 ng/ml or more was only 3.4% of all participants. Since the proportion of the subjects falsely screened at a relatively lower cut-off point of PSA was quite low, the measurement of serum PSA is suggested to be useful as the initial test in the mass screening for prostatic diseases.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

[Non-specific granulomatous prostatitis. Relationship and differential diagnosis with prostatic cancer].

The unspecific granulomatous prostatitis (GP) is a rare prostate disease. Its relevance lies on the common confusion with prostate carcinoma. Review of 21 cases of unspecific GP, two of which had previously undergone transurethral resection of the prostate. Forty-eight percent of patients developed urinary tract infection prior to GP diagnosis. In 13 patients (62%), prostate carcinoma was suspected after rectal examination of the prostate and transrectal ultrasound. Diagnosis was achieved by histopathology after prostate biopsy and transurethral resection (100%). Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) was within the normal ranges in all cases that it was performed (six), with the exception of one patient who developed prostate cancer. During follow-up, four patients developed prostate cancer (19%) with an average presentation time of 5.5 years after GP diagnosis.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

[Usefulness of ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy in the diagnosis and treatment of localized prostate cancer].

Recently the ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy, especially random systematic biopsy, is considered more sensitive than the usual site-directed biopsy for the detection of localized prostate cancers. To confirm the usefulness of the ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy in the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer, we analyzed 170 cases who underwent ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy due to the abnormal findings in digital rectal examination (DRE), transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) or serum level of prostate specific antigen (PSA). Prostate cancer was detected in 53 patients including 25 patients with metastatic lesions. Excluding the advanced prostate cancers, the positive predictive value (PPV) of DRE, TRUS and serum PSA was 3.8, 8.1, and 20.8%, respectively, when only one category showed abnormal finding in spite of normal finding of the others. Although these values were very low, it seemed necessary to apply all three tests for the detection of localized prostate cancer because the prostate biopsy was indicated by the abnormal finding of a single category in 9 cases (32%; 6/28) with localized cancers. The PPV of hypoechonic region on ultrasonography was 36%, and no cancer was demonstrated in the hypoechoic region at the transition zone, suggesting a low specificity of the hypoechoic region. Although there was no statistical association between the clinical stage and the number of positive cores or the length of cancerous tissue in the sextant biopsies, 64% of coincidence was observed between Gleason's sum of biopsy cores and that of operative specimens.

Biopsy, Needle↗
PubMed1997

Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-2 in patients with prostate carcinoma and benign prostatic hyperplasia.

OBJECTIVE: Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (IGFBP)-2 is a major prostatic IGFBP and may be involved in regulating prostate growth. Patients with prostate carcinoma (PC) have elevated serum IGFBP-2 levels which correlate with the specific PC marker, prostate-specific antigen (PSA). The aims of this study were to investigate whether elevated serum IGFBP-2 is unique to PC or also occurs in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), to examine the relations among age, PSA and IGFBP-2 levels, and to examine longitudinal changes in serum IGFBP-2 with PSA in prostate carcinoma. DESIGN AND PATIENTS: Sixteen patients (61-83 years) with inoperable PC attending the oncology unit at a tertiary referral hospital were studied. Some serum samples were obtained retrospectively while the majority were collected prospectively over 13 months of treatment. The patients with PC were compared to 8 patients (66-73 years) with histologically proven BPH and 7 male control subjects (61-82 years) with no known prostate abnormality. MEASUREMENTS: A new IGFBP-2 RIA was developed. Serum PSA (by EIA), and IGFBP-2, IGFBP-3, IGF-I and IGF-II (by RIA) were measured in all subjects, and serially in patients with PC. RESULTS: Serum IGFBP-2 was significantly higher in PC with high PSA (560 +/- 66 micrograms/l, n = 12) than PC with normal PSA (292 +/- 65 micrograms/l, n = 4, P = 0.02), BPH (364 +/- 61 micrograms/l, P = 0.03) and controls (367 +/- 44 micrograms/l, P = 0.04). Mean IGFBP-2 in BPH was not different from controls. IGFBP-2 and PSA were significantly correlated with age (r = 0.543 and r = 0.433 respectively) and with each other even when the age effect was removed. Serum IGFBP-2 and PSA levels changed concordantly in all 7 PC patients who had serial sampling. Serum IGF-II but not IGF-I or IGFBP-3 was higher in PC and BPH than in controls (PC 332 +/- 23 micrograms/l), BPH 359 +/- 26 micrograms/l vs controls 241 +/- 37 micrograms/l; P = 0.03 and 0.02 respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Serum IGFBP-2 levels are uniquely elevated in active prostate carcinoma but not in benign prostatic hypertrophy. In PC, serum IGFBP-2 levels closely parallel those of PSA and probably reflect tumour burden. The relation between PSA and IGFBP-2 is partially independent of their individual relations with age. Although serum IGFBP-2 is less sensitive than PSA in PC, it may have adjunctive value in the management of prostate carcinoma.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1998

A long follow-up on prostate specific antigen density and prostate biopsy.

OBJECTIVE: To determine prostate specific antigen density (PSAD) in a risk population without evidence of prostatic cancer, and to assess the long-term usefulness of PSAD as a parameter for determining the need for a prostatic biopsy in patients with a normal digital rectal examination (DRE) and transrectal ultrasound (TRUS). METHODS: The records of 582 patients referred to the clinic between February, 1992 and February, 1994 were studied retrospectively. All these patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) were evaluated based on the following parameters: digital rectal examination, serum PSA levels, prostate volume measured using transrectal ultrasound and PSAD. Prostatic biopsy was performed on 431 patients who had a serum PSA level greater than 4.0 ng/mL. A total of 299 patients (69.3%) had PSA levels between 4.0 and 10.0 ng/mL and represented the target population. The study had two parts, in the first one cancer was diagnosed just by one biopsy and in part II, the patients with negative biopsy in part I were followed for a two-year period and required 2 or 3 biopsies for diagnosis. Of the total of patients who had a negative prostate biopsy in part I of the study, 269 were followed for a period of two years with repeated prostate biopsies. RESULTS: Overall prostate cancer was detected in 22/299 (13.9%) patients, 6/105 (5.7%) with PSAD up to 0.15 and 16/194 (8.2%) with PSAD over 0.15 (p = 0.569). CONCLUSION: PSAD is a useful indicator in decreasing the number of negative biopsies in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. However, in a long-term follow-up the PSAD (cutoff level 0.15) was unable to predict which patients had a positive biopsy. According to our results, 5.6% of patients with prostate cancer will be missed using the PSAD criteria.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Prostate specific antigen and diagnosis of prostate cancer].

Prostate cancer had a development predominantly at peripheral gland and stay for a long time asymptomatic without clinical symptoms. When the cancer is symptomatic, it is often translate an advanced stage. The symptoms of prostate cancer are not specifics: urinary troubles, compression of iliac vessels or bone metastases pain. The digital rectal examination highlight an induration nodule, irregular and painless. The probability to have a cancer increase with the rate of the prostate specific antigen (PSA). Some others situations can increase the rate of PSA: benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatitis, bladder catheterisation, urinary retention, endoscopic examination. The ratio of free-PSA/total-PSA (fPSA/tPSA) permits a best discrimination between benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer The more fPSA/tPSA ratio is low, the more the risk of prostate cancer is high. Prostate cancer is suspected with the digital rectal examination and the rate of PSA but the diagnosis is made by histological examination (the tissue samples are took by transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsies). The staging of disease must be realised according to the risk of metastasis appreciated by clinical stage, rate of PSA and Gleason score.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2000

Cytometric analysis of Fas and Bcl-2 expression in normal prostatic epithelium and prostate cancer.

The apoptosis-inducer Fas and the apoptosis-suppresser Bcl-2 are members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor and Bcl-2 gene superfamilies, respectively. Bcl-2 is overexpressed in hormonally refractory prostate cancer. Fas is expressed in several prostatic carcinoma cell lines but its in vivo expression in normal prostate and in prostate cancer is poorly understood. Formalin-fixed tissue sections from 10 benign prostatic hyperplasias, 10 low-grade and 10 high-grade organ-confined prostate cancers, and 6 metastatic prostate cancers were evaluated for immunoreactivity with Fas and Bcl-2 monoclonal antibodies. In addition, Fas expression was quantitated by computerized cytometry. The results were compared by one-way analysis of variance followed by Bonferroni tests. In benign prostate samples, Bcl-2 and Fas were expressed on basal cells and secretory cells, respectively. Bcl-2 was not expressed in any organ-confined tumors and only in one of six metastatic tumors (17%). Fas was expressed in all organ-confined tumors and in two of six metastatic tumors (33%). Fas expression was significantly decreased (P < 0.001) in prostate cancer (0.20 pg/cell) compared with benign prostate (0.79 pg/cell). The decrease was inversely related to the malignant grade of the tumors (0.30 pg/cell in low-grade tumors, 0.19 pg/cell in high-grade tumors, and 0.003 pg/cell in metastatic tumors). Based on these preliminary data, decreased expression of Fas appears to be an early molecular event in prostate cancer. The decline begins in low-grade tumors. The lowest expression occurs in metastatic carcinomas, which are often Fas negative. Overexpression of Bcl-2 appears to be a later and unrelated molecular event. Both abnormalities may be implicated in tumor progression by prolonging tumor cell survival.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Lateral biopsies added to the traditional sextant prostate biopsy pattern increases the detection rate of prostate cancer.

Urologists routinely use the systematic sextant needle biopsy technique to detect prostate cancer. However, recent evidence suggests that this technique has a significant sampling error and data based upon whole-mounted step-sectioned radical prostatectomy specimens using a three-dimensional computer-assisted prostate biopsy simulator suggests that an increased detection rate is possible using laterally placed biopsies. The simulated 10-core biopsy pattern (traditional sextant biopsy cores and four laterally placed biopsies in the right and left apex and mid portion of the prostate gland) was shown to be superior to the traditional sextant biopsy. The objective of this pilot study was to confirm the higher prostate cancer detection rate obtained using the 10-core biopsy pattern in patients. We reviewed data on 35 consecutive patients with a pathologic diagnosis of prostate cancer biopsied by a single urologist using the 10-core biopsy pattern. The frequency of positive biopsy was determined for each core. Additionally, the sextant and 10-core prostate biopsy patterns were compared with respect to prostate cancer detection rate. Of the 35 patients diagnosed with prostate cancer, 54.3%(19/35) were diagnosed by the sextant biopsy only. The 10-core pattern resulted in an additional 45.7%(16/35) of patients being diagnosed solely with the laterally placed biopsies. The laterally placed biopsies had the highest frequency of positive biopsies when compared to the sextant cores. In conclusion, biopsy protocols that use laterally placed biopsies based upon a five region anatomical model are superior to the routinely used sextant prostate biopsy pattern. Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases (2000) 3, 43-46

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Expression of the prostate cancer metastasis suppressor gene KAI1 in primary prostate cancers: a biphasic relationship with tumour grade.

The KAI1 gene, isolated from human chromosome 11p11.2, has been implicated as a prostate cancer metastasis suppressor gene. Recent studies have demonstrated that the expression of KAI1 protein is reduced in metastases of human prostate cancers and is inversely correlated with tumour grade. The objectives of the present work were to determine whether alterations of KAI1 at a genetic level in localized prostate cancers correlate with degrees of differentiation. This paper reports the application of semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Southern analysis to two different regions of the KAI1 gene on 35 microdissected primary prostate cancer specimens and demonstrates a biphasic pattern of KAI1 expression according to histological grade. KAI1 mRNA, relative to the housekeeping gene beta -actin, was elevated in low-grade primary prostate cancer (2.7+/-0.4) compared with non-malignant (hyperplastic) prostatic tisues (0.92+/-0.02, p< 0.05), yet reduced in high-grade primary cancers (0.61+/-0.11, p< 0. 05). These data demonstrate, for the first time, that KAI1 is biphasically expressed in primary prostate cancers and suggest that hyperexpression of KAI1 in low-grade prostate cancer may be associated with restraint of tumour progression, whereas a relative decrease in KAI1 gene expression may accompany more aggressive cancers through loss of such restraint. This differential expression of the metastasis suppressor gene KAI1 in primary prostate cancers may have important prognostic implications for the development of subsequent metastases. Should the level of KAI1 in primary prostate cancer be correlated with patient outcome such information may, in the future, enable more intensive adjuvant therapy to be directed to those patients identified to be at greatest risk of metastasis.

Antigens, CD↗
PubMed1996

There are multiple forms of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in prostate cancer cells and normal prostate tissue.

We analyzed glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) expression in normal and malignant human prostate tissues, normal rat prostate, and Dunning R-3327 rat prostate cancer cell lines. We detected multiple forms of GAPDH in Dunning cell lines by two-dimensional protein electrophoresis and Western analysis. Five forms of GAPDH that differed by isoelectric point were detected for each of the two metastatic Dunning cell lines, while four or fewer forms were detected for Dunning cell lines with low metastatic ability. We also detected multiple forms of GAPDH in normal and malignant human prostate specimens by two dimensional protein electrophoresis and immunohistochemical analysis. GAPDH was undetectable in normal human prostate secretory epithelium by immunohistochemistry, but was abundant in nuclei of normal basal cells and stromal cells. In human prostate cancer specimens, there was a rough correlation between cytoplasmic staining for GAPDH and tumor grade, but GAPDH staining was extremely heterogeneous. GAPDH was abundant in nuclei of some high-grade human prostate tumors. Both of the human prostate cancer bone metastases analyzed with immunohistochemistry had markedly elevated cytoplasmic GAPDH expression. We conclude that multiple forms of GAPDH may play diverse roles in normal prostate tissue and in prostate cancer.

Adenocarcinoma↗