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PubMed1999

[A study on incidence of developmental disabilities in Higashi-Osaka City, Japan, 1988-1992].

A population based statistical analysis was performed of the incidence of developmental disabilities in Higashi-Osaka, a city in Osaka Prefecture with a population of about 500,000. The number of live births during 1988-1992 was 24,980, of whom those with cerebral palsy (CP), severe motor and intellectual disability syndrome (SMIDS), infantile autism, mental retardation (MR) and Down syndrome numbered 30, 21, 26, 268 and 25, respectively. And the respective incidence rates per 1,000 were 1.20, 0.84, 1.04, 10.7 and 1.0. For CP, the percentage of premature children was 63%, higher than in previous reports. Extremely low-birth-weight premature children (< 999 g birth weight) were especially notable at 20% of the CP total. For SMIDS, it is more important to understand the significance of medical care to support sufferers' social lives. High functional autistic children could not be evaluated at our center, though autism accounted for 8.6% of mental retardation. The medical functions of community institutions enable them to perform continuous, population based study of the incidence and situation of developmental disabilities.

Community Health Services↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The real place of infectious pathology in overall population morbidity].

The statistical decrease of the proportion of infections in the structure of morbidity of the population reflects the existing classification of diseases when only acute diseases are classified with the group "infectious and parasitic diseases". The proportion of diseases caused by infective agents remains constantly high. According to WHO data, such diseases make up one-third of all diseases in the world. In Moscow the proportion of infectious diseases in all diseases registered among the inhabitants of this big city fluctuated within 36.1% and 49.7% during the period of 1926-1997.

Communicable Diseases↗
PubMed1990

Estimating transition probabilities of age misstatement.

This article outlines a method of estimating probabilities of gross transfers from one age to another due to misreporting of age. An essential ingredient in the computation is the information on the true age structure of the population, which may be estimated by using generalized stable population relationships. The method consists essentially of iteratively adjusting rows and columns of an initial guess matrix so that the application of the resultant transition matrix to the true age distribution produces the recorded age distribution. The initial guess matrix can be either empirically based or theoretically derived. The method is illustrated by using data on India, 1971-1981. The application reveals that in India, although the tendency to exaggerate age is strong at adult ages, the bias does not increase appreciably at older ages, as is commonly believed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Joint analysis of HIV and AIDS surveillance data in back-calculation.

AIDS surveillance data are the main source of information to perform back-calculation of HIV incidence. We propose a method to incorporate additional information gained by linkage with an HIV surveillance system, containing data on the time of first positive HIV test. In this paper we generalize an earlier method that was developed to use HIV testing data available only for AIDS cases. The new method also makes use of cases with an HIV positive test who have not yet developed AIDS, typically a substantial proportion of the HIV-infected population. Furthermore, we use a more realistic model for the HIV testing rate, incorporating dependence on both time since infection and calendar time. The method makes use of an EM algorithm with generalized additive model smoothing, and is applied to data from Veneto, a region of northern Italy. Our results show that HIV incidence in Veneto peaked in the late 1980s, and decreased thereafter. Importantly, the HIV incidence estimates based on joint analysis of HIV and AIDS surveillance data are more efficient than estimates based on AIDS surveillance data alone. Our estimates also show a decreasing trend in the HIV testing rate over time, which leads to the conclusion that the interval between HIV infection and first positive test has lengthened over time. Furthermore, it is found that for infected individuals, the probability of seeking on HIV test is highest soon after infection.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed2005

A space-time cluster of adverse events associated with canine rabies vaccine.

Electronic medical records of a large veterinary practice were used for surveillance of potential space-time clustering of adverse events associated with rabies vaccination in dogs. The study population was 257,564 dogs vaccinated in 169 hospitals in 13 US metropolitan areas during a 24-month period. Using a scan statistic for population rate data, significant space-time clusters were identified involving the Atlanta and Tampa/St. Petersburg areas during a 4-month period. Separate spatial-temporal analyses of these cities using coordinates for individual address coordinates identified one significant patient cluster (P=0.002), associated with a 23.26 km-radius area in Atlanta (20 adverse events in 702 dogs; 2.85%) from November 2002 through February 2003. This percentage of adverse events was significantly increased after adjustment for host-related factors and the number of concurrent vaccinations.

Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems↗
PubMed1997

Outcome of African American men screened for prostate cancer: the Detroit Education and Early Detection Study.

PURPOSE: Will early detection impact on stage of disease and recurrence of prostate cancer in a high risk population? We initiated a community based study to educate and recruit African American men for early diagnosis of prostate cancer, that is the Detroit Education and Early Detection (DEED) study. Our objective was to evaluate our recruitment process for this target population, examine the percentage of organ confined prostate cancer in men undergoing radical prostatectomy and measure recurrence biochemically. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A community based study from February 1993 to February 1995 through the African American churches in metropolitan Detroit was initiated. We compared the early detection group treated with radical prostatectomy to the population presenting to our urological clinic during the same period. We tested and followed 1,105 African American men using the prostate specific antigen blood test. RESULTS: Pathologically organ confined prostate cancer was diagnosed in 11 of 17 men (65%) who underwent radical prostatectomy in the DEED project. Within the clinic population 35% of the African American men were diagnosed with pathologically organ confined prostate cancer. The difference between the 2 populations was statistically significant (p = 0.033). Disease recurred in 1 of 15 (7%) and 39 of 157 (25%) men in the DEED and clinic populations, respectively (p = 0.97). CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated our ability to recruit African American men into a prostate cancer early detection program. We diagnosed early but clinically significant prostate cancers among African American men with characteristics similar to prostate cancers diagnosed in other early detection studies in which the overwhelming majority of men were white.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Sixteen-year mortality in patients with affective disorder commenced on lithium.

BACKGROUND: Lithium treatment is claimed to reduce mortality in patients with affective disorder, but the evidence is conflicting. AIM: To estimate mortality rates from a cohort of patients with affective disorder commenced on lithium with an observation period of two years and a follow-up after 16 years. METHOD: The mortality rates of patients were compared with those of the general Danish population, standardised for age, gender and calendar time with respect to death from all causes, suicide and death from cardiovascular disease. RESULTS: Forty of the study's 133 patients died during the 16-year observation period (11 from suicide). Mortality among patients commenced on lithium was twice that of the general population. The statistically significantly elevated mortality was due largely to an excess of suicides; mortality from all other causes was similar to the background populations. Thirty-two patients died after the first two years of observation and were included in the analysis of the association between death and treatment compliance. Suicide occurred more frequently among those patients not complying with treatment. CONCLUSION: Mortality, especially suicide, was significantly increased in unselected patients with affective disorder commenced on lithium relative to the general population.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Health related quality of life in older men without prostate cancer.

PURPOSE: We measured health related quality of life in a population of normal older men for use as controls in studies of older men treated for prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A statistically valid, population based sample of older men without prostate cancer completed a validated quality of life questionnaire that addressed impairment in the physical, mental, urinary, bowel and sexual domains. General and disease targeted health related quality of life was measured by the RAND 36-Item Health Survey and University of California, Los Angeles Prostate Cancer Index, respectively. RESULTS: Overall approximately a third of normal older men reported some degree of urinary leakage, while a third claimed some degree of rectal dysfunction and almost two-thirds acknowledged significant difficulty with erection. CONCLUSIONS: Older men in a randomly selected, population based sample do not have perfectly normal urinary continence, bowel function or sexual potency. By collecting data before treatment and following subjects longitudinally investigators may ensure that health related quality of life changes are analyzed in the context of any impairment that may have been present at baseline. If a longitudinal study is not feasible, a control group of men who are similar in age and other demographic variables must be used.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1991

Intraspecific morphometric variability of Goniocotes chrysocephalus (Phthiraptera, Ischnocera).

Morphometric variability of G. chrysocephalus was analysed and compared between and within the groups of individuals collected from single pheasant host (idiohostal populations) and from great number of hosts belonging to the same species (synhostal). The congruence of ranges of variation of 4 characters from 3 idio- and 1 synhostal population was examined. The arithmetic means of head width and abdomen as well as total body length of males from 2 idiohostal populations were statistically different from synhostal one. On the other hand, in the females such differences were only in the head width of idiohostal populations.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Who was student and why do we care so much about his t-test?

Statistics is the study of populations, how they relate to one another and what effect sampling has in terms of representing the original population. Use of statistical tools has been facilitated by modern computer technology; however, given the ease in which results are obtained, it is easy to overlook potentially incorrect use of the various statistical tests. Statistical tools are invaluable for investigators because they make it possible to determine if scientific results are important. When a test is used, it is important to know that the result of any statistical test is valid to avoid erroneous conclusions. To do so, the investigator must have a basic understanding of the test's assumptions and limitations. Modern statistical packages often include a variety of results relating to the test's applicability to the data analyzed. Not uncommonly, biologists are unfamiliar with these analyses. This review intends to improve the reader's understanding of t-tests by providing a history of Student's t-test, and its assumptions, applications, and limitations. Part 1 of the series ("The Mean and Standard Deviation: What Does It All Mean?") reviewed basic aspects of distributions, measures of central tendency, and dispersion assessment. Small sample size effects on accurate estimation of a population mean and group comparisons for continuous data are presented in this review.

Data Interpretation, Statistical↗
PubMed2000

Predicting the time to quasi-extinction for populations far below their carrying capacity.

Populations threatened by extinction are often far below their carrying capacity. A population collapse or quasi-extinction is defined to occur when the population size reaches some given lower density. If this density is chosen to be large enough for the demographic stochasticity to be ignored compared to environmental stochasticity, then the logarithm of the population size may be modelled by a Brownian motion until quasi-extinction occurs. The normal-gamma mixture of inverse Gaussian distributions can then be applied to define prediction intervals for the time to quasi-extinction in such processes. A similar mixture is used to predict the population size at a finite time for the same process provided that quasi-extinction has not occurred before that time. Stochastic simulations indicate that the coverage of the prediction interval is very close to the probability calculated theoretically. As an illustration, the method is applied to predict the time to extinction of a declining population of white stork in southwestern Germany.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

A nonautonomous model of population growth.

With x = population size, the nonautonomous equation x = xf(t, x) provides a very general description of population growth in which any of the many factors that influence the growth rate may vary through time. If there is some fixed length of time (usually long) such that during any interval of this length the population experiences environmental variability representative of the variation that occurs in all time, then definite conclusions about the population's long-term behavior apply. Specifically, conditions that produce population persistence can be distinguished from conditions that cause extinction, and the difference between any pair of solutions eventually converges to zero. These attributes resemble corresponding features of the related autonomous population growth model x = xf(x).

Animals↗