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PubMed2006

Are the cause(s) responsible for urban-rural differences in schizophrenia risk rooted in families or in individuals?

Many studies have identified urban-rural differences in schizophrenia risk. Hypothetical underlying cause(s) may include toxic exposures, diet, infections, and selective migration. The authors investigated whether the underlying cause(s) responsible for the urban-rural differences were rooted in families or in individuals. Linking data from the Danish Civil Registration System and the Danish Psychiatric Central Register, a population-based cohort of 711,897 people aged 15 years or more was established. Overall, 2,720 persons developed schizophrenia during the period 1970-2001. The authors evaluated whether the nearest older sibling's place of birth had an independent effect on schizophrenia risk. If the cause(s) responsible for the urban-rural differences are rooted in individuals only, the nearest older sibling's place of birth should have no independent effect. In this analysis, the nearest older sibling's place of birth had an independent effect; among persons who lived in a rural area during their first 15 years of life, the relative risk was 1.59 (95% confidence interval: 1.10, 2.30) if their nearest older sibling had been born in the capital area as compared with a rural area. Some of the cause(s) responsible for the urban-rural differences in schizophrenia risk are rooted in families, but some might also be rooted in individuals.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Characterization of human proliferative T cell responses to adenovirus.

Although cellular immune responses are likely important for recovery from acute adenovirus infection, they have not been studied in humans. As a first step, a sensitive assay for the detection of adenovirus-specific proliferative T cell responses was developed. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 29 of 30 healthy adults exhibited specific proliferative responses to adenovirus type 2 antigen. Adenovirus-specific proliferation was found to be mediated by CD4+ T cells. Specific proliferative responses were detected to purified Ad2 virions and by Ad2-infected cell lysates, indicating that adenovirus structural proteins are important targets. In addition, specific proliferative responses to the uncommon adenovirus type 35 were found in persons without serologic evidence of prior Ad35 infection. These data suggest that adenovirus-specific CD4+ T cells recognize conserved antigens among different serotypes and that a majority of persons develop long-lived CD4+ T cell responses to adenovirus.

Adenoviruses, Human↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A staff support mechanism: the transformational partnership.

There have been many changes in nursing over the past decade, e.g. the movement of nursing education into higher educational sectors and the generation of many new nursing roles. The development of senior roles within nursing could potentially lead to isolation and, consequently, there may be calls for complementary support mechanisms. A transformational partnership is advocated, whereby nurses working in different organizations/specialties can provide mutual support. Existing support mechanisms for senior nursing can be variable and a transformational partnership can complement these as well as providing mutual clinical support. There are many advantages to this form of partnership which include professional and personal development as well as time out to reflect on practice. It requires commitment to the validity of the concept of professional support across traditional boundaries. A framework based on Holt's (1994) change theory is suggested as a method of implementing this initiative more widely within neighbouring organizations.

Cooperative Behavior↗

PubMed1998

Panic and phobic anxiety: defining phenotypes for genetic studies.

OBJECTIVE: With recent advances in molecular genetics, the rate-limiting step in identifying susceptibility genes for psychiatric disorders has become phenotype definition. The success of psychiatric genetics may require the development of a "genetic nosology" that can classify individuals in terms of the heritable aspects of psychopathology. The authors' aim is to begin to apply this analysis to the anxiety disorders, focusing on panic and phobic disorders. METHOD: Two parallel traditions of defining anxiety phenotypes are reviewed: the first, more closely identified with clinical psychiatry, has identified categorical diagnoses (e.g., panic disorder and social phobia). The other, more closely identified with psychological studies of personality development, has examined dimensional traits (e.g., neuroticism) and anxious temperament (e.g., behavioral inhibition). RESULTS: The authors suggest that a genetic nosology of panic and phobic disorders may incorporate features of both traditions and discuss strategies for optimizing genetic approaches to anxiety including 1) studying phenotypic extremes, 2) identifying biological trait markers, and 3) using animal models to identify candidate loci. CONCLUSIONS: An important dividend from the effort to define the boundaries of heritable phenotypes for genetic studies of anxiety may be a refinement of the nosology of anxiety disorders.

Agoraphobia↗

PubMed1981

Imported shigellosis: aerogenic Shigella boydii 74 (Sachs A 12) in a traveller followed by two cases of laboratory-associated infections.

During their holiday in Tunesia two members of a family developed severe dysentery which prompted hospitalization of one of them after their return to Germany. Shigella boydii 4 was isolated from a stool culture. From another, healthy family member an aerogenic, mannitol negative strain of S. boydii 14 (formerly Sachs A 12) was isolated which subsequently infected a laboratory technician when she was handling the fecal specimen. A second laboratory infection due to this organism occurred while performing the Serény test of pathogenicity. Both persons developed a severe dysenteric syndrome. The increasing problem of imported shigellosis in the Federal Republic of Germany and the particularity of gas-production in Shigella strains are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Investigation for the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with gastric carcinoma in Madras, India.

The most common type of gastric carcinoma, namely the intestinal type, has been proposed to result from a precancerous process in which chronic gastritis, atrophy, intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia develop in a sequential manner. Helicobacter pylori is considered as the main cause of chronic atrophic gastritis and thus may play a role in the gastric carcinogenesis process. The present study was aimed at investigating the prevalence of H. pylori in the gastric carcinoma cases. Urease tests and ELISA developed in our laboratory and culture were used to assess the prevalence of H. pylori in the study group. The positivity of H. pylori by various tests ranged from 56.0 to 62.6% in the gastric carcinoma group and 37.3 to 46.6% in the control subjects, the difference being statistically significant. This suggests that H. pylori infection could be associated with an increased risk for gastric carcinoma, but only a very small percentage of the infected persons develops gastric carcinoma. Therefore, it is suggested that along with other critical risk factors, H. pylori may act as a cofactor in the pathogenesis of gastric carcinoma.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Personality disorder traits in patients with epilepsy.

OBJECTIVE AND METHODS: The Questionnaire on Personality Traits (VKP: Vragenlijst voor Kenmerken van de Persoonlijkheid) was used to investigate personality disorder (PD) traits in 203 patients with epilepsy and a control group of 332 subjects from the general population. Furthermore, the association of PD traits with epilepsy-related variables was studied, as well as the association between PD traits and level of psychopathology. RESULTS: The results showed that, compared with the control group, patients with epilepsy had higher dimensional VKP scores for several Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) and International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) PDs. Associations were found between PD traits and age at onset of epilepsy, duration of epilepsy, seizure frequency and number of anti-epileptic drugs. Anxiety and depression were not associated with PD traits. CONCLUSION: It is likely that suffering from epileptic seizures negatively influences personality development and can result in the development of maladaptive PD traits. The results also support the idea that PD traits are not (completely) covered by axis I psychopathology and therefore should be separately investigated.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Re-introducing skills teaching to nurse education: an action research project.

A skills teaching programme for first year nursing students is being developed as an action research project with the participation of lecturers, practitioners of three NHS trusts and first year students. All branches of nursing are equally represented. During the first part of the action research cycle the skills to be taught were decided upon using anonymous questionnaires and branch specific group interviews. The selected skills related to aspects of communication, observation, care planning and nursing activities as well as health care and information technology. The professional and personal development of students was also considered. All branches were able to agree on a common skills teaching programme. During this first part of the action research cycle concerns about the organizational possibility of teaching skills to an ever-increasing number of nursing students and the necessary participation of many lecturers were raised. Nevertheless, all participants emphasized the need to continue the project, requesting the development, implementation and evaluation of a new curriculum based on this research as soon as possible. This research demonstrates how small schools of nursing without the resources of large metropolitan-based medical schools and teaching hospitals can improve or design and implement skills teaching programmes for their students in a logical and research based fashion.

Biomedical Technology↗

PubMed2004

Quality of life as medicine III. A qualitative analysis of the effect of a five-day intervention with existential holistic group therapy or a quality of life course as a modern rite of passage.

Existential group therapy seems to be a very efficient way of inducing the holistic state of healing, described in the holistic process theory of healing. We have designed a series of four quality of life (QOL) and health courses of 5-days duration called "Philosophy of Life that Heals--Courses in QOL and Personal Development". The four courses are meant to be taken over four consecutive years. They contain training in philosophy of life and existential theory as well as exercises in holding: awareness, respect, care, acknowledgment, and acceptance. The courses teach the participants respect, love, and intimacy; help them to draw on their seemingly unlimited hidden resources; and inspire them to take more responsibility for their own life. Exercises are accomplished with a partner chosen at the course as: (1) a person you like, (2) a person you do not know already, or (3) a person to whom you want to give help, support, and holding more than you want to get help from him or her. Pilot studies with 5-day quality of life interventions that combine training in quality of life philosophy with psychotherapy and bodywork have proved effective on patients with chronic pain and alcoholism. The present design aims to take this a step further and engage the patients in a process of personal growth that will last for years. The aim is to lead them to a stabile state of quality of life, health, and ability, from where they will not again fall into sickness and unhappiness. The focus of these courses is as much on prevention as is it on healing. The existential group therapy induces spontaneous healing of body, mind, and soul that seems to be highly efficient with hopefully lasting results. Every course is intended to give an immediate improvement in the quality of life, so its efficiency can be measured with the square curve paradigm. We have studied the participant"s accounts from their experience with the courses and have analyzed the remarkably large, qualitative changes in the state of being, quality of life, health, and consciousness, which many participants experience during the course. The long-term and preventative effects of the courses have yet to be documented.

Existentialism↗

PubMed1984

The Rorschach H response and object relations.

Developmental theory, cognitive psychology, and object relations theory now offer a general conceptual framework for integrating diverse research findings on the Rorschach human response and for highlighting the developmental significance of interpersonal relationships and their formative contribution to building psychological structure. A comprehensive study of the human response on the Rorschach utilizing three dimensions of Blatt's Concept of the Object Scale (accuracy, differentiation, content) demonstrates that a systematic assessment of object relations--of concepts of self and others--is an important core issue in personality development and useful in making distinctions among diagnostic groups (neurotics, outpatient borderlines, inpatient borderlines, schizophrenics). The results illustrate that particular developmental and cognitive properties of human responses produced on the Rorschach show distinct patterns of differential impairment related to type and severity of psychopathology.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Study of two psychosomatic disorders of the gastrointestinal system (ulcer, colitis) using the Frustration Test].

By means of the frustration test (PFT) authors studied two psychosomatic diseases (ulcer and colitis) of the gastrointestinal tract. According to pertinent literature and pertinent literature and personal experiences the test will be helpful in revealing elaboration modalities of stress which are of decisive importance in the pathogenesis of the diseases. The study has been carried out on altogether 281 persons divided into following groups: psychosomatic patients in the "organic" and the "functional" stage, neurotics, and sine morbo controls, respectively. Statistical analysis and the paired t-test was used for the evaluation of results. It has been established that the particular psychosomatic type of reaction, the PFT-profile corresponding the "acting in", having been assessed by authors did exist. Nevertheless it permits no differentiation between patients in the "organic" and "functional" stage, as well as the neurotics with psychosomatic complaints, respectively. Some specific signs have been found however being characteristic for psychosomatic patients in the "organic" stage. According to authors disturbances of personality development lead in both, the neurotic and, they psychosomatic patients to disorders of adaptation, the ego integration, and inadequacy of mechanisms of stress elaboration. PFT is suitable to clear severity of the psychic anomaly.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1979

Psychosomatic practice and the concept of family confrontation as therapeutical method.

Psychosocial dynamics within the family are first touched upon. Relationships between brothers and sisters play a special part in this respect, as do other factors related to personality development. It is one of the special tasks of the general practitioner to be alert to the first signs of emotional disturbances, for he is in an ideal position to intervene before more serious symptoms of illness appear. The physician has to acquire a valid picture of the family unit, with its physical and psychological strengths and short-comings. Continued flight from pressure of vital issues can lead to family neurosis in the long run. Then, the sick person is not really the carrier of disease in the traditional sense of germ or genetic consation. He is only a 'symptom' of a much more widely encompassing disease unit that has grasped a social cell like the family. Are we physicians and scientists in a position, as a consequence of our training, to see this possibility, or are such modes of thinking to be left to special fields like medical sociology? The isolated, sick person can show signs derived from a disturbed family relationship, particularly through psychosomatic disorders. Our 'psychosomatic confrontation' therapeutical method is introduced.

Family↗

PubMed1991

Personality types among experienced military pilots.

Three distinct personality subtypes were empirically identified in a sample of 170 experienced U.S. Army pilots, using a new measure of personality developed for use in occupational settings. The subtypes are similar to those previously derived in a sample of military aviation trainees. No significant differences across the clusters were found for the types of missions flown, years of aviation or military service, or number of flight hours. A significantly greater number of instructor pilots was found among a cluster which comprised the smallest percentage of pilots in the sample. Overall, the results support the notion that no one type of personality is a prerequisite for success in military aeronautics, and highlight the need for additional studies of personality type in military and commercial aviation, using more sophisticated measures of aeronautical adaptability.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Temporary changes of personality traits in children suffering from solid tumor--a prospective study].

BACKGROUND: The objective of this prospective study was to assess the changes of personality traits in children suffering from solid tumors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: For evaluation we used a self-rating personality questionnaire for children between 9 and 14 years. 39 children with solid tumor compared to 67 healthy children of the general community were examined. For the assessment of children we choose three points in time: 1. Immediately after diagnosis, 2. at the end of therapy and 3. one to three years after. RESULTS: Initially, the children had significantly more behavioral and emotional problems than children of the community. At the end of therapy the patients showed unambiguous changes in personality traits. In the patients population we noticed to have a higher tendency to behave aggressively and egocentric. Patients tended to isolate themselves socially compared to healthy children in the community. No significant differences between children suffering from cancer and the control group were found one to three years after finishing the therapy. CONCLUSION: The distress of cancer patients during therapy seems to influence the personality development. In the longer term, the prevalence of psychological problems experienced by children treated for cancer does not differ from that found in children of the general community.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

A review of the literature on care of clients in pain who are culturally diverse.

AIM: This article reviews the literature on the care of clients from diverse cultures who are in pain and provides strategies for care. BACKGROUND: Pain is a critical concept for caring for clients and particularly for clients from another culture. Culture shapes the values, beliefs, norms, and practices of individuals, including the ways persons react to pain. Culture affects the assessment and management of pain. CONCLUSIONS: Seven strategies can assist in culturally appropriate assessment and management of pain: (1) utilize assessment tools to assist in measuring pain, (2) appreciate variations in affective response to pain, (3) be sensitive to variations in communication styles, (4) recognize that communication of pain may not be acceptable within a culture, (5) appreciate that the meaning of pain varies between cultures, (6) utilize knowledge of biological variations, and (7) develop personal awareness of values and beliefs which may affect responses to pain.

Attitude to Health↗

PubMed1976

". . . Change and sameness . . ." reconsidered.

This paper acknowledges and responds to Jack Block's statistical critique of the author's previously reported study of changes and sameness in personality development. The critique was apt, and calls attention to the difficulty of working appropriately with numerous, multiply-assessed variables. A re-analysis of the data is presented here. The general pattern of findings remains consistent with the original interpretations, but the re-analysis produced some differences as well.

Humans↗

PubMed1998

[Interdisciplinary longitudinal curriculum "Medical Psychology, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics." Experiences from the preclinical segment].

The departments of Medical Psychology, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy developed an interdisciplinary longitudinal curriculum in order to coach medical students for the whole length of their medical education. Experiences from the first four undergraduate semesters are reported. 46 students (33 females, 13 males), mean age 22.3 +/- 2.6 years, attended 60 hours of interdisciplinary group sessions. Frequent motives to join the course were interest in psychosocial disciplines and relevant previous experience. The students expected to benefit from this project in their study, their future practice as a physician, and in their personal development. Important educational goals that could be attained were the adoption of a patient-centred view in medicine as well as strengthening of the students' critical capacities and sensitivity. The students especially appreciated the possibility of group discussions and the opportunity to participate actively in the course. Based on a critical review of the evaluation, the possibility of a transfer of our model is considered and perspectives for the future are developed.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Physicians and surgeons volunteering in developing countries: a personal perspective.

After a physician volunteers in the developing world, his or her eyes open to vast problems. There are many opportunities for physicians to volunteer in developing countries. Medical personnel should know the major agencies that send volunteers and understand how their actions help in disaster relief, direct patient care, or teaching. Volunteers should work with major established organizations to ensure they are not more of a burden than a help. Individuals assisting in training, development, or human rights investigations can change the world by their efforts.

Developing Countries↗