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PubMed2001

Immediate knowledge increase from an oral cancer information leaflet in patients attending a primary health care facility: a randomised controlled trial.

The aim was to determine the immediate influence of a validated patient information leaflet (PIL) on oral cancer and knowledge in primary care attenders. Participants were patients (n=800) attending their primary health care provider from 14 general practices (eight dental and six medical) in the north west of England. Measures were a previously validated knowledge questionnaire (36 dichotomous items), self-reported dental service attendance history and demographic variables. The results showed that patients who had read the oral cancer PIL demonstrated a significant increase in knowledge regardless of clinical setting (F[1,739]=246.24, P<0.0001). Patients showed improvements in selecting the correct signs and risk factors associated with disease. Immediate knowledge gain from a simple PIL about oral cancer was found and independent of the primary care facility, where the PIL was distributed.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Randomised trial of the psychological effect of information about oral cancer in primary care settings.

AIM: To determine the immediate influence of a validated patient information leaflet (PIL) on patient anxiety and intention to have a screen for oral cancer in primary care attenders. PARTICIPANTS: Patients (n=800) attending their primary health care provider. SETTING: Fourteen general practices (eight dental and six medical) in the northwest of England. DESIGN: Randomised controlled trial with two arms: leaflets provided in information group, leaflet was absent in control group. MEASURES: Single item ratings of (1) intention to have an oral cancer screen, and (2) anxiety towards a screen, (3) perceived risk of oral cancer. Knowledge of oral cancer, self-reported dental service attendance history and demographic variables were also collected. RESULTS: Patients who had read the oral cancer PIL demonstrated an increase in their intention to have a screen (Mann Whitney U test: z=-3.67, P<0.001) and reduced anxiety (Mann Whitney U test: z=-2.07, P<0.05). Subjective risk was not elevated by the extra information. Intention to have a screen was predicted by knowledge level and anxiety (odds ratios: 1.10 and 0.70 respectively, both P's<0.001). CONCLUSION: The influence of an information leaflet appeared to have a positive effect on anxiety level and intentions to agree to receive an oral cancer screen.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

The experimental evaluation of an oral cancer information leaflet.

The aims of our series of studies were: (1) to prepare an information leaflet about oral cancer for the general public; (2) to design a questionnaire to assess the level of knowledge about oral cancer; and (3) to evaluate the newly prepared leaflet. A study was conducted for each aim. For study 1, multiple drafts of oral cancer leaflets were distributed for comment and editing. For study 2, a large number of statements (100) about oral cancer were compiled and judged. Redundant items were withdrawn. The final version was administered to criterion groups (students, dentists and the public) to assess reliability and validity. For study 3, a multigroup pre- and post-test randomised design (comprising an experimental and two control groups) was adopted to evaluate knowledge improvement from exposure to the oral cancer leaflet. The participants in each study were as follows: in study 1, questions were judged by the authors, colleagues (n=2) and a non-patient group (n=10); in study 2, undergraduate psychology students (n=41), medical students (n=60), dental students (n=82), members of the public (n=54) and general dental practitioners (n=22) were respondents for the reliability/validity assessment; and in study 3, the dental students and members of the public from the previous study participated. The measure was a true/false 36-item questionnaire with additional demographic questions. In study 1 the Flesch readability index for the leaflet equalled approximately 80, i.e. 'fairly easy'. In study 2 the Kuder-Richardson 20 reliability coefficient of the questionnaire equalled 0.76. Criterion validity was confirmed with general dental practitioners scoring greater knowledge than members of the public (p<0.05). In study 3 participants who had access to the leaflet showed a significant increase in knowledge at post-test in comparison to pre-test. Control group results were supportive of a positive effect from leaflet exposure. In conclusion, the design of a health information leaflet, the assessment of reliability and validity of an associated knowledge questionnaire and evaluation of the influence of such a leaflet should be conducted in a series of planned steps. This approach can be used for other health-related issues which require dissemination of information. Three studies have demonstrated the successful application of this design and evaluation model to the area of oral cancer education.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2005

Piloting the feasibility and effectiveness of print- and telephone-mediated interventions for promoting the adoption of physical activity in Australian adults.

This study examined the feasibility and effectiveness for increasing physical activity of a print-based intervention, and a print- plus telephone-mediated intervention among mid-life and older Australian adults. A randomised controlled trial study design was used. In mid-2002, 66 adults (18 men, 48 women) aged 45-78 years, who identified themselves as underactive, were recruited through advertisements and word-of-mouth at two sites (Melbourne and Brisbane), and randomised to either the print or print-plus-telephone mediated intervention group. Participants in both groups attended an initial briefing session, and over the 12-week intervention period received an instructional newsletter and use of a pedometer (both groups), and individualised telephone calls (print-plus-telephone group only). Self-reported physical activity data were collected at baseline, 12 and 16 weeks. Measures of self-reported global physical activity, moderate-vigorous intensity activity and walking all showed increases between baseline and 12 weeks for both intervention groups. These increases were generally maintained by 16 weeks, although participants in the print-plus-telephone group maintained slightly higher levels of global reported activity and walking (by approximately 30 mins/wk) than those in the print group. These interventions show potential for promoting initial increases in physical activity among mid-life and older Australian adults, and should be evaluated across more extended time periods.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Role of information leaflets in improving the practice of informed consent for patients undergoing septoplasty.

AIM: To evaluate the effectiveness of an information leaflet in improving patient understanding of the procedure and complications of septoplasty. DESIGN: The baseline knowledge of a group of patients who had attended a pre-assessment clinic prior to septoplasty was assessed. The procedure and its complications were then verbally explained. The patients' knowledge was then re-assessed on the morning of surgery and any improvements noted. In the second arm of the study, an information leaflet was introduced at the time of verbal instruction and any differences in improvement in knowledge were assessed. RESULTS: Data from the two groups were analysed using an analysis of covariance with differences in baseline (pre-instruction) knowledge controlled. Additional improvements in mean recall score following leaflet distribution were highly statistically significant when compared with mean recall in the control group (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The use of information leaflets increases patients' knowledge about a surgical procedure and its potential complications.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

A method for decreasing patients' medication errors.

Eighty anxious and eighty depressed patients were assigned randomly to receiving one of three versions of an information leaflet about their medication, or to receiving no leaflet at all. Mean medication errors were reduced from 15 to 4% by provision of suitably constructed leaflets. The results show the practical importance of informing patients about their medication and of paying attention to the difficulty level of any leaflets issued.

Antidepressive Agents↗
PubMed1995

Information on marketed drugs for doctors and patients. Experience in six European countries.

This article describes a project that looked at the availability of information on marketed pharmaceutical products to doctors and patients in six European countries. It examines the legal status of the drug compendia published in each country and reports on the implementation of EC Directive 92/27/EEC on labeling and packaging. A small survey showed that it is hard to compare patient information because it is difficult to obtain copies of pack inserts available in each country. However, a limited analysis revealed some differences in the content and presentation of data for doctors and patients.

Drug Industry↗
PubMed2004

Cost-effectiveness analysis of a complementary health intervention: the case of smoking relapse prevention.

OBJECTIVES: We assess the cost-effectiveness of smoking relapse prevention interventions designed to keep quitters from resuming the use of cigarettes. Because relapse prevention is complementary to smoking cessation efforts, the appropriate test of its cost-effectiveness is whether it reduces the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of smoking cessation. The major goal of the study is to carry out such a test. METHODS: Data from a randomized trial that ascertained the effectiveness of alternative modes of smoking relapse prevention are combined with ICER estimates of smoking cessation to assess whether relapse prevention is cost-effective. RESULTS: The trial produced convincing evidence that relapse prevention yields statistically significant reductions in the proportion of quitters who are smoking at 24 months postquit. The intervention effects are substantial enough to raise the denominator terms of the smoking cessation ICER and, thereby, offset the amount relapse prevention adds to cost numerator terms. In this sense, smoking relapse prevention tends to pay for itself. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking relapse prevention is a highly cost-effective addition to current efforts to curb cigarette consumption. Complementary health interventions of this sort should be assessed by different methods than those commonly found in the cost-effectiveness literature.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

A statewide model detection and prevention program for geriatric alcoholism and alcohol abuse: increased knowledge among service providers.

To facilitate the professional development of service providers, the Virginia project on geriatric alcohol abuse and alcoholism developed and used an informational booklet, brochure, and video in a "train the trainer" model. A core group received extensive training, and then trained colleagues in their local communities. Knowledge gains were documented among both trainers and trainees. Follow-up interviews with agency personnel revealed substantial impact on a broad spectrum of service systems and improvements in interagency coordination. Results are discussed in terms of the educational needs of professional service providers regarding the unique aspects of alcoholism and alcohol abuse in the older population.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

An evaluation of patient satisfaction with an information leaflet for trauma survivors.

A new leaflet that provided information about posttraumatic reactions and how to deal with them was distributed within 14 days of attendance at the Accident and Emergency Department (ED), Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, to a heterogeneous sample of trauma patients (N = 222). An evaluation form to assess satisfaction with the leaflet was also mailed with the leaflet. A sample of 98 (44%) of the initial patient group responded, and 96% of them reported the leaflet as either very helpful or helpful. Satisfaction with the leaflet was not affected by age, by gender, or by the type of trauma encountered. Overall, the findings confirmed that such a leaflet is well received by trauma patients attending an ED.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Mood management mail intervention increases abstinence rates for Spanish-speaking Latino smokers.

A self-administered mood management intervention program for smoking cessation provided through the mail to Spanish-speaking Latinos resulted in a 23% abstinence rate at 3 months compared to an 11% abstinence rate for a smoking cessation guide alone. Participants (N = 136) were randomly assigned to receive either the cessation guide (the Guía), or the Guía plus a mood management intervention (Tomando Control de su Vida) presented in writing and in audiotape format. At 3 months after random assignment, 16 out of 71 of those assigned to the Guía-plus-mood management condition reported being abstinent (not smoking for at least 7 days) compared to 7 out of 65 in the Guía-only condition (z = 1.8; p = .04, one-tailed). Moreover, those with a history of major depressive episodes, but not currently depressed, reported an even higher abstinence rate in the Guía-plus-mood management condition, compared to the Guía-only condition (31 vs. 11%, z = 1.8, p = .04, one-tailed). We conclude that the mood management mail intervention substantially increases abstinence rates, especially for those with a history of major depressive episodes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Influence of a family-directed program on adolescent cigarette and alcohol cessation.

Programs to reduce adolescent cigarette or alcohol use by users in general populations have only recently been evaluated. Moreover, in spite of the substantial influence families have on their children, few family-directed programs designed to reduce the prevalence of adolescent smoking and drinking have been rigorously evaluated. This paper reports the findings of research designed to determine whether a family program reduced use of cigarettes or alcohol by users. The program consisted of a series of booklets mailed to families and follow-up telephone calls by health educators. A randomized experimental design involved families with children ages 12-14 throughout the United States. Data were collected by telephone at baseline and 3 and 12 months after the program was completed. No statistically significant program effects were observed for cessation or decrease in smoking and drinking by users.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Evaluation of a Five-A-Day recipe booklet for enhancing the use of fruits and vegetables in low-income households.

The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) needs to evaluate appropriate nutrition education for its at risk audience, including Five-A-Day for Better Health educational material that promotes consumption of five servings a day of fruits and vegetables. An evaluation was conducted of a Five-A-Day recipe booklet for use with mothers having a child or children enrolled in WIC. Three clinic sites in eastern Washington State tested the booklet using a pretest (n = 225)/post-test (n = 167) design and an intervention protocol based on preliminary focus group data. The booklet featured information on fresh produce and was accordingly tested over the summer months. Participants were on average 28 years of age and mostly White (77%). After receiving the booklet, many WIC mothers reported feeling more confident about choosing good quality fresh produce (70%) and storing fruits and vegetables appropriately (68%), and also felt that it was easier to include fruits and vegetables in their family's meals (74%). Many mothers reportedly served more fruits and vegetables to their families after receiving the booklet. Notably, this occurred at numerous meals and snack times with both fruits and vegetables, and was independent of a reported trend to consume more fruits and vegetables in the summer. Mothers also favorably evaluated the format and content of the booklet. However, mothers' barriers related to fruits and vegetables did not change, and their estimated intake of fruits and vegetables decreased slightly over the intervention period. Adjustments to the protocol are suggested that may enhance the booklet's effect on WIC mothers' attitudes and behaviors.

Adult↗