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PubMed1991

[Pasteurella multocida infections: bites by dogs or cats?].

Annually 50,000 to 100,000 animal bites are seen by physicians in the Netherlands. Infections of these bite wounds frequently occur. Pasteurella multocida is one of the main causes of these infections and many serious complications may occur. We present 3 patients with disturbances in wound healing after animal bites or scratches due to infection with P. multocida. In view of the high infection ratio after cat bites we advise giving amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (Augmentin) for 5 days as prophylaxis. According to the literature prophylaxis for dog bites is not necessary. However, fatal complications after dog bites due to infections with Capnocytophaga canimorsus (DF-2) support those who prefer to give antibiotics after these bites also.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Isolation of Pasteurella caballi from an infected wound on a veterinary surgeon.

Comparison of phenotypical characters obtained from the type strain of Pasteurella caballi and a previously unclassified P.sp., isolated from an infected wound on a veterinary surgeon, allowed classification of the P.sp. with P. caballi. The P.sp. was isolated in a mixed culture with Escherichia coli and probably represents the first human isolate of P. caballi.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Vaccination of turkeys with cell-free culture filtrate of Pasteurella multocida.

Turkeys given cell-free culture filtrate (CCF) of Pasteurella multocida strain R44/6 orally, via air sacs, or subcutaneously mixed 1:1 with incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) at 6 and 9.5 weeks of age were compared with negative controls given bacteriologic medium and positive controls vaccinated with a commercial bacterin. At 13 weeks of age, serum antibody titers to P. multocida were detectable only in turkeys given CCF in IFA (low titers) and positive control turkeys (high titers), at which time turkeys were challenged orally with either the homologous strain or strain P-1059. Protection against challenge with strain R44/6 was provided by the commercial bacterin, CCF in IFA, and CCF given via air sacs. When turkeys were challenged with strain P-1059, protection was superior in turkeys given CCF via air sacs, intermediate in turkeys given commercial bacterin or CCF in IFA, and absent in negative control turkeys and turkeys given CCF orally. These results indicate CCF is an effective immunogen when administered via the lower respiratory tract for protecting turkeys against pasteurellosis.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1990

Immunopathological changes in mice caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica and Pasteurella multocida.

The immunopathological changes induced by toxigenic Pasteurella multocida, toxigenic phase I Bordetella bronchiseptica and its phase III variant were studied. Four groups of mice, each containing 21 animals, were inoculated intravenously with sublethal doses of B. bronchiseptica as follows: group 1: phase I toxigenic B. bronchiseptica whole-cell suspension (WCS); group 2: phase III B. bronchiseptica WCS; group 3: phase I B. bronchiseptica sonicated extract (SE); and group 4: phase III B. bronchiseptica SE. The fifth group received SE of toxigenic P. multocida. Lymphatic organs, lungs, livers and testes from three mice per group were examined histologically on every second day of a two-week period. In the spleen of mice, where the so-called lienotoxic effect manifested itself (groups 1, 3, 4 and 5), the percentile proportion of lymphoblasts significantly decreased in both the B and the T cell dependent areas. The lymph nodes also showed a reduction in the number of lymphoblasts. The reduction in spleen mass was partly attributable to a drastic decrease in the number of megakaryocytes and of blast cells participating in physiological extramedullary haematopoiesis in the red pulp. Opposite changes were demonstrable in group 2 the mice of which showed splenic hypertrophy.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Pneumonia in calves produced with aerosols of bovine herpesvirus 1 and Pasteurella haemolytica.

In each of 11 experiments, four calves were exposed first to an aerosol of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV1, virus of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis) and second to an aerosol of Pasteurella haemolytica. The interval between aerosols was three to five days. In two other experiments, calves were exposed only to a bacterial aerosol. Climate was controlled for all experiments from the day of viral exposure and for eight of the experiments it was also controlled for four to six days before the first aerosol. The concentration of infectious doses of virus in the aerosols and the number of bacteria in the aerosols of each calf were determined. Macroscopically recognizable rhinitis, tonsillitis, laryngitis, tracheitis and pneumonia of lobar distribution in 42 lobes from 11 calves were seen in five experiments in which bacterial aerosol followed the viral aerosol by at least four days. One calf died with marked respiratory disease in each of four experiments within four days of exposure to the bacterial aerosol. Production of pneumonia was dependent on an interval between aerosols of at least four days but not on the condition of controlled climate on the environmental chamber either before or after the viral aerosol nor on the period of habituation allowed calves of some experiments.

Aerosols↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pasteurella haemolytica as a co-pathogen in pullets and laying hens.

Pasteurella haemolytica was isolated from internal organs of laying hens and pullets of four flocks in which five incidents of increased mortality had occurred. There was inflammation of the trachea in all cases, and infectious laryngotracheitis virus was identified in three of the incidents. Rapid response to antimicrobial therapy was seen in two out of three outbreaks in the pullets. P. haemolytica was regarded as a significant secondary invader in these cases.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Molecular aspects of the virulence of Pasteurella multocida.

Molecules important to the virulence of all Pasteurella multocida are little known, but much has been learned of isolates causing atrophic rhinitis of pigs. A protein toxin purified from P. multocida or from a recombinant Escherichia coli reproduces atrophic rhinitis and leads to a reduction in weight gain; antitoxin is completely protective. Toxin is important for P. multocida colonization, especially in the presence of the Bordetella bronchiseptica cytotoxin. The P. multocida toxin binds rapidly to embryonic bovine lung cells in vitro leading to an alteration of cell shape without the metabolic and structural changes associated with other toxins. This indicates a novel biochemical mechanism. However, other work suggests a subunit mode of action structurally like hormones and other bacterial toxins.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Homogeneity of characteristics of Pasteurella multocida isolated from turkeys and wildlife in California, 1985-88.

Five hundred twenty isolates of Pasteurella multocida, collected in California from September 1985 to November 1988, were characterized in the laboratory. Characteristics examined included serotype, capsular type, biotype (subspecies), and possession of plasmid DNA. Three hundred thirty-three isolates recovered from turkeys dying from fowl cholera, 88 isolates from liver turkeys in flocks with fowl cholera outbreaks in the recent past, and 99 isolates from wildlife captured on fowl cholera-outbreak and non-outbreak turkey premises were studied in this manner. Characteristics were fairly homogeneous among isolates, especially those obtained from turkeys. The majority of isolates were serotype 3,4, capsular type A, subspecies multocida, and lacked plasmid DNA. Common serotypes of isolates from turkeys and wildlife sampled on the same premises were noted in eight of 13 cases examined.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Immune response to pulmonary injection of Pasteurella haemolytica-impregnated agar beads followed by transthoracic challenge exposure in goats.

A method of inducing Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1 (Ph1) lung infection in goats, using low numbers of bacteria and without impairing host immunity, was developed. Two trials were conducted. Results of trial 1, using 10 principals (Ph1 agar beads) and 6 controls (agar beads alone), indicated that Ph1 organisms imbedded in agar beads could survive host lung defenses for 32 days. Results of trial 2 indicated that lung immunity in the inoculated goats (principals) was high and they were more protected than controls against a transthoracic challenge of Ph1 (1.18 x 10(7) colony-forming units) injected into a lung of each goat on posttreatment day 35. When comparing challenge-exposed principals with controls, the controls developed rectal temperatures above normal for a longer time, duration of anorexia was longer, and signs of depression were seen. The controls developed large areas of consolidated lung tissue, more Ph1 isolates were recovered from nasal turbinates and lung tissue, and higher Ph1 concentrations were found in the lungs. The serum Ph1 indirect hemagglutination antibody titers in the principals of both trials increased, compared with titers in controls. Principal goats in trial 2 had higher Ph1 indirect hemagglutination antibody titers after injection of Ph1-impregnated agar beads and less severe lung lesions after challenge exposure than did controls. The small pneumonic consolidated lesions in the principals, compared with extensive lesions in controls after Ph1 challenge exposure, indicated a high degree of immunity after exposure to Ph1 organisms imbedded in agar beads.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Clinical and pathologic studies of experimentally induced Pasteurella haemolytica pneumonia in calves.

Pasteurella haemolytica pneumonia of the right caudal lung lobe was experimentally induced in 2-week-old Holstein calves (n = 11) by endobronchial inoculation of 7.9 x 10(10) colony-forming units of 6-hour log-phase bacteria. Calves were studied for 72 hours after inoculation. The challenge procedure consistently induced a lesion in the right caudal lung lobe, which was consistent radiographically with results of pathologic examination and a similar volume of bronchography contrast medium. Clinically, the calves developed a significant increase in rectal temperature within 24 hours after inoculation. Seventy-two hours after inoculation, the total WBC counts, absolute band neutrophil counts, monocyte counts, and blood fibrinogen concentrations were significantly higher than normal and albumin concentration was significantly decreased. Necropsy revealed a circular to oblong lesion that was congested, edematous, and firm and occupied 20 to 40% of the right caudal lung lobe. Histologic examination revealed a severe acute inflammatory reaction characterized by cellular exudate and proteinaceous fluid in the alveoli, interlobular septa, and pleura.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with dot immunobinding assay for detection of antibodies against Pasteurella multocida in turkeys.

A dot immunobinding assay (DIA) was developed to detect antibodies against Pasteurella multocida in turkey serum. Five coating antigens, namely, whole-cell (WC) antigen, sonicated cell lysate (SCL), crude capsular extract (CE), formalin extract (FE), and heat-stable antigen (HSA), were compared by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and DIA using reference antisera against P. multocida organisms. WC and SCL antigens showed higher sensitivity, whereas FE and HSA antigens were more specific coating antigens in both assays. The specificity of DIA was greater than ELISA by comparing the P/N ratios of HSA against serum prepared from heterologous serotype of P. multocida. The DIA had also several distinct advantages over the ELISA, which included reduction of the manipulation time and more uniform binding of coating antigens onto the nitrocellulose membranes compared with binding of coating antigens to microtiter plates for ELISA.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Restriction endonuclease analysis of porcine Pasteurella multocida isolates from Quebec.

We have used restriction endonuclease analysis (REA) of genomic DNA to classify porcine Pasteurella multocida isolates with similar capsular and somatic serotypes, and to monitor the distribution of isolates from 12 different herds in Quebec. Within herds, P. multocida isolates of similar capsular and somatic serotypes showed similar REA fingerprints. Between herds, some isolates had similar REA fingerprints. However, differences in REA enabled subtyping of many P. multocida isolates with the same antigen types. Our data indicate that REA would enable accurate epidemiological typing of P. multocida in conjunction with classical capsular and somatic typing.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Somatic serotypes of Pasteurella multocida strains isolated from avian hosts (1976-1988).

During the period of 1976-88, 733 strains of Pasteurella multocida isolated from avian hosts were submitted to the National Animal Disease Center for somatic serotyping. The serotypes were determined and are presented in a summarized form in this report. The most common serotypes were 3 (29%); 1 (18%); 3,4 (12%); and 3,4,12 (9%). The 733 strains had been isolated from 25 species of avian hosts; 400 (55%) were from turkeys. The most common serotypes of strains from turkeys were 3 (38%); 3,4 (18%); 3,4,12 (11%); and 4 (4%).

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Septic monarthritis due to Pasteurella multocida after a cat scratch in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis.

A 60-yr-old woman with a history of seropositive rheumatoid arthritis and using a low dose of corticosteroids presented with a very painful, swollen, red coloured knee with limited range of motion. Physical examination revealed a scratch on her left lower leg without discolouration or induration. Synovial fluid cultures yielded Pasteurella multocida. The pathogenetic significance of this commensal of cats and dogs in man is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Detection and distribution of toxigenic Pasteurella multocida in pig herds with different degrees of atrophic rhinitis.

Four herds of pigs were selected which had different degrees of clinical atrophic rhinitis and used different specific counter-measures. In two of them, the clinical signs occurred spasmodically and were slight. The sows, suckling pigs and growing pigs in all the herds were sampled for toxigenic Pasteurella multocida. In one of the slightly affected herds (herd D), the weaners were moved to a second farm for finishing. No toxigenic P multocida were found at the breeding farm, but 50 per cent of the large growing pigs were positive. It seemed that the organism had entered only at the finishing farm and that the mild clinical signs were due to the infection starting in older pigs than usual. In the second mildly affected herd, 47 per cent of the sows and 42 per cent of the growers were infected. Three toxigenic isolates from this herd produced as severe turbinate damage experimentally in specific-pathogen-free pigs as a stock pathogenic strain. Except in herd D, toxigenic P multocida were found in all the age groups of pigs sampled. However, the pattern of distribution of the organism within the herds was not obviously correlated with the severity of the disease. In a fifth herd there were obvious cases of clinical atrophic rhinitis, with marked turbinate atrophy, from which toxi-genic P multocida were recovered in abundance. Subsequently, the clinical disease disappeared and, despite extensive and repeated sampling, the organism was not found again.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Immune defence mechanism against blood-borne Pasteurella multocida in turkeys.

Humoral and cellular immune defence factors involved in controlling blood-borne Pasteurella multocida were investigated in turkeys by the passive transfer of immune serum or by the treatment with macrophage-activating agents. The treated and untreated birds were intravenously inoculated with a virulent strain of P multocida, and the viable bacteria in the blood, liver and spleen were counted. In untreated birds, the bacteria were rapidly removed from the blood, and the majority were recovered from the liver and spleen 120 minutes after inoculation. Neither the transfer of immune serum nor the treatment with macrophage-activating agents significantly influenced the clearance rate of bacteria from the blood. The number of bacteria recovered from the liver 120 minutes after inoculation was slightly lower in the birds treated with macrophage-activating agents and significantly lower in those given immune serum than in the untreated birds. None of the treatments, however, significantly changed the number of bacteria recovered from the spleen 120 minutes after inoculation. The results suggest that the phagocytes in the liver, but not in the spleen, play a crucial role in the intravascular defence against P multocida in the presence of specific antibodies.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The pathogenesis of Pasteurella multocida serotype A:3,4 infection in turkeys: a comparison of two vaccine strains and a field isolate.

The pathogenesis of avian pasteurellosis caused by two vaccine strains, M-9 and Clemson University (CU), and a highly virulent field isolate, 86-1913, of Pasteurella multocida (serotype A:3,4) was studied in 7-week-old turkeys inoculated by an oculo-nasal-oral technique. Turkeys inoculated with strain CU and isolate 86-1913 developed severe progressive bacteremia that began at 4 hours postinoculation (PI) and peaked at 16-20 hours PI. Turkeys inoculated with strain CU and isolate 86-1913 had significantly higher concentrations of bacteria in blood and tissues, and greater histologic lesion scores for necrosis, heterophil infiltrates, and intralesional bacteria than turkeys inoculated with strain M-9. Immunohistochemical staining specific for P. multocida demonstrated numerous extracellular bacteria in tissues from turkeys inoculated with strain CU and isolate 86-1913. The mortality for turkeys inoculated with isolate 86-1913 was significantly higher than for turkeys receiving the two vaccine strains.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pasteurella multocida colonization and invasion in experimentally exposed turkey poults.

Turkey poults were examined microbiologically to detect colonization and invasion following exposure to selected strains of Pasteurella multocida. A variety of host tissues was examined 24 hours or less after exposure via the upper respiratory tract. Recovery of P. multocida from the dorsal pharynx was used as an indicator of colonization; recovery from selected internal organs was used as an indicator of invasion. The frequency of colonization and invasion by capsulated and uncapsulated forms of an avirulent live-vaccine strain was low. A virulent strain readily colonized and invaded. Colonization occurred in less than 6 hours after exposure, and invasion occurred between 6 and 12 hours after exposure.

Air Sacs↗