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At least 1,081 records · Page 60Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

The effect of soft laser irradiation on fluoride release of two fluoride-containing orthodontic bonding materials.

Laser technology offers new treatment possibilities in dentistry. The effect thereof on dental biomaterials is however not yet known. Two fluoride (F) containing orthodontic bonding materials were investigated in this study. Group A = FluorEver OBA (Macro Chem) and group B = Light-Bond (Reliance Orthodontic Prod. Inc.). A galium arsenide aluminium (Ga As Al) low level laser with an energy transmission of 5.45 J (30 mW for 180 seconds) and an energy density of 27.54 J/cm" was used to irradiate the orthodontic bonding materials. SEM evaluation showed that the laser irradiation had no superficial physical ultrastructural effects on either of the two materials. In addition, the F release of Group A could be enhanced for up to seven months by a sole laser treatment (p < 0.05). Although the F release in the lased Group B was also higher, it was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). The difference in the F release of the two materials after laser irradiation may be due to differences in the composition of the orthodontic bonding materials, but cannot be adequately explained.

Dental Cements↗
PubMed1998

External root resorption in orthodontics: avoiding high risk teeth. A case report.

External root resorption is one of the most exasperating and least understood clinical problems in orthodontics. Numerous studies have been conducted, attempting to establish the factors causing root resorption of permanent teeth. Considerable variation exists however, in the extent and distribution of root resorption, seen in the orthodontic treatment of apparently similar cases. After an excellent review of the literature, Brezniak and Wassertein (1993) concluded that the most significant disgnostic aid in predicting whether root resorption would occur during orthodontic treatment, is the radiographic evidence of root resorption before treatment. A case is reported, describing the dilemma of orthodontically treating a patient, who had previously experienced trauma to the upper right central incisor, leading to external root resorption.

Cephalometry↗
PubMed1998

Orthodontic treatment demand--differences between urban and rural areas.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the outcome of orthodontic treatment and the desire for further treatment in 19-year-old young adults treated by specialists in urban and rural areas and to study the influence of the level of education of their parents. DESIGN: The individuals were clinically and retrospectively examined with reference to malocclusions and orthodontic treatment received during childhood and adolescence. SETTING: Orthodontic department in Kronoberg County, Sweden. SUBJECTS: From a sample of 302 young adults, all individuals who had received orthodontic treatment by specialists (n = 60) were selected. OUTCOME MEASURES: The individuals were compared according to outcome of treatment and place of residence. The pre-treatment need, the residual treatment need, the treatment results, and the desire for further treatment were estimated as well as treatment duration, number of visits, percentages of discontinued treatments and parents' level of education. RESULTS: There was a higher frequency of individuals without previous treatment and a lower frequency of specialist-treated individuals in rural areas than in urban areas in the county. The treatments implied substantial improvements, with a higher reduction of treatment need and a higher degree of success in patients from urban areas than from rural areas (P < 0.01). There were no statistically significant differences according to gender, socio-economic factors, or desire for further treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest a greater degree of tolerance towards malocclusions in individuals in rural areas than in urban areas.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Orthodontics and the general practitioner.

Until now, general dentists have not had significant involvement with orthodontic procedures. With this article, I encourage general dentists and other nonorthodontists interested in orthodontic therapy to acquire adequate education to allow them to participate in this area of clinical activity. The Invisalign concept can enhance the desirability of nonorthodontists' becoming involved with orthodontic procedures.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Comparison between two orthodontic skeletal anchorage devices: osseointegrated implants and miniscrews - Medical-Legal Considerations.

The object of this article is to describe potential medical-legal problems concerning the use of miniscrews as orthodontic skeletal anchorage. The miniscrews, which are already used in rigid fixation, do not need either a healing period before loading, or complete osseo-integration as do implants. Their particular shape allows high primary stability and they can be placed in the sub-periosteal region. The dimensions of these miniscrews are minute, with dimensions of only 4-5 mm in length. They penetrate only slightly deeper than the cortical layer and therefore notably reduce the risk of lesions to roots, nerves, or maxillary sinus, when compared to other skeletal anchorage systems such as implants. The use of the miniscrew in oral surgery or periodontology does not need specific insurance coverage in contrast to the insertion of implants. Accordingly, orthodontic therapy completed by the dentist with orthopaedic microscrews as anchorage could also be included in a general civil insurance policy for orthodontics.

Bone Screws↗
PubMed1990

The diagnosis and treatment of orthodontic problems.

Veterinary orthodontics is the most recent and untouched discipline in veterinary dentistry. A thorough understanding of the craniofacial growth, development, and principles of orthodontics is important to identify malocclusions and to develop treatment planning. Once a treatment schedule is devised, the potential problems of orthodontic movement must be addressed and understood so that correct movement is accomplished while the animal's health is maintained.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Lingual orthodontics (part 1): laboratory procedure.

A key factor for successful correction of a malocclusion with lingual orthodontics is optimal bracket positioning. This presentation focuses on the development of an innovative laboratory procedure for indirect bracket positioning using a modified positioning device (TARG Professional) called Transfer Optimized Positioning System (TOP). In contrast to commonly used approaches to indirect bonding such as CLASS and BEST, the TOP System uses a target set-up technique in order to facilitate the 3-dimensional individualized positioning of brackets while allowing the brackets to be placed on the malocclusion model. The reliability and accuracy of this system in both the laboratory and the clinical environment are discussed. This discussion highlights the high precision of the TOP System and its significance in eliminating the usage of second and third order corrective archwire bends in the finishing stage of lingual orthodontic therapy. In other words the TOP System allows for the usage of almost flat orthodontic arch wires to successfully treat a malocclusion with lingual braces. This is the key factor in enhancing the cost effectiveness and success of a lingual treatment concept.

Bicuspid↗
PubMed1995

Bonded orthodontic retainers: a review.

Recent reports have suggested that long-term retention may be required to prevent posttreatment changes. The bonded orthodontic retainer constructed from composite and multistrand orthodontic wire provides an esthetic and efficient system for maintained retention. The development, indications for use, and clinical techniques are described. The range of materials reported for clinical use in construction of bonded orthodontic retainers are reviewed. Recommmendations based on the literature are made. This review implicates placement of insufficient resin or use of a resin with inadequate abrasion resistance in the failure of bonded fixed retainers.

Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate↗
PubMed1998

Pain and discomfort during orthodontic treatment: causative factors and effects on compliance.

Orthodontic patients experience pain and discomfort to a varying degree during the course of treatment. The aims of the present investigation were to follow the progress of adaptation after insertion of new appliances and to study the relationships between the type of appliance worn and pain or discomfort experienced, between pain sensations and attitude toward the treatment and their effects on patients' compliance. Pain and discomfort experienced by 84 patients undergoing orthodontic treatment, their attitude toward the treatment, and compliance were assessed 7 days, 14 days, 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months after appliance insertion, using specially designed protocols, questionnaires, and rating scales. Evaluation of the results showed that an adaptation to pain and discomfort occurred during the first 3 to 5 days after placement of the appliance. The severity of pain and discomfort experienced by the patients wearing functional or fixed appliances was significantly higher than by those treated with upper and/or lower removable plates. Patients who had higher personal perception of the severity of their malocclusion and displayed attitudes characteristic for internal control orientation according to the so-called locus of control theory, seemed to adapt faster and have less pain. The results of this study also indicate that acceptance of orthodontic appliances and treatment in general may be predicted by the amount of initial pain and discomfort experienced.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2002

The long-term benefits of orthodontic treatment.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate post-treatment changes at least five years out of retention in a cohort of 100 consecutively started patients treated by a postgraduate student in a UK orthodontic department. DESIGN: Analysis of study models using recognised occlusal indices. Setting Patients initially treated at Newcastle Dental Hospital were recalled for record collection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Study models and clinical photographs were taken for each patient attending for post-retention records. Weighted Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) Index and Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) scores were recorded for cases at the beginning, end and at least 5 years post-retention. Main outcome measures Post-treatment changes were evaluated using PAR Index and IOTN to evaluate extent and likelihood of change and to compare treatment modalities. RESULTS: Seventy-eight patients attended for post-retention records. Overall PAR reduction immediately post-treatment was 68.6% and at a mean of 6.5 years post-retention was 55.5%. Dual arch fixed appliance treatments achieved the greatest reduction in PAR score, and maintained the reduction beyond the retention period better than other treatment modalities. Eighty-four per cent of the cohort still had some demonstrable improvement after a mean of 6.5 years post-retention. There was a residual need for treatment in 8% of cases on aesthetic grounds and in 24% of cases on dental health grounds. CONCLUSIONS: Occlusal deterioration after orthodontic treatment is almost universal. Dual arch fixed appliance treatment provides the best post-treatment and post-retention result.

Cohort Studies↗
PubMed1996

Specialist orthodontics in the General Dental Service.

This study investigated treatment times and treatment standards produced by 10 specialist orthodontic practitioners working in the General Dental Service (GDS) in England. Twenty cases from each practitioner, consecutively completed with two-arch fixed appliance therapy, were selected and assessed to evaluate treatment times and treatment standards. Observer-generated timings were recorded to provide values for the time taken by these practitioners to perform the various component activities associated with fixed appliance orthodontic therapy. These timings were then pooled to produce an 'average' value for each procedure. Treatment time was assessed retrospectively by applying these average times to the appropriate appointments, as documented on the patient's record card. The treatment duration, number of visits, appliance type and extraction regime were also recorded. Treatment standards were assessed by applying the weighted Peer Assessment Rating Index (PAR Index) to pre- and post-treatment study casts. Relationships between each of these variables were investigated using multiple regression analysis. No relationship was found between treatment time and PAR score change. Predictors of treatment time were the number of visits, and more interestingly, the use of extra-oral forces. However, no useful predictors of the treatment standard were found. On the basis of this sample, it appears that when specialist orthodontic practitioners in the GDS provide two-arch fixed appliance therapy: treatment is completed, on average, in 3-5 hours of chairside time, in 20 visits, spread over 22 months; they provide a high standard of treatment, as assessed by the PAR Index, to a caseload of patients in need to treatment.

Episode of Care↗
PubMed2005

Orthodontic treatment need from eight to 12 years of age in an early treatment oriented public health care system: a prospective study.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of an early treatment oriented orthodontic program on treatment need at age 12 years in a public health care system. The subjects consisted of one whole age cohort in a municipality in Finland, 87 children in total. All children were examined at ages eight, 10, and 12 years. Treatment need was assessed on casts using a modified Dental Health Component of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need and a 10-Grade Scale based on the Treatment Priority Index. Early treatment was started on children having definite treatment need according to both indices. The agreement between indices was good at ages eight and 12 years and moderate at age 10 years. Treatment need changed significantly from eight to 12 years. Of the 29 children with definite treatment need at age eight years, only two had treatment need at age 12 years. Of the 38 children with no treatment need at age eight years, 28 remained in this category and only two children had definite need for treatment at age 12 years. The duration of treatment ranged from one to 61 months, although 59% of the treatments lasted two years or less. We conclude that systematically planned early orthodontic treatment may have contributed to the significant reduction in treatment need from eight to 12 years of age.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

Long-term effects of orthodontic treatment, including extraction, on signs and symptoms attributed to CMD.

The prevalence of signs and symptoms attributed to craniomandibular disorders (CMD) was established in an orthodontically treated sample. The effect of orthodontic therapy upon this prevalence was studied by monitoring three groups of patients whose treatment procedures were different. The first group was treated with functional appliances, the second with Begg light wire, and the third with chin cups. In addition, the effect of extraction upon the prevalence was studied by monitoring three groups in which different extraction decisions had been made: four first premolars extracted, all other types of extraction, and no extraction. Based upon the finding of similar prevalences after 20 years of observation, it appears that neither orthodontic treatment nor extraction has a causal relationship with the signs and symptoms of CMD recorded during this study.

Activator Appliances↗
PubMed1992

Cytotoxic effect of orthodontic appliances.

The use of orthodontic appliances may contribute to local gingivitis, often attributed to increased plaque retention. Gingivitis of bacterial origin cannot clinically be distinguished from local tissue irritation caused by corrosion products. The purpose of this investigation was to assess the cytotoxic effect of various metallic components used in orthodontics. Multicomponent devices such as facebows, molar bands, and brackets along with single-component brackets and archwires were tested by the agar overlay cytotoxicity test with mouse fibroblast cells. None of the archwires caused any cytotoxic effect, even though some contained 54 per cent nickel. However, the multi-component devices, which were joined with silver- and copper-based brazing alloys were more cytotoxic than the single-component devices. Copper is more cytotoxic than nickel, which could explain the greater cytotoxic effect of the samples with brazing materials. It is speculated that cytotoxic corrosion products from orthodontic appliances might contribute to localized gingivitis.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Orthodontics for the handicapped child.

The broad spectrum of difficulties that exist in providing orthodontic treatment for handicapped children is well known and few practitioners offer such a service. The present article offers an analysis of the problems involved and provides some practical answers designed to overcome them. It describes some of the newer modalities that have become available to the dental profession over the last few years and shows how advantage may be gained by their exploitation, in orthodontic treatment. Additionally, some of the older and largely-forgotten methods, appropriately modified and updated, are represented in this context, where they find particular relevance. Guidelines are given to enable the orthodontic profession to gain therapeutic access to a section of the population that urgently requires treatment.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed2002

The relationship between odontogenic bacteraemia and orthodontic treatment procedures.

The purpose of this research was to estimate the prevalence and intensity of bacteraemia associated with orthodontic treatment procedures. The four procedures investigated were: an upper alginate impression, separator placement, band placement, and adjustment of an archwire on a fixed appliance. Eighty-one children undergoing general anaesthesia (GA) for dento-alveolar surgery related to their orthodontic treatment were randomly allocated to the impression or separator group. A further 61 children, receiving treatment in the Outpatient Department, were included and randomly allocated to the banding or archwire adjustment groups. A cannula was inserted into either the left or right antecubital fossa using an aseptic technique. A baseline 6 ml sample of blood was taken before treatment and a second 6 ml sample was taken 30 seconds after the procedure. There was no significant difference in the number of positive blood cultures between baseline (nine, 23 per cent), and following an upper alginate impression (twelve, 31 per cent); between baseline (twelve, 27 per cent), and placement of a separator (fifteen, 36 per cent); between baseline (nine, 36 per cent), and fitting or placement of a band (eleven, 44 per cent); or between baseline (twelve, 33 per cent), and archwire adjustment (seven, 19.4 per cent). For the separator group only the mean total number of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria combined, isolated from the blood samples (cfu of bacteria per ml of blood), was significantly greater following the placement of a separator (2.2, SD 9.1), compared with baseline (0.9, SD 0.2; P < 0.02). This investigation demonstrates that the only orthodontic treatment procedure that causes a significant bacteraemia is the placement of a separator.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

A stainless steel bracket for orthodontic application.

Aesthetics has become an essential element when choosing orthodontic fixed appliances. Most metallic brackets used in orthodontic therapy are made from stainless steel (SS) with the appropriate physical properties and good corrosion resistance, and are available as types 304, 316 and 17-4 PH SS. However, localized corrosion of these materials can frequently occur in the oral environment. This study was undertaken to evaluate the accuracy of sizing, microstructure, hardness, corrosion resistance, frictional resistance and cytotoxicity of commercially available Mini-diamond (S17400), Archist (S30403) and experimentally manufactured SR-50A (S32050) brackets. The size accuracy of Mini-diamond was the highest at all locations except for the external horizontal width of the tie wing (P < 0.05). Micrographs of the Mini-diamond and Archist showed precipitates in the grains and around their boundaries. SR-50A showed the only austenitic phase and the highest polarization resistance of the tested samples. SR-50A also had the highest corrosion resistance [SR-50A, Mini-diamond and Archist were 0.9 x 10(-3), 3.7 x 10(-3), and 7.4 x 10(-3) mm per year (mpy), respectively], in the artificial saliva. The frictional force of SR-50A decreased over time, but that of Mini-diamond and Archist increased. Therefore, SR-50A is believed to have better frictional properties to orthodontic wire than Mini-diamond and Archist. Cytotoxic results showed that the response index of SR-50A was 0/1 (mild), Mini-diamond 1/1 (mild+), and Archist 1/2 (mild+). SR-50A showed greater biocompatibility than either Mini-diamond or Archist. It is concluded that the SR-50A bracket has good frictional property, corrosion resistance and biocompatibility with a lower probability of allergic reaction, compared with conventionally used SS brackets.

Biocompatible Materials↗
PubMed1997

Factors affecting the outcome of orthodontic treatment within the general dental service.

Previous studies have suggested large differences in the outcome of orthodontic treatment as measured by the PAR index in two adjacent regions of England. The aim of this prospective study was to identify any factors contributing to the mean PAR score reduction in the North Western region and the Mersey region. Forty-one practitioners submitted 375 sets of start models and 250 end of treatment models. The study ran for 36 months. There were no significant differences detected in the type of malocclusion treated or in outcome of treatment between the two regions with respect to the PAR and IOTN indices. This study did, however, clearly demonstrate that qualified orthodontic practitioners were achieving significantly better results with fixed appliances that practitioners with no orthodontic qualification who used fixed appliances.

Adolescent↗