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PubMed1991

Effect of test field size on the results of automated perimetry in normal subjects and patients with optic neuritis.

The mean sensitivities of the same 8 central test points were compared in two different programs of an automated Octopus perimeter in normal subjects and in patients recovered from optic neuritis (visual acuity 0.8 or better). The programs differed in terms of the size of the stimulated visual field. One program tested the central 30 degrees and the other, central 8.4-degree visual field. It was found that the mean sensitivity tended to become higher when stimulating small field size in both normal persons and patients with optic nauritis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Acute optic neuritis: association with paranasal sinus inflammatory changes on magnetic resonance imaging.

The authors compared the frequency of paranasal sinus inflammatory changes (SIC) on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) obtained from 23 patients with new onset acute optic neuritis (ON) and 48 control patients who underwent outpatient MRI of the brain for reasons other than ON. The authors found a higher frequency of paranasal SIC in patients with ON (83%) than in controls (54%) (p = 0.02). The distribution of paranasal SIC (in ON and in controls) was maxillary (83% and 52%), ethmoid (4% and 2%), frontal (9% and 14%), and sphenoid (4% and 10%). Frequency of the maxillary SIC was significantly higher (p = 0.02) in patients with ON than in controls. Further evaluation of maxillary paranasal SIC with a grading system showed the presence of thickened mucosal lining of the sinuses (grade I) in 17% (ON) and 23% (controls), mucous retention cysts within the sinuses (grade II) in 48% (ON) and 25% (controls), and severe mucosal thickening with complete or near-complete filling of the sinus or an air-fluid level within the sinus (grade III) in 17% (ON) and 4% (controls). Combined frequency of grade II and grade III SIC was significantly higher in the ON group than in controls (p = 0.005), as was the frequency of grade III SIC alone (p = 0.02). Grade I SIC did not significantly differ between the groups. There was a trend (p = 0.09) toward a higher prevalence of bilateral sinus inflammatory changes in patients with bilateral ON. These findings suggest that ON may be associated with sinus inflammatory changes.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1979

Experimental allergic neuritis induced by sensitization with galactocerebroside.

Thirteen of 31 rabbits immunized repeatedly with bovine brain galactocerebroside developed experimental allergic neuritis, manifested by flaccid paresis and hypesthesia of four limbs, 2 to 11 months after the initial inoculation. Electrophysiological studies revealed multifocal conduction block of peripheral nerves. Perivenular demyelinative lesions associated with phagocytic mononuclear cells occurred in spinal ganglia, roots, and less frequently in distal nerves.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Optic neuritis: chemokine receptor CXCR3 and its ligands.

AIM: To study the involvement of the chemokine receptor CXCR3 and its ligands (CXCL9/Mig, CXCL10/IP-10, CXCL11/ITAC) in optic neuritis (ON). METHODS: 30 patients with ON and 10 non-inflammatory neurological disease controls were included. The patients underwent a phlebotomy, lumbar puncture, and MRI scan. CXCR3 expression was studied on blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) T cells by flow cytometry. CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 were measured in plasma and CSF by ELISA. RESULTS: CSF concentrations of CXCL10, but not of CXCL9 and CXCL11, were significantly higher in ON patients than in controls. CSF concentrations of CXCL10 correlated with the CSF leucocyte count in ON patients, and CXCR3 expressing cells were significantly enriched in the CSF. CONCLUSION: These data show that the CSF concentration of the CXCR3 ligand CXCL10 is selectively increased in CSF from ON patients, and CXCR3 positive cells are recruited to the subarachnoid space.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Q fever as a possible cause of bilateral optic neuritis.

A 59-year-old farmer developed a bilateral optic neuritis in the course of an infection with Coxiella burnetii (Q fever), resulting in a lasting unilateral blindness. A complete medical (including neurological) evaluation gave no evidence of other possible causes. A possible source of infection was cattle.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1986

Estimation of visual function after optic neuritis: a comparison of clinical tests.

A group of 53 patients who had suffered an attack of unilateral (n = 45) or bilateral (n = 8) optic neuritis more than six months before were subjected to a battery of tests to determine their spatial contrast sensitivity, visual field, and colour vision. The 106 eyes investigated were classified according to their clinical status and visual acuity at the time of the study into unaffected (n = 45), recovered (n = 33), and non-recovered (n = 28). At least one of the three tests gave an abnormal result in 67%, 88%, 100% of the three groups respectively. The results obtained with these three tests showed a significant statistical association.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Visual changes mediated by beer in retrobulbar neuritis--an investigative case report.

A patient with established retrobulbar neuritis and Uhthoff's phenomenon who claimed that his visual acuity improved after drinking beer was assessed by detailed quantitative psychophysical tests. Studies of electrophysiological responses and biochemical levels of blood serum before and after drinking on several occasions were also made. The results of tests of contrast sensitivity, spectral sensitivity, flicker sensitivity, and visually evoked potential confirmed his observation. Some mechanisms for this phenomenon are considered.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Visual function and pattern visual evoked response in optic neuritis.

The disparity between clinical visual function and pattern visual evoked response (VER) was studied in 53 patients who had suffered an attack of optic neuritis (ON) more than six months before. The visual functions tested included Snellen visual acuity, colour vision, visual field, and contrast sensitivity. The effect of pattern presentation, check size, and luminance was tested by recording VERs with several stimulus configurations. VER amplitudes were found to be associated with the outcome of all four clinical tests, independently of check size, luminance, or the presentation method used. On the other hand VER latencies were hardly ever related to the results of any of the four clinical visual tests. These findings support the idea that VER amplitude provides information about visual spatial perception, while VER latency is more related to the extent of demyelination.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Neural network differentiation of optic neuritis and anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy.

AIMS: The efficacy of an artificial intelligence technique, neural network analysis, was examined in differentiating two optic neuropathies with overlapping clinical profiles-idiopathic optic neuritis (ON) and non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy (AION). METHODS: A neural network was trained with data from 116 patients with 'gold standard' diagnoses of ON or AION. It was then tested with data from 128 patients with presumed ON or AION, and the correlation of the network's diagnosis with that of expert clinicians tabulated. RESULTS: The network agreed with the clinicians on 97.8% (88 of 90) of the patients with presumed ON and 94.7% (36 of 38) of the patients with presumed AION. Youth, female sex, better initial acuity, a central scotoma, subsequent improvement in acuity, or progressive disease biased the network towards a diagnosis of ON, while advanced age, male sex, presence of hypertension, poor initial acuity, an altitudinal field defect, disc oedema, or less improvement in acuity biased the network towards a diagnosis of AION. CONCLUSION: Neural network analysis is a useful technique for classification of optic neuropathies, particularly where there is overlap of clinical findings.

Adult↗
PubMed1970

Results of anterior transposition of the ulnar nerve for ulnar neuritis.

A clinical and electrophysiological followup study was done on 23 patients with ulnar neuritis treated by surgical transposition of the nerve at the elbow. Pain was relieved in all those affected and other sensory symptoms showed some degree of improvement in most. Weakness tended to persist, but recovery of full use of the hand followed operation in 74%. Muscle wasting was the least likely to improve. The chance of recovery after operation was greatly reduced in patients in whom preoperative symptoms had been present for more than one year.

Elbow↗
PubMed2004

Axonal degeneration and inflammation in acute optic neuritis.

AIMS: To investigate whether plasma biomarkers for axonal injury and inflammation are related to loss and recovery of visual function in acute optic neuritis (ON). METHODS: Eighteen patients with ON and 14 controls were investigated in a longitudinal, prospective study. Plasma phosphorylated neurofilament heavy chain (NfHSMI35; a surrogate marker of axonal injury), nitric oxide metabolites (NOx), and citrulline (surrogate markers of inflammation) were measured. RESULTS: Patients with ON had higher median plasma NfHSMI35 values than controls (0.17 versus 0.005 ng/ml; p < 0.05) and higher NOx values (49 versus 35.5 microM; p < 0.001). Plasma NfHSMI35 values correlated inversely with visual acuity at presentation (R = -0.67; p = 0.01). NfHSMI35 was higher in patients with poor recovery of visual acuity than in those with good recovery (0.25 ng/ml versus 0.09 ng/ml; p < 0.05). Three of four patients with high NfHSMI35 and high NOx values experienced a poor recovery as opposed to only one of five with high NOx but normal NfH(SMI35) values. CONCLUSIONS: NfHSMI35, a surrogate marker for axonal damage, is a prognostic indicator and should be considered in the design of neuroprotective treatment strategies.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1971

Vasopressin test in cases of optic atrophy and optic neuritis.

The vasopressin test gave pathological results in 12 cases of optic atrophy and normal results in three cases. One of the patients with a pathological response had Leber's disease and three had tobacco-alcholic amblyopia, while in the rest the optic atrophy was of uncertain origin. In the cases with normal results the aetiology was also unclear. The Metopirone test was normal in 13 cases and pathological in only one case of optic atrophy. In three out of five patients with optic neuritis the vasopressin test gave pathological responses. The high frequency of pathological vasopressin tests in patients with optic lesions indicates a simultaneous disturbance of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal function. The background to this might be a disturbed vascular supply. The vasopressin test was of no help in diagnosing tumours as a cause of optic atrophy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1973

Experimental allergic neuritis: a new experimental approach.

The technique of macrophage migration, as a specific measure of delayed or cellular hypersensitivity, was applied to the guinea-pig model of experimental allergic neuritis (EAN) to explore the relevance of hypersensitivity to peripheral and central nervous system antigens. Results indicate that in EAN there is hypersensitivity to central as well as peripheral nervous tissue antigens. In contrast, animals with experimental allergic encephalitis showed hypersensitivity only to the central nervous system antigen used. These studies provide further evidence of the role of hypersensitivity to nervous system antigens in the pathogenesis of EAN and provide evidence of a common antigenic component to both peripheral and central nervous system antigens. A preliminary hypothesis is proposed.

Animals↗
PubMed1974

A trial of corticotrophin gelatin injection in acute optic neuritis.

The effect of a 30 day course of corticotrophin gelatin injections on the natural history of acute unilateral optic neuritis in 27 patients is reported. A further 27 patients received inert injections in a double-blind control. Measurements were made on visual acuity, visual field, macular threshold, and colour vision, and the development of optic atrophy and other neurological episodes was recorded. No significant differences were found between treated and control groups at intervals up to two years from the start of the trial. The criteria for inclusion of patients are given and it is concluded that corticotrophin has no effect on the natural history of the condition as defined.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1979

The afferent pupillary defect in acute optic neuritis.

Twenty-two patients with acute optic neuritis were studied by the techniques of infrared pupillometry and visual evoked responses (VER) to pattern reversal. A relative afferent pupillary defect was found in all cases and the magnitude of this defect was found to be related to the amplitude, but not to the latency, of the VER. During follow-up the afferent defect was found to remain persistently abnormal while other methods of clinical evaluation could not demonstrate abnormality reliably. The amplitude of the VER also remained low.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1979

Subtle disturbances of vision after optic neuritis elicited by studying contrast sensitivity.

Eight patients with a subjective disorder of vision yet normal Snellen acuities after optic neuritis were shown to have an abnormal contrast sensitivity function in their affected eye. It appears that certain disorders of vision are associated with an abnormality of the contrast sensitivity function in spite of near normal visual acuity. Such an abnormality may affect pattern recognition without having an influence on Snellen acuity because of the high contrast of the latter and its predominant association with the higher spatial frequencies. Contrast sensitivity function is thus the only tool available to study those aspects of vision which have remained impervious to other subjective tests of visual function.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Effects of plasmapheresis on the course of experimental allergic neuritis in rabbits.

Experimental allergic neuritis was induced in 30 rabbits with extract of bovine peripheral nerve in complete Freund's adjuvant. Of the 22 animals that completed the study, nine animals were plasmapheresed within two weeks of inoculation and 13 animals served as controls. The plasmapheresed animals developed a less severe form of EAN than the controls. Differences were apparent in clinical weakness, weight loss, degree of dispersion of the muscle action potential and histological changes.

Animals↗