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PubMed1985

Quantitative aspects of enhanced liver tumour formation in CF-1 mice by dieldrin.

The dose-response characteristics of dieldrin-mediated enhancement of liver tumour formation in CF-1 mice were analysed, using existing tumour data from chronic feeding studies at six levels of continuous exposure, involving a total of greater than 1500 animals. The dose-response relationship can be expressed as: Dx X Tx = D0 X T0 = constant, where T0 = the median liver tumour induction period in control CF-1 mice, Tx = the median liver tumour induction period in dieldrin-treated mice at a dose level Dx, D0 = the background dose equivalent for the induction of 'spontaneous' liver tumours, Dx = the sum of background dose (D0) and actual dieldrin dose (delta x). The relationship, which is a Druckrey equation (D X Tn = constant) where n = 1, indicates that: (i) the velocity of liver tumour development is proportional to the daily dose level (Dx), (ii) the total tumourigenic dose is constant across all doses, (iii) the effects of dieldrin on the neoplastic process in mouse liver are essentially irreversible and cumulative, and (iv) there is no evidence for a threshold level. However, when delta x much less than D0, the actual contribution of dieldrin to tumour formation is expected to be negligible.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Phialophora richardsiae infection in humans.

Phialophora richardsiae infection in humans is rare. The first human isolate was recovered from a patient with a phaeomycotic cyst in 1968. Since 1975 seven other cases have appeared in the world literature, and an additional case is reported here. The mean age of these nine patients was 61.4 years. Two patients had diabetes mellitus, one had diabetes mellitus and disseminated adrenocortical carcinoma, and one had a myeloproliferative disorder. The mode of acquisition was presumed to be inoculation with contaminated plant material, but a history consistent with an inoculation injury was obtained in only four patients and a retained splinter was found in the lesion of only one patient. Infection with P. richardsiae was not associated with systemic symptoms or signs. Six patients presented with a single subcutaneous cystic granulomatous lesion. One patient had chronic dacryocystitis. More extensive or invasive disease occurred in two patients, both with an ultimately fatal underlying neoplastic process. A specific etiologic diagnosis was made by culture of purulent material obtained by excisional biopsy in six patients, incision and drainage in one patient, aspiration in one, and spontaneous drainage in one. Subcutaneous nodules were cured with surgical excision. There is insufficient information concerning antifungal therapy to recommend its use.

Female↗
PubMed1996

Cytomegalovirus pneumonia in adult nontransplantation patients with cancer: review of 20 cases occurring from 1964 through 1990.

The objectives of this study were to estimate the frequency of cytomegalovirus (CMV) pneumonia and describe its clinical and radiological presentation in adult nontransplantation patients with cancer. Of the 10,441 autopsies performed at M. D. Anderson Cancer Center (Houston) during the period of January 1964 through December 1990, 9,029 were evaluable. Twenty histopathologically confirmed cases of CMV pneumonia were found, representing a frequency of 2.2 cases per 1,000 autopsies. When the frequency of CMV pneumonia was compared for the periods 1964-1979 (1.5 cases per 1,000 autopsies) and 1980-1990 (4.6 cases per 1,000 autopsies), a statistically significant increase due to an increase in the number of patients with solid malignancies was observed (P < .05). CMV pneumonia is an uncommon diagnosis at autopsy for adult nontransplantation patients with cancer and is usually found in conjunction with a disseminated neoplastic process.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The oncofetal J28 epitope involves fucosylated O-linked oligosaccharide structures of the fetoacinar pancreatic protein.

The fetoacinar pancreatic protein (FAP), characterized by the mAb J28, is an oncofetal form of bile salt dependent lipase (BSDL), the expression of which is related to pancreatic differentiation and neoplastic processes. Because the J28 epitope, recognized by mAb J28, is suggested to be dependent upon carbohydrates, we have attempted to gain information about the structure of this epitope. Indeed, treatment of FAP with sodium periodate abolished the reactivity of the protein to mAb J28, which demonstrates the implication of oligosaccharides in the structure of the J28 epitope. FAP offers both O-linked and N-linked carbohydrate structures, of which, as we have determined, one is involved. Peptides obtained after cyanogen bromide cleavage were desialylated then separated by affinity chromatography on an immobilized peanut agglutinin agarose column. The peptide retained on this column carried out the reactivity with the mAb J28. Although some differences in amino acid analysis were observed, the N-terminal sequence of this peptide correlates with that of the C-terminal part of the enzyme. Carbohydrate analysis of the peptide bearing the J28 epitope revealed fucose, galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine, N-acetylglucosamine, and N-acetylneuraminic acid. The competition observed between mAb J28 and Ulex europaeus I lectin for binding to the J28 epitope suggested that fucose residue alpha (1-2) linked to a galactose residue was implicated in the structure of the J28 epitope. Alternatively, the loss of the mAb J28 reactivity upon treatment of FAP either with bovine kidney or bovine epididymis fucosidase was observed indicating that fucose residues linked at the alpha (1-2) and alpha (1-6) positions may be involved in the establishment of the structure of the J28 epitope. These observations suggest that mAb J28 recognized a particular fucosylated O-linked oligosaccharide structure located at the mucin-like extended C-terminal part of FAP.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1998

Malignancy may adversely influence the quality and behaviour of oocytes.

A case series of eight cycles of in-vitro fertilization (IVF) in five women diagnosed with malignant disorders is presented. These patients chose to defer definitive treatment for a chance for preservation of potential fertility. The response of these patients to ovarian stimulation, and the outcome, was compared with 17 IVF cycles in 12 age-matched patients with isolated tubal infertility. An apparent adverse influence of malignant disease on the quality and behaviour of oocytes was observed. Despite a comparable total number of oocytes per cycle in the two groups, a significantly reduced percentage of mature oocytes was retrieved per cycle from patients with malignant diseases. The oocytes from patients with malignant disorders were of a poorer quality and exhibited a significantly impaired fertilization rate compared to the controls. We propose that neoplastic processes, irrespective of the site or cell of origin, may have a detrimental impact on the biology of oocytes, an effect akin to that seen on spermatozoa in men with certain malignancies.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2006

Increased telomerase activity and human telomerase reverse transcriptase mRNA expression in the endometrium of patients with endometriosis.

BACKGROUND: Endometriosis is considered a frequent, benign disease with the ability to undergo neoplastic processes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the limitless replication potential of the endometrium in patients with endometriosis by examining human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) mRNA expression and telomerase activity. METHODS: Endometrium samples from 30 endometriosis patients and 30 patients without endometriosis were obtained via endometrial biopsy. The expression of hTERT mRNA was determined by real-time RT-PCR assay, and telomerase activity was measured by telomerase repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) assay. RESULTS: The mean normalized hTERT (N hTERT) mRNA level was significantly higher in the endometriosis than in the control group (P = 0.013). The mean hTERT mRNA levels during the proliferative phase and during the secretory phase were higher in the endometriosis group than in the control group, although the difference was only significant for the secretory phase (P = 0.036). We found a prominent difference in endometrial telomerase activity between moderate-to-severe endometriosis and the control group (P = 0.048). The levels of hTERT mRNA and telomerase activity increased as the disease became more severe (P = 0.038, P = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed the overexpression of hTERT mRNA and telomerase activity in the endometrium of endometriosis patients. These finding suggest that replication potential of endometrial cells may have an important role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Emerging concepts in targeting the polyamine metabolic pathway in epithelial cancer chemoprevention and chemotherapy.

The polyamines are important molecules governing cell proliferation, survival and apoptosis. Consistent with their elevated levels in cancer, they have been shown to mediate tumor promotion and progression. Cellular and tissue polyamine pools and metabolic flux are regulated by a number of processes. Neoplastic transformation is accompanied with an increase in biosynthesis, decreased catabolism and elevated uptake of exogenous polyamines. Effective strategies for cancer chemoprevention and chemotherapy, targeting the polyamine metabolic pathway will likely require a combination of agents acting at multiple sites of this pathway. Genetic variability affecting expression of the ornithine decarboxylase gene suggests an association between ODC expression and cancer risk, and prediction of response to treatment in certain epithelial cancers.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed2004

Dietary (n-6) PUFA and intestinal tumorigenesis.

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States, and mortality due to colorectal cancer is only surpassed by lung cancer. Epidemiological studies demonstrate that dietary polyunsaturated fats can have a profound effect on colorectal cancer risk. Experimental data indicate that modulation of cellular (n-6) PUFA metabolism can affect the progression of the disease. This paper discusses the role (n-6) PUFA play in promoting intestinal tumorigenesis and how dietary PUFA from different families interact to modify the neoplastic process. Dietary PUFA that attenuate arachidonic acid metabolism [such as (n-3) PUFA] have antineoplastic properties, whereas those that augment arachidonic acid metabolism, such as linoleic, gamma-linolenic, and arachidonic acids do not appear to enhance tumorigenesis when added to the Western diet but may diminish the beneficial effects of other dietary lipids. It is the relative contributions of the different dietary PUFA that may determine overall risk for and progression of the disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Carcinogenic action of quinoxaline 1,4-dioxide in rats.

Quinoxaline 1,4-dioxide was fed to 400 rats at levels of 10 mg or 1 mg/kg body weight for 18 months. It produced a high incidence of nasal and liver tumors only in the group fed 10 mg/kg. Of diverse histologies, the nasal tumors included anaplastic carcinomas, adenocarcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas, neuroepitheliomas, basal cell carcinomas, and a single fibrosarcoma. The nasal epithelium not involved in the neoplastic process showed dysplasia and hyperplasia.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1991

Preneoplastic alterations in nuclear morphology that accompany loss of tumor suppressor phenotype.

Alterations of nuclear shape are frequently observed in tumor cells, but the genes controlling these changes and the stage in the neoplastic process at which they occur are unknown. We have studied nuclear shape changes in chemically immortalized, nontumorigenic Syrian hamster embryo cell clones that had either retained (supB+) or lost (supB-) the ability to suppress the tumorigenic phenotype when they were hybridized with a tumor cell line (BP6T). Quantitative morphometric analysis of the nuclei of cells from each of two pairs of supB+/supB- variants indicated that the nuclei of supB- cells were significantly more out of round than those of their corresponding supB+ clones. These data indicate that modification of nuclear structure may represent an early, preneoplastic event in multistep chemical carcinogenesis and that loss of a tumor suppressor gene function may regulate alterations in nuclear morphology.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Observations in the study of T-lymphocyte subsets by monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometric analysis in intracranial neoplastic disorders.

The combination of monoclonal antibody specific for lymphocyte cell surface determinants indicative of T cell subsets and flow cytometric analysis offers a rapid and reliable method for assessment of T cell populations in various states of health and disease. Applications of this technique to patients with various histological types of intracranial neoplasia has indicated: 1. A significant depression of the total T cell population 2. A relative suppressor-cytotoxic predominance in malignant intrinsic neoplasms 3. A relative helper/inducer predominance in benign extrinsic neoplasms. Application of this rapid assay may offer a practical mode of serial assessment of immune responsively in intracranial neoplastic processes. Further study with assays of immune complexes and suppressor functions are indicated to define the significance of these observations and to provide a more detailed data base for interpretation of results.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1984

Cell-surface carbohydrates in proliferative epidermal lesions. Distribution of A, B, and H blood group antigens in benign and malignant lesions.

The distribution of A, B, and H blood group antigens was studied by means of peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique in normal skin and in lesions of carcinomas in situ (solar keratoses, Bowen's disease), squamous cell carcinoma, keratoacanthomas, and verrucae. In normal skin, the epidermis of persons of blood group O showed H antigens throughout the epidermis; of blood group A, H and A antigens; and of blood group B, H and B antigens. In lesions of solar keratoses, there were no antigens of blood groups in the irregular downward proliferations. In five of 11 cases of Bowen's disease, there were no antigens of blood groups in the epidermis. In eight out of 10 cases of squamous cell carcinoma, no antigens of blood groups were found in the islands of the neoplastic process, but in two cases they were present in a patchy distribution. In the benign lesions examined, the antigens of A, B, and H blood groups were always present, although in verrucae the staining was confined to the upper layers of the epidermis only.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed1988

Pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia.

Pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia is not fundamentally a hyperplasia of epidermal epithelium, but rather a hyperplasia of adnexal epithelia, namely, of follicular infundibula and eccrine ducts. All examples of pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia are responses to an underlying inflammatory or neoplastic process. That process can usually be discerned beneath the pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia in the biopsy specimen. Application of criteria that pertain mostly to architectural pattern (silhouette) enables pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia to be differentiated histopathologically from squamous cell carcinoma.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗
PubMed1988

Fibrous papules. A light microscopic and immunohistochemical study.

Thirty-six cases of fibrous papules of the face and nose were studied by light microscopy and by immunohistochemistry. Positive staining with antibodies to vimentin and negative staining with antibodies to S-100 protein, alpha 1-antichymotrypsin, and factor VIII-RAG of the spindle, stellate, and multinucleated cells observed in the dermis support a fibroblastic line of differentiation. Fibrous papules of the nose and face are a distinctive clinicopathologic entity that most probably represents an inflammatory rather than a neoplastic process, sharing some histologic features of angiofibromas (angiofibrosis) and perifollicular fibromas (perifollicular fibrosis).

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Spiradenoma arising in a nevus sebaceus of Jadassohn: case report and literature review.

Nevus sebaceus (NS) of Jadassohn is usually a verrucous plaque on the scalp or face that arises secondary to disordered development of epithelial, pilar, sebaceous, and apocrine structures. The emergence of neoplasia is a late stage in the natural history of NS. Although most neoplastic proliferations are benign, several malignant tumors have arisen in this lesion. We describe the first case of a benign spiradenoma arising in an NS on the scalp in a 72-year-old Caucasian woman. Reexcision was recommended to prevent the development of a second neoplastic process and to avoid the rare occurrence of a malignant transformation of the existing neoplasia. The patient declined reexcision and remains under observation. The spectrum of tumors arising in NS are described and are categorized according to behavior. Syringocystadenoma papilliferum is the most commonly observed benign growth, whereas basal cell carcinoma is the most frequently seen malignant process. The signs of tumor development (benign or malignant) within an NS are reviewed, and treatment recommendations are provided. The clinical course of rare and unique aggressive neoplasms originating in NS is summarized.

Adenoma, Sweat Gland↗
PubMed2002

Osteomas of the skin revisited: a clinicopathologic review of 74 cases.

Cutaneous ossification is an unusual event that may be primary or secondary to either inflammatory or neoplastic processes. It is classified as primary when it occurs in the absence of a demonstrable preexisting lesion. Secondary lesions have been most commonly reported occurring with pilomatricoma, basal cell carcinoma, acne vulgaris, and melanocytic nevi (nevus of Nanta). Histologically, the osteomas are composed of well-formed bony spicules with prominent cement lines and calcification. They may demonstrate osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes and occasionally may even demonstrate bone marrow elements. We searched the files of a reference dermatopathology laboratory to identify cases of either primary or secondary cutaneous ossification. We present a series of 74 cases of primary and secondary cutaneous ossification. Most cases were secondary in nature. Lesions were more common on the head and neck and in whites. Lesions were also more commonly identified in female patients. In addition, included in our series are 19 cases of nevus of Nanta. To our knowledge, this represents the largest series of such cases in the English literature. Cutaneous ossification is seen both in primary and, more commonly, in secondary conditions involving the skin. Benign neoplasms, especially melanocytic nevi, represent the most common cause of secondary osteoma formation. Women are more commonly affected than men, but the reason for this is unclear. The exact reason why osteoma formation occurs is unclear and requires further study.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Association of mucinous tumors of the ovary and appendix. A clinicopathologic study of 25 cases.

Twenty-five patients with mucinous tumors of the ovary and appendix were studied. The average age of the patients was 52 years, and the ovarian and appendiceal tumors were discovered synchronously in all but two cases. The majority had either a pelvic mass or abdominal or pelvic pain. A high frequency of bilateral ovarian tumors (11/25), and right-sided predominance for the unilateral ovarian tumors (nine right, five left) were found. Four patients had ovarian mucinous carcinomas, 10 had mucinous tumors of low malignant potential, 10 had mucinous cystadenomas, and one had a mucinous cyst. Pseudomyxoma ovarii was present in 22 cases. Twenty-two of 24 appendices were grossly abnormal. There were six appendiceal mucinous adenocarcinomas, 10 mucinous tumors of uncertain malignant potential, seven mucinous cystadenomas, one hyperplastic polyp, and one mucocele. Twelve patients had ovarian and appendiceal tumors of similar malignant potential, nine had appendiceal tumors with more aggressive morphologic features than the corresponding ovarian tumor, and four had ovarian tumors with more aggressive morphologic features than the appendiceal tumor. Eighteen patients had peritoneal involvement by mucinous epithelium admixed with mucus (nine localized, nine diffuse). Immunoperoxidase reactions for four epithelial antigens in 15 cases showed complete concordance between ovarian and appendiceal lesions in only five cases and were not helpful in determining the site of origin of the peritoneal tumor. Our findings suggest an independent origin of the ovarian and appendiceal tumors in most cases and do not favor an origin in a single site. Furthermore, it is proposed that the peritoneal lesions may arise de novo as part of a multifocal neoplastic process.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1996

Urethral caruncle with atypical stromal cells simulating lymphoma or sarcoma--a distinctive pseudoneoplastic lesion of females. A report of six cases.

Six urethral caruncles in women aged 32 to 82 (average, 56) years contained atypical stromal cells raising concern for a neoplasm. The atypical cells varied from spindled to round, the latter predominating, and typically had scant cytoplasm. A minority of the cells were binucleated or multinucleated and often had prominent nucleoli. A single mitotic figure was found in the atypical cells in one case. The atypical cells were characteristically present in an edematous background containing numerous inflammatory cells and were focally crowded together in five cases. The differential diagnosis in these cases included a florid reactive proliferation of lymphoid cells, but immunohistochemical stains failed to support a lymphoid nature for the atypical cells and also helped to exclude malignant lymphoma, the neoplasm most often simulated. Because of the invariable additional component of atypical spindle cells resembling those described in the stroma of the lower female genital tract and in polyps in a variety of sites, the round cells likely represent a variant of this atypical mesenchymal cell. Similar round mesenchymal cells have also been documented in the gastrointestinal tract, especially the stomach. Immunohistochemical stains in this series showed them to be positive for vimentin in four of four cases and for alpha smooth-muscle actin in two of four cases. The prominence of atypical round stromal cells in these cases appears to be a distinctive feature of some urethral caruncles. The presence of these cells should not lead to misinterpretation of the lesion as a neoplastic process.

Actins↗