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PubMed1991

Immunocytochemical study of tissues from clinically normal dogs and of neoplasms, using keratin monoclonal antibodies.

Three commonly used keratin monoclonal antibodies (MAB)--AE1:AE3, CAM 5.2, and MAK-6--were compared with routinely used cytokeratin antibody. The expression of these antibodies was analyzed in several tissues obtained from clinically normal dogs and in a variety of neoplasms from dogs. Using appropriate enzymatic digestion, paraffin-embedded tissues processed in routine manner retained their typical keratin expression. Differentiated and poorly differentiated epithelial neoplasms, lymphomas, and melanomas were studied by use of the avidin-biotin-peroxidase technique. All 4 of the aforementioned antibodies had similar staining profiles. Of 3 anaplastic carcinomas, 2 had positive reaction to all 4 antibodies. All lymphomas, plasma cell tumors, and amelanotic melanomas had negative reaction to MAK-6, CAM 5.2, AE1:AE3, and cytokeratin MAB. Three basal cell epitheliomas had positive reaction to all 4 antibodies, whereas 1 basal cell tumor with a solid pattern had negative staining reaction. Two carcinoids had negative reaction to all markers and 1 of 2 malignant chemodectomas and 1 transitional cell carcinoma had staining reaction to only AE1:AE3 MAB. Comparing the 4 antibodies, use of AE1:AE3 MAB produced the strongest staining intensity followed by cytokeratin, MAK-6, and CAM 5.2 MAB. All 4 antibodies had low background staining. In conclusion, AE1:AE3 and MAK-6 MAB are as useful as cytokeratin MAB for identification of poorly differentiated epithelial neoplasms in dogs and cats.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

[Relationship between c-erbB2 oncoprotein expression and biologic behavior of cervical squamous cell cancer].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between c-erbB2 oncoprotein expression and biologic behavior and prognosis of cervical squamous cell cancer. METHOD: Immunohistochemistry was used to examine the c-erbB2 oncoprotein expression in 62 cases of cervical sequamous cell cancer, 9 cases of cervical iutraepithelical neoplasia (CIN) and 10 cases of normal epidermal tissues section of the cervix. RESULTS: Nineteen of 62 cancers and 1 of 9 cases of CIN showed positive staining. None of normal epithelium showed positive. In cervical cancer the positive staining rate of c-erbB2 oncoprotein in grade 1, 2 and 3 was 12.5%, 27.6% and 52.9% respectively. There was a significant difference between grade 1 + 2 and grade 3 (P = 0.019). In 20 cases operated on, 3 of 6 cases with positive staining had pelvic lymph node metastasis, while only 1 of 14 cases with negative staining had metastasis (P = 0.032). The 5-year survival rate of positive staining group was significantly lower than that of negative group (31.5% Vs 74.4%, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The c-erbB2 oncoprotein expression on cervical sequamous cell cancer was related to agressive biologic behavior and poor prognosis.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Immunohistochemical techniques for the demonstration of viral antigens in liver tissue.

Liver biopsy specimens from patients positive for serum HBsAg reveal various expression patterns when properly stained by immunohistochemical techniques for the demonstration of HBsAg, HBcAg and HDAg. A negative staining for these three antigens seems to be associated with two conditions, i.e., self-limiting acute lobular hepatitis (ALH) or low amounts of intrahepatic antigens. The discrepancy between serum positivity and tissue negativity for HBsAg can be explained either by sampling error or by the higher sensitivity of the radioimmunoassay as compared with immunohistochemical methods. The use of amplification systems such as the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex enhances the sensitivity of immunohistochemical peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) techniques and makes it possible to detect very small amounts of both HBsAg and HBcAg in liver cells from paraffin-embedded tissue sections which had been negative with the conventional PAP technique. In cases with a positive staining for viral antigens, two main expression patterns (non-aggressive and aggressive) can be distinguished. The non-aggressive pattern is reflected in the HBcAg-free HBsAg-positive type (HBsAg carrier) or the generalized type of nuclear core (HBcAg carrier), while the aggressive pattern is reflected in the presence of HDAg, the presence of HDAg and HBcAg, the focal type of nuclear core or the cytoplasmic HBcAg. Superinfection of HBsAg carriers or switching from generalized to focal core, with or without cytoplasmic expression of HBcAg, results in transition from non-aggressive to aggressive pattern. The aggressive pattern occurs in association with histological features of chronic active hepatitis (CAH). When it occurs in ALH cases or in milder forms of chronic hepatitis, an evolution into CAH has to be expected. Features of severe CAH, eventually with cirrhosis, are found in association with two new expression patterns: the cytoplasmic core and the simultaneous presence of HBcAg and HDAg. When features of CAH are observed in liver tissue specimens with HBcAg-free HBsAg-positive type, the liver disease may be due to viral superinfection or to non-viral etiology, e.g., alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency.

Hepatitis B Antigens↗

PubMed1995

[Immunohistochemical study of transforming growth factor-beta and central fibrosis in T1 adenocarcinoma of the lung].

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is known as the growth factor that stimulates the multiplication and accumulation of extracellular matrix. Recently, TGF-beta also has been found to have the ability to control the growth and metastatic potential of cancer cells. It is known that central fibrosis frequently occurs in pulmonary adenocarcinoma and the prognosis becomes poorer as fibrosis become more hyalinized. To estimate the role of TGF-beta in the formation of central fibrosis in pulmonary adenocarcinoma and its influence on the prognosis of patients with pulmonary adenocarcinoma, we performed an immunohistochemical study of TGF-beta in 51 cases of T1 pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Positive stain for TGF-beta was shown in 31 cases, and negative stain was shown in 20 cases. In patients with Stage I, T1 pulmonary adenocarcinoma, the post operative survival curve was compared between positive and negative cases of TGF-beta, and the result showed a tendency toward poorer prognosis in positive cases of TGF-beta. Twenty-four of 51 cases of T1 pulmonary adenocarcinoma had central fibrosis. Twenty of 24 cases with central fibrosis showed positive stain for TGF-beta. It was proven that the appearance of central fibrosis was significantly related to positive stain for TGF-beta in T1 pulmonary adenocarcinoma. According to these results, it is suggested that TGF-beta plays some role in the formation of central fibrosis in pulmonary adenocarcinoma and TGF-beta is possibly a prognostic factor for patients with pulmonary adenocarcinoma.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed2001

Immunohistochemical studies of Na+/I- symporter in human thyroid tissues--a correlation with clinical thyroid scintigraphy.

BACKGROUND: Thyroid Na+/I- symporter (NIS) is thought to play an important role in iodide uptake in thyrocytes. We hypothesize that there is correlation between the expression of NIS protein in the normal and diseased thyroid tissues and their clinical thyroid scintigraphy. METHODS: Twenty-seven patients, aged from 21 to 81, were studied from the surgical department of a tertiary referral center. Ten patients were with papillary carcinoma, 5 with follicular carcinoma, 5 with follicular adenoma, 5 with nodular goiter and 2 with Graves' disease. All the carcinoma patients underwent total thyroidectomy while others had lobectomy or subtotal thyroidectomy. The thyroid tissue sections prepared for study were stained with polyclonal hNIS antibody (SS Chiang, Ohio). RESULTS: Most of the nodular goiters were negatively stained except 2 samples that showed weak signal focally. All cases with follicular adenoma or follicular carcinoma were negative for NIS expression, while some with papillary carcinoma were stained positive at sporadic follicles with weak signal. The thyroid tissue of Graves' disease was stained positive for NIS expression. CONCLUSIONS: Thyroid tissues with hypofunctioning nodules displayed significantly reduced or undetectable level of NIS expression. It correlated well with pre-operative thyroid scans.

Adult↗

PubMed1978

Antigenic properties of the Golgi derived scales of Pleurochrysis scherffelii.

The cell wall of the marine alga Pleurochrysis scherffelii is composed of Golgi-derived scales with four distinct subcomponents: amorphous coating material, radial microfibrils, spiral coating substances and spiral microfibrils. The antigenic properties of the Pleurochrysis scales were studied. Antibodies were produced in rabbits to the amorphour to the amorphous coating material and to a heretofore undescribed peripheral subcompoent, known as the amorphoous rim modification substance. The antigenic subcomponents were detected by agglutination/precipitation, negative staining, and shadowing procedures. Scales of the Cricosphaera phase produced negative results when tested with Pleurochrysis scale antisera. A possible function of the amorphous rim modification substance in maintaining the integrity of spiral microfibrillar organization is introduced.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Urokinase-type plasminogen activator in endothelial cells during acute inflammation of the appendix.

Urokinase and tissue-type plasminogen activators (u-PA and t-PA) were identified immunohistochemically in normal and inflamed human appendices by means of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. In addition, extracts of the tissues were analyzed for u-PA and t-PA by ELISA. Twelve appendices (five normal and seven with acute inflammation) were analyzed. In the normal appendices, there was a strong staining of the endothelial cells for t-PA, whereas there was negative staining for u-PA. In contrast, the endothelial cells in the inflamed appendices showed u-PA immunoreactivity, and negative or very weak reactions for t-PA. In the inflamed appendix, there was also a labeling of u-PA in fibroblast-like cells and in interstitial areas. The specificity of the staining was supported by a variety of staining controls and also by analysis of tissue extracts with ELISA, showing that on the average the inflamed appendices contained more than twice as much mu-PA per mg of protein as the normal appendices and less than one third of the amount of t-PA.

Appendicitis↗

PubMed1994

Collision of transitional cell carcinoma and renal cell carcinoma. An immunohistochemical study and review of the literature.

A case characterized by a rare synchronous occurrence of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the renal pelvis and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in the same kidney is presented. A retrospective analysis of 23 similar cases reported in the English literature over the last 71 years demonstrated a male-to-female ratio of 2:1, an average age of 64.5 years, and a left-to-right-side ratio of 3.2:1. The three most common findings at initial examination were hematuria (90%), flank pain (19%), and flank mass (14%). Moreover, 24% of patients had tumor metastases even at initial examination. Thirty-four percent of patients had bladder neoplasms, and 24% of them had a history of cigarette smoking. There is no tendency toward higher grade of malignancy or specific histologic pattern for TCC and RCC when they occur together in the same kidney. Immunohistochemical studies were used to examine TCC and RCC, with special attention paid to the site of their collision, which displayed multifocal lymphatic permeation. Both TCC and RCC were positive for epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) and cytokeratins identified by monoclonal antibodies CAM-5.2, AE1/AE3, and MAK-6. TCC was focally positive for keratin, detectable by antibody 34 beta E12, but RCC was not. The tumor tissue infiltrating the lymphatics, which seemed to be RCC, demonstrated positive staining for EMA and keratins CAM-5.2, AE1/AE3, and MAK-6 and negative staining for keratin 34 beta E12. Interestingly, the tumor in lymphatics displayed strong staining for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) but both TCC and RCC in the vicinity were negative. These findings suggest that keratin 34 beta E12 may play a role in the differential diagnosis between TCC and RCC and that tumor-invading lymphatics may change phenotype, including the neoexpression of CEA.

Aged↗

PubMed1988

Expression of the glutathione S-transferase placental form in human lung carcinomas.

Expression of glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-pi) in human lung carcinoma tissue taken at autopsy or biopsy was investigated immunohistochemically. All of 34 cases of squamous cell carcinomas, including poorly, moderately and well-differentiated examples were shown to stain positively for GST-pi. Poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas were, however, negatively stained (0/5 cases), while moderately and well differentiated adenocarcinomas were found to stain with GST-pi at rates of 69% (9/13 cases) and 71% (5/7 cases), respectively. Six cases of small cell carcinomas examined were all negative. The results indicate that GST-pi may be a useful marker for non-small cell type lung cancer, especially squamous cell carcinoma which is in agreement with findings for rat lung neoplastic lesions reported previously.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed2005

Immunohistochemical detection of glucose transporter GLUT1 in benign and malignant fallopian tube epithelia, with comparison to ovarian carcinomas.

CONTEXT: Enhanced expression of GLUT1, a facilitative glucose transporter found on red blood cells, blood-brain barrier, and perineurium, has been described in a large spectrum of epithelial malignancies. OBJECTIVE: We present an immunohistochemical survey of GLUT1 expression in benign and malignant fallopian tube epithelia, and compare serous carcinomas of the fallopian tube and ovary. DESIGN: One hundred two routinely fixed and processed archival specimens (36 benign fallopian tubes, 29 primary tubal adenocarcinomas, and 37 primary ovarian adenocarcinomas) were immunostained with rabbit anti-GLUT1 and developed with streptavidin-biotin/diaminobenzidine. Only distinct membrane staining was scored positively (1+ to 3+). RESULTS: Benign tubes (n = 36) were either negatively stained (58.3%) or displayed rare weak staining (0.5+ to 1+, rarely 2+; 41.7%); of the latter, 4 specimens showed chronic salpingitis, and 6 showed hyperplasia (epithelial tufting and stratification). A case of florid hyperplasia with atypia in a BRCA1-positive patient was GLUT1 negative. Twenty-three (79.3%) of 29 tubal carcinomas were positively stained. Staining ranged from focal/scattered foci (n = 15) to multifocal/extensive (n = 8). Of the 6 nonstaining tubal carcinomas, 3 were undifferentiated. Nineteen tubal carcinoma sections showed residual benign epithelium, which was consistently nonstaining. Very frequently, GLUT1 staining intensified in cells furthest from stroma/ stromal capillaries and/or bordering necrotic zones. On average, GLUT1 staining in primary fallopian tube cancers was less extensive than in primary ovarian adenocarcinomas. CONCLUSIONS: GLUT1 immunostaining of fallopian tube adenocarcinomas was substantially stronger and more extensive than staining of benign tubal epithelium, consistent with previously described findings in carcinomas versus benign tissues from many primary sites. The frequent localization of GLUT1 positivity to regions most distal from stroma/stromal capillaries is consistent with known activation of GLUT1 expression by hypoxia-sensing cellular pathways and may constitute a survival advantage under hypoxic conditions present in malignancy. The difference in extent of GLUT1 staining between primary tubal and primary ovarian serous adenocarcinomas is discussed.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed2000

Application of proteomics for determining protein markers for wool quality traits.

The technique of two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) has been under investigation for its usefulness in identifying protein markers for wool quality traits in sheep. However, before this could be achieved, unique problems relating to the detection and quantitation of wool proteins needed to be overcome so that 2-DE protein maps could be examined using computational programs like Melanie II. Four protein staining regimes were examined. Colloidal Coomassie Blue G-250 was found to be superior to Coomassie Blue R-250 and gave satisfactory staining of all protein classes. Silver staining detects minor strings of keratinous proteins, but unfortunately it negatively stains intermediate filament proteins, the major high sulphur proteins (HSPs) and the high glycine tyrosine proteins and the latter two classes can only be seen by overstaining the background of the gel. In contrast, labeling reduced keratins with [14C]iodoacetamide, followed by autoradiography detection, results in a protein map with low background and all protein spots stained positively. 2-DE has been used to obtain wool protein maps of Lincoln/Merino chimeric sheep to examine wool originating from two genotypes grown with different crimp frequencies within the same fleece. Between fleece, variations have also been examined. Work to date suggests that several major HSPs may be associated with the fibre curvature trait known as crimp frequency. From matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectral mapping, one of these proteins has been identified as being from the B2A family from the HSP class.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Proliferation of osteoclast-like giant cells in a metastatic bone tumor from stomach cancer: report of a case and analysis of the autopsy findings.

A 70-year-old man who had undergone esophagectomy with reconstructive surgery using a portion of the stomach 5 years earlier for esophageal cancer was admitted to our hospital after a routine endoscopy and histological examination of a biopsy specimen revealed poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma in the stomach. A gastrectomy and intrathoracic esophagojejunostomy was performed on January 20, 1993; however, the patient suffered a cerebral infarction and died of septic shock on April 9, 1993. At autopsy, metastatic tumors were macroscopically observed in various organs, including a bone tumor measuring 1.0 cm in diameter in the L4 vertebra. To clarify the origin of the bone tumor, we conducted histological and immunohistochemical examinations. Histological examination revealed a mixture of osteoclast-like giant cells (OGCs) and poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma cells, although no histologic features of OGCs were observed either in a primary site or in any of the multiple metastatic lesions. On immunohistochemistry, adenocarcinoma cells in the bone stained positively for the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), whereas no staining for CEA was observed in the OGCs which demonstrated negative staining for all the antigens of epithelial markers. These findings led us to conclude that this bone tumor had metastasized from the stomach cancer and that the OGCs may have originated from mesenchymal cells reacting to the adenocarcinoma cells.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed1987

TNM stage, immunohistology, syntactic structure analysis and survival in patients with small cell anaplastic carcinoma of the lung.

TNM stage, immunostaining with various monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, analysis of distance of neighboring cells, remission rates, and survival were analyzed in 60 patients suffering from small cell anaplastic carcinoma of the lung. The majority of patients showed advanced tumors at the time of admission to hospital (T2, T3 stage). Distant metastases prior to chemotherapy were detected in 34 patients. Partial remissions lasting 2-4 months were observed in 38 patients, and complete remission was documented in 7 patients. The remission rate was independent of cell type but dependent on the stage of the tumor. Some 30 patients showed positive staining with an antibody recognizing epitopes detectable on carcinoembryonic antigen, whereas 60% of the tumors were positive to a polyclonal neuron-specific enolase antibody. Tissue polypeptide antigen was found to stain positively in 5 cases only. Some 14 patients with negative staining against the monoclonal antibody BMA 406/14 showed prolonged survival compared to patients with positive staining (P less than 0.05). Patients suffering from tumors with smaller distances between neighboring cells had worse prognoses compared to patients with larger distances (P less than 0.01). Survival of patients was found to be indistinguishable if cohorts were grouped according to T stage, N stage, or existence of distant metastases. Ten patients who underwent surgical treatment of tumors did not show prolonged survival compared to 50 patients treated by combined chemotherapy only.

Aged↗

PubMed2003

Carcinosarcoma of the stomach.

In the gastrointestinal tract, carcinosarcomas are most frequently seen in the esophagus. Carcinosarcoma in the stomach is a rare tumor. We report a carcinosarcoma of the antrum of stomach. The tumor was polypoid and exophytic in appearance and located in the antrum. Immunohistochemical studies showed positivity for cytokeratin, epithelial membrane antigen and cytoplasmic carcinoembryonic antigen in the epithelial component. Positive staining with vimentin, desmin and focal smooth muscle actin and negative staining with chromogranin were observed in spindle cells. Nuclear positive staining was observed with p53 and Ki-67 in both glandular and spindle atypical cells.

Carcinosarcoma↗

PubMed2003

Light and electron microscopic findings in a patient with orbital myolipoma.

BACKGROUND: This report describes the pathology of myolipoma, which is a benign soft tissue tumor and is a very rare tumor of the orbit. METHODS: A 41-year-old woman complained of exopthalmos of her right eye. By MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) examination, the tumor (30x20 mm) was located in the extraconus of four recti muscles. A part of the tumor was excised and examined with both light and electron microscopes and immunohistochemically. RESULTS: Light microscopic inspection revealed the tumor was formed by spindle-shaped cells, which were adipocytes and smooth muscle. Electron microscopy showed the cytoplasm contained parallel filaments associated with fusiform densities. Immunohistochemical staining showed smooth muscle stained with SMA (smooth muscle actin). Angiomyolipoma was excluded by negative staining for HMB45, Melan A. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, only one case of orbital myolipoma has been reported. The intimate relationship between the two cell types led us to conclude that the tumor was dimorphic and could be classified correctly as a myolipoma.

Adipocytes↗

PubMed1986

Monoclonal antibodies to bovine platelet factor 4: species interactions to platelets and megakaryocytes using indirect immunocytofluorescence.

Murine monoclonal antibodies (mAb) were raised to a purified product of bovine PF-4, a 9,500 dalton protein with heparin neutralization activity comparable to that of human PF-4. Using a non-radioactive slide immunoenzymatic assay, four major classes of mAb could be identified when comparisons were made between purified antigens of PF-4 and beta-TG-like protein from both bovine and human species. Type 1 cross-reacted with all four antigens; type 2 reacted with PF-4s; type 3 reacted with only bovine PF-4 and beta-TG-like protein; and type 4 reacted only with bovine PF-4. Differences in immunoreactivities of types 1, 2 and 3 were retained throughout the growth of succeeding clones and in ascitic fluids. Using a modified factor Xa, S-2222 chromogenic substrate-heparin inhibition assay, no mAb was found to block PF-4's ability to neutralize heparin. mAbs representative of types 1, 2 and 3 were successfully raised in stable cell lines from at least second generation clones. These were purified with protein A agarose and found to be IgG1. By indirect immunocytofluorescence a purified type 2 mAb, 2E7, was found to specifically stain granules of human platelets and megakaryocytes, as well as masses (putative platelets within late stage megakaryocytes) without staining other cellular types in either bone marrow or peripheral blood. Species comparisons displayed positive staining for human, rat, and rabbit platelets and megakaryocytes, and negative staining for mouse, guinea pig and dog platelets and megakaryocytes. It seems likely that mAb, 2E7, is directed against an epitope, common to PF-4 of bovine, human, rabbit and rat.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Trigonal catalase crystals: a new molecular packing assignment obtained from sections preserved with tannic acid.

The molecular packing of a trigonal crystal form of catalase initially studied by Longley [1] has been re-evaluated. Sections of crystals fixed and preserved with tannic acid were obtained parallel to the (001) and (100) planes. Specimens prepared by either conventional or low temperature embedding maintained 20 A resolution after sectioning. The space group of the crystals is either P3(1)21 or P3(2)21 and the observed unit cell parameters for (001) and (100) are a = b = 174 A, gamma = 119 degrees and b = 189 A, c = 248 A with alpha = 89.5 degrees. Computer-based reconstructions of two principal projections coupled with crystal density measurements allowed the deduction that there is one catalase tetramer per asymmetric unit. The crystal structure consists of 6 molecules packed closely about a common triad screw axis. This interpretation differs from that proposed by Longley [J. Mol. Biol. 30 (1967) 323], because thin sections of embedded crystals were assumed a priori to be positively stained in the early work; in actuality the sections were negatively stained. We also demonstrate that tannic acid fixation can lead to well preserved, positively stained crystal sections under certain conditions.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Vision-threatening complications of nasal T/NK lymphoma.

PURPOSE: Nasal T/NK lineage lymphoma, previously known as lethal midline granuloma, is common among Oriental, Native-American, and Hispanic patients and is invariably associated with Epstein-Barr virus. Nasal localization, local necrosis, angioinvasion, and aggressive behavior are hallmarks of the disease. Ophthalmologic symptoms and signs may precede lymphoma diagnosis or complicate its disease course. We aim to define the incidence and disease pattern of ophthalmic involvement. DESIGN: Retrospective single-institution consecutive interventional case series. METHODS: Records of all lymphoma patients from 1996 to 2000 were retrieved from a computer database, and the primary sites and lineage were reviewed. Nasal T/NK lymphoma was defined by a combination of morphology, positive CD3 epsilon and CD56 expression, in situ hybridization staining for Epstein-Barr virus expressed RNA (EBER), and negative staining for B cell markers (CD20 and CD79a). RESULTS: Thirty-five consecutive patients with T/NK lymphoma were identified. Primary nasal or nasopharyngeal disease was found in 24 patients. Six (25%) of the 24 patients suffered from vision-threatening complications of two distinct categories, namely uveitis/vitritis and orbital infiltration. The former preceded the diagnosis of lymphoma in two patients and also led to novel ocular complications like rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and macular hole that were successfully managed by ocular surgery. In four patients, orbital extension of lymphomatous disease accompanied biopsy-proven in-field disease relapse. Generally, the prognosis is grave, but remission can still be achieved with aggressive combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy. CONCLUSION: Both oncologists and ophthalmologists should be aware of ocular complications when dealing with known or suspected cases of T/NK lymphoma at diagnosis and relapse. Regular ophthalmic assessment of these patients is warranted.

Adult↗