Nursing--a profession not a trade.
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New Zealand↗
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Nursing education and definition of the professional nurse role. Expectations and knowledge of the nurse role.
The aim of nursing education is a development of the nursing profession. One way to promote development is to clarify the professional role. The role definition for nursing is mostly transmitted through tacit knowledge. We consider that the professional development of the nursing profession in Sweden requires a clear and well-defined nurse role. Stated goals of professional programmes for nursing do not include the entire body of tacit knowledge. The overall development requires recognition of a professional status together with a clear and well-defined role. We have found a significant change in the distribution of role-conceptions which occurred after the nurses had experienced their first year as registered nurses, and which did not occur during the educational process. This indicates that the conceptions of the need for a more clearly defined nursing role are assimilated during work experience. This confirms the necessity and importance of role modelling, role repetition and interactions with a professional group as part of the educational process.
Adult↗
Group e-mentoring: a new approach to recruitment into nursing.
In an effort to interest young people in the nursing profession, a unique approach merging mentoring with electronic communications was developed. This program, Group Electronic Mentoring in Nursing (GEM-Nursing), aims to educate and motivate young people, ages 15-21, to consider the nursing profession as their career choice. It links students with volunteer nurse mentors across the country via e-mail and a Web site (www.gem-nursing.org). This article describes the process of creating and maintaining a virtual community of nurse mentors and potential nurses. Group e-mentoring allows nurse mentors, limited in terms of their time and geographical location, to provide advice, information and support to potential nurses. It reduces the barriers of scheduling and allows mentors to interact with many more students.
Electronic Mail↗
An analysis of the impact of authorship on the image of the nurse presented in novels.
Content analysis of 201 novels published from 1843 to 1980 with important nurse characters was used to identify variables associated with nurse, physician, and nonhealth care provider authorship and the quality of the resultant image of nurses and nursing. Nurse authors were more likely to depict nurses as contributing to patients and other persons, being commended, using autonomous judgment, taking greater satisfaction in their career, exhibiting drive, and being engaged in the performance of nursing care activities. They also portrayed novel nurses as more nurturant, empathic, powerful, and intelligent, and as valuing service to others and scholarliness to a greater extent than other authors. Of all authors, physicians presented the most negative nurse images; they were the least likely to endow nurse characters with positive personality and behavior traits. On the other hand, physicians were the most likely to show nurses valuing and being engaged in sexual activities. The fact that nurse authors, who were more prominent during the first 60 years of this century, have given way to a dominance of physician authors during the past 20 years demands intervention by the nursing profession in encouraging nurses to become more active in this form of artistic popularization of scientific ideas and professional health care roles.
Authorship↗
Ethical policy guidelines development for general hospital nurses.
The purpose of this position paper is to examine ethical situations involving nurses, and provide suggestions about how to work through ethical problems they may encounter. Ethics in the nursing profession is ubiquitous. Nurses need to be aware of the provided codes so any ambiguity regarding ethical dilemmas can be resolved. Ethical situations which call for such judgements include: equity, confidentiality, honesty and justice. Resolution of such situations requires consistent education to ensure full awareness of societal values which are projected through the care of clients. This will aid in the provision of quality care and ensure that a holistic approach is achieved to maintain high standards of care.
Clinical Competence↗
Reflective practice: a guide.
Reflective practice is an important concept to the development of nursing as a profession. Nurses need to become reflective practitioners, especially within the current changeable climate. Many practitioners however, find reflective practice confusing and feel unsure how to proceed. This paper attempts to remove some of the mystery surrounding this issue. The skills needed for reflection are identified from a review of the literature. These include self-awareness, critical analysis, synthesis and evaluation. A suggested activity for developing reflective skills is provided as well as a format for keeping a learning diary.
Clinical Competence↗
The future of graduate education in nursing: scholarship, the health of communities, and health care reform.
The authors critically examine the urgent needs posed by national health care reform and the forces impinging on the nursing profession to prepare nurse practitioners to meet these needs. With references to other struggles in nursing's professional history, the authors caution against exclusive investment in the nurse practitioner role as the discipline's hope for long overdue recognition of nursing's value to society. They argue that with health care reform, nurses have the chance to make graduate nursing education more responsive to the actual health needs of the populace and more relevant for practice in communities. The actions advocated include reflecting carefully on the articulation of nurse practitioner roles with others in the discipline, taking a partisan stand with vulnerable groups, developing substantive expertise in community-based practice and research, applying an understanding of the broader environmental context of health, and committing as a discipline to practice and scholarship that really makes a difference in the health of the public.
Community Participation↗
Health promotion: the emerging frontier in nursing.
Health promotion is gaining recognition as a health care strategy. The major premise of this paper is that the nature of health promotion is emerging. Rising into view, health promotion offers many challenges and opportunities to all health care professionals. Many of the influences that health promotion will have on nursing have not yet been fully explored. What is health promotion? What concepts are inherent in health promotion? Are there models of health promotion that are specific to nursing? What will be nursing's role in health promotion? What changes are required by the nursing profession to enable nurses to emerge within this new frontier? These are central questions for nurses as health promotion professionals to ponder, and attempts are made in this paper to answer these questions.
Canada↗
Diversity and patient care in a shrinking world.
The purpose of this article is to discuss current standards for preparing nurses to practice as culturally competent generalists in our rapidly shrinking world. Culturally competent care, transcultural nursing practice, and the nursing professions' standards of nursing care for diverse populations are applied to nursing education, renal nursing, and transplant nursing issues. Recommendations for breaking down health care gaps and barriers include ensuring, within the boundaries and control base of our own practice, that cultural, racial, economic, spiritual, and social diversity is respected and acknowledged.
Clinical Competence↗
Total quality management. Applications to nursing service.
Total quality management (TQM) can offer nursing practical solutions to the "best for less" dilemma when specifically adapted to the needs of the nursing profession and individual nursing service departments. The author explains the TQM philosophy and its principles, presents strategies that may be used by nurse executives interested in integrating TQM into their nursing management systems, and discusses specific guidelines for successful implementation of TQM within any nursing department.
Career Mobility↗
Evaluation of a cultural competence educational programme.
AIM: This paper reports a study, which evaluated the effectiveness of a cultural competence educational programme to increase Public Health Nurses' cultural knowledge. BACKGROUND: Cultural competence has great significance for practising nurses and has become a priority and commitment of the Nursing profession. Public Health Nurses interact regularly with clients from a variety of culturally diverse backgrounds. Thus, there is a need for an integrated programme with theoretical and experiential knowledge related to cultural competence for PHNs to enhance their knowledge and skills to better meet the needs of the population. DESIGN: This study used a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods for data collection. A one-group Repeated Measures design was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the educational programme. METHOD: The sample consisted of 76 Public Health Nurses who attended a cultural competence educational programme, which was offered over five consecutive weeks, of 2 hours duration and reinforced by a booster session at 1 month postimplementation of the programme. Cultural knowledge was measured on the Cultural Knowledge Scale, which was a valid, reliable, 25-item Likert scale. Data were collected at four points in time and were analysed with repeated measures analysis of variance. Qualitative data were content analysed. RESULTS: Findings revealed that the intervention was effective [Wilks' Lambda was F(3,69) = 142.02, P < 0.01] in increasing the nurses' cultural knowledge. Qualitative results complemented the quantitative findings. Participants reported that the programme was effective in increasing their cultural knowledge. CONCLUSION: Although Public Health Nurses, who attended the educational programme increased their cultural knowledge, these findings are not generalizable to nurses working in other settings. However, the programme has clinical utility and could be adapted and given to nurses in other settings.
Adult↗
Workplace bullying in nursing: towards a more critical organisational perspective.
Workplace bullying is a significant issue confronting the nursing profession. Bullying in nursing is frequently described in terms of 'oppressed group' behaviour or 'horizontal violence'. It is proposed that the use of 'oppressed group' behaviour theory has fostered only a partial understanding of the phenomenon in nursing. It is suggested that the continued use of 'oppressed group' behaviour as the major means for understanding bullying in nursing places a flawed emphasis on bullying as a phenomenon that exists only among nurses, rather than considering it within the broader organisational context. The work of Foucault and the 'circuits of power' model proposed by Clegg are used to provide an alternative understanding of the operation of power within organisations and therefore another way to conceive bullying in the nursing workforce.
Attitude of Health Personnel↗
Ethical dilemmas and AIDS: nursing issues regarding rights and obligations.
Nurses and other health professionals deal with many ethical dilemmas daily. The AIDS epidemic has generated enormous controversy affecting the care and treatment of persons with HIV infections. As the epidemic spreads, the ethical issues become more apparent. The AIDS situation highlights the precarious balance between individual rights and the public welfare, patients' rights, and the rights of nurses and their professional obligations. Ethical questions have also been raised concerning equal rights to healthcare resources. The AIDS epidemic has caused hysteria among members of our society, including some people in the nursing profession. Implications for nursing practice and education are outlined to help nurses to make ethical rather than emotional decisions.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
The nurse practitioner and autonomy: contributions to the professional maturity of nursing.
In 1990 we celebrated the 25th anniversary of the nurse practitioner (NP) movement. We now have had considerable experience with the role, and it is appropriate to examine our contributions to the maturity of nursing as a profession. Nursing's future health care delivery role in an increasingly competitive health care arena may well depend on the autonomy, of the practice of professional nursing. This article focuses on NPs, their autonomy, and their contributions to the professionalization of nursing.
Humans↗
Effort-reward imbalance among nurses in stable countries and in countries in transition.
The effort-reward imbalance (ERI) model was used to analyze burnout and intention to leave the nursing profession (ITL) in nurses (n = 21,229) in seven European countries, as part of the NEXT-Study. Data were gathered using the short form of the ERI questionnaire. Burnout was assessed using the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory. Multivariate logistic regression analysis controlled for age and gender. ERI was very high in Poland, Germany, Italy, and Slovakia. High ERI was associated with burnout. Odds ratios (ORs) ranged from 2.6 to 13.2 for ERI and from 3.0 to 5.5 for overcommitment (OC). Nurses with high ERI also had high ORs for ITL (2.6-5.7). The association of OC and ITL was weaker (1.1-1.7). The strong and consistent associations of ERI model results with psychological health and with ITL support the relevance of the model for examining different outcome levels. Nurses in transitional countries, as expected, experienced high ERI. High ERI in stable countries suggests that their economic sectors, particularly health care, may be in transition.
Adult↗
Exploring mutuality within the nurse-patient relationship.
This article explores the concept of boundaries within the nurse-patient relationship. Drawing on child development theories the authors explore the difficulties of boundary maintenance and link this to the professional aspects of therapeutic alliance. The ability to establish clear boundaries between ourselves and others is closely related to the capacity to function as a healthy adult and as such may be said to play an important role in the development of mental health difficulties. However, it is generally accepted by psychological theorists that a certain amount of projection and transference are likely to occur in every two-person relationship and as a result boundary confusion is likely to be experienced by both parties to a greater or lesser extent in the nurse-patient relationship. If, as is currently asserted by the nursing profession, the nurse-patient relationship is based on the principle of equality then it follows that both the nurse and the patient carry equal responsibility for maintaining the boundaries within which their interactions take place. The authors argue that it may be more appropriate to think in terms of a relationship founded on the concept of 'mutuality'. Such a position enables the concept of therapeutic reciprocity to be embraced alongside the reality that ultimately it is the nurse who carries the responsibility for 'holding' the boundaries within which the relationship is 'acted out.'
Adult↗
The practice doctorate: innovation or disruption?
Advanced practice nurses, particularly nurse practitioners, have been described as a disruptive innovation. The American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) has proposed that by 2015 all advanced practice nurses be prepared with a Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP). This article uses critical reflection on published literature to examine the potential difficulties that mandating such a change may present to potential students, practicing advanced practice nurses, colleges of nursing, and doctoral education in general. After considering the pressures in the nursing profession to prepare nurse faculty and reviewing the success of current models of education for advanced practice, we explore in depth the unintended consequences of the AACN recommendation. Implications for academic nursing, curriculum, advanced practice nurses, doctoral education, titling and licensure, economic issues, and the lack of evaluation research are addressed. We recommend abandoning the 2015 deadline for implementation of advanced practice nurse preparation with the DNP.
Clinical Competence↗
[A nurse is special in her profession].
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Nursing↗