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PubMed1984

Monoclonal antibodies as functional probes of the HN glycoprotein of Newcastle disease virus: antigenic separation of the hemagglutinating and neuraminidase sites.

A panel of nine monoclonal antibodies has been used to construct a functional inhibition profile of four antibody-binding sites previously delineated on the HN glycoprotein of Newcastle disease virus. Antibodies to all four sites are capable of neutralizing infectivity and inhibiting hemolysis and neuraminidase activity with fetuin. There is a good correlation between the fractions of infectivity and neuraminidase activity which survive antibody treatment. However, the inhibition of hemolysis is in the inverse relative order of the neutralization of infectivity. Antibodies to sites 1 and 2 are capable of inhibiting hemagglutination, whereas only antibodies to site 2 can inhibit neuraminidase activity on the smaller substrate N-acetyl neuraminlactose. This antigenically separates the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase sites on the HN glycoprotein. We used these functional inhibition studies to speculate about the location of the four antigenic sites relative to the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase sites.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

The influence of major histocompatibility complex genotypes on resistance to Pasteurella multocida and Newcastle disease virus in turkeys.

Sublines homozygous for each of four MHC haplotypes were developed from randombred control populations of turkeys and challenged with Pasteurella multocida (capsular serogroup a, somatic serotype 3, 4) at 6 wk of age or Newcastle disease virus (NDV; Texas GB strain) at 4 wk of age. In addition, individuals from a randombred control line (RBC2) and a subline (F) of RBC2 long-term selected for increased 16-wk BW were included in most of the challenge trials. The duration of the challenge trials was 2 wk for both organisms. Mortality following challenge with P. multocida or NDV was higher in the F line than in its randombred control. The MHC genotypes differed in mortality following exposure to both organisms but the rankings of the genotypes were not the same for P. multocida and NDV. The increased susceptibility of the F line to both organisms could not be explained by known changes in the frequency of the MHC haplotypes.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Nucleotide sequence of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase gene of Newcastle disease virus avirulent strain D26: evidence for a longer coding region with a carboxyl terminal extension as compared to virulent strains.

The nucleotide sequence of DNA clones complementary to the genomic RNA of an extremely avirulent strain D26 of Newcastle disease virus was analyzed, and the sequence of 2102 nucleotides directly following F gene reported previously (Sato et al., 1987, Virus Res. 7, 241-255), and corresponding to HN0 gene was determined. A long open reading frame coding for the HN0 peptide of 616 amino acid residues was found in this sequence. It was flanked by the consensus sequences N1 and N2 (Ishida et al., 1986, Nucleic Acids Res. 14, 6551-6564), and the former was shown by the primer extension method to serve as the transcriptional initiation site. The deduced amino acid sequence of the HN0 peptide was highly homologous to that of the HN peptides of strains Beaudette C and B1, but had a carboxyl terminal extension of 39 amino acid residues with a potential glycosylation site in it. The terminal extension is likely to be excised during the processing, and this is consistent with the observation that unglycosylated HN0 is larger in size than unglycosylated HN. A microheterogeneity among the cDNA clones in the nucleotide sequence was also noted which may be relevant to the synthesis of a small amount of an HN-sized peptide in strain D26-infected cells.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1989

Endoproteolytic activation of Newcastle disease virus fusion proteins requires an intracellular acidic environment.

Effects of weak bases, chloroquine and ammonium chloride, on the intracellular cleavage of the fusion protein precursor (F0) were examined in BHK cells infected with a virulent strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Most of F0 molecules synthesized during a 15-min pulse period were chased out because of cleavage into F1 and F2 within a 60-min chase period in the absence of the weak bases. In contrast, significant amounts of the precursor were found to remain uncleaved when chloroquine or ammonium chloride was present. The uncleaved fusion proteins were incorporated into progeny virions as efficiently as cleaved ones, and about the half of fusion proteins were present as F0 in the virion released by the cells treated with 0.3 mM chloroquine. Taken together with the finding that the trans cisternae of Golgi apparatus and forming secretory vesicles have an acidic pH (K. G. W. Anderson and R. K. Pathak, Cell, 40, 685-643, 1985), the present results suggest that an acidic environment in these compartments is required for intracellular proteolytic activation of NDV fusion proteins.

Ammonium Chloride↗
PubMed2005

Improved protection from velogenic Newcastle disease virus challenge following multiple immunizations with plasmid DNA encoding for F and HN genes.

Specific-pathogen free (SPF) chickens were inoculated with the plasmid constructs encoding the fusion (F) and haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) glycoproteins of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), either individually or in combination and challenged with velogenic NDV. The antibody level against NDV was measured using commercial enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In the first immunization regimen, SPF chickens inoculated twice with NDV-F or NDV-HN constructs elicited antibody responses 1 week after the second injection. However, the levels of the antibody were low and did not confer significant protection from the lethal challenge. In addition, administration of the plasmid constructs with Freund's adjuvant did not improve the level of protection. In the second immunization regimen, chickens inoculated twice with the plasmid constructs emulsified with Freund's adjuvant induced significant antibody titers after the third injection. Three out of nine (33.3%) chickens vaccinated with pEGFP-HN, five of ten (50.0%) chickens vaccinated with pEGFP-F and nine of ten (90.0%) chickens vaccinated with combined pEGFP-F and pEGFP-HN were protected from the challenge. No significant differences in the levels of protection were observed when the chickens were vaccinated with linearized pEGFP-F. The results suggested that more than two injections with both F and HN encoding plasmid DNA were required to induce higher level of antibodies for protection against velogenic NDV in chickens.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Expression of a cloned hemagglutinin-neuraminidase gene from Newcastle disease virus in murine myeloma cells].

Vaccination with autologous cancer cells expressing a potent foreign antigen is promising for immunotherapy of tumors. A construct was obtained to transfect cancer cells with the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) gene of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Specific primers were designed, and the HN cDNA was amplified from RNA isolated from the allantoid fluid of NDV-infected embryonated chicken eggs. The amplified fragment was cloned in pCR2.1, sequenced, and recloned in expression vector pCDNA3.1/Zeo(+). The resulting construct was used to transfect mouse myeloma cells SP2/0. Production of HN was checked by ELISA and by a neuraminidase activity assay. Cell agglutination on ice was proposed as a test for surface HN.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

The Hitchner B1 strain of Newcastle disease virus induces high levels of IgA, IgG and IgM in newly hatched chicks.

Reaseheath line C chicks produced IgA, IgG and IgM in their serum, tears, spleen and Harderian gland (HG) as a consequence of oculotopical vaccination with the Hitchner B1 strain of Newcastle disease virus. The IgM response was seen first, at 5 days after vaccination, and antiviral IgM levels in the tears and serum were negatively correlated to the level of virus in HG over days 4 to 10 postinfection. The frequency of virus-specific IgM-antibody forming cells in the HG of 10-day-old birds that had been vaccinated at 1 day old could reach 1/30th of the total lymphoid cells prepared from the HG. Young chicks made an irregular or low response to inactivated virus by the intravenous route whereas 40-day-old birds made a high serum response to both live and inactivated virus. This emphasizes how day-old chicks respond well to live virus vaccination and that their IgM response is likely to have a role in the clearance of virus.

Aging↗
PubMed1980

Mouse interferons: production by Ehrlich ascites tumour cells infected with Newcastle disease virus and its enhancement by theophylline.

Conditions are described for the production of 0.3 to 0.7 NIH mouse reference standard units of interferon per cell from Ehrlich ascites tumour cells cultured as monolayers and induced by infection with Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Inclusion of theophylline (6 mM) in the medium increased the interferon yield three to four times. Cells infected with NDV started to lyse at about 15 p.i., but infected, theophylline-treated cells lysed only 24 p.i. Several other methylxanthines (e.g. theobromine, caffeine and isobutylmethylxanthine) when tested a concentrations similar to that of theophylline, did not boost interferon production. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP (10(-10) to 10(-2)M) did not substitute for theophylline in increasing interferon production, and, if used together with theophylline, did not cause further enhancement.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The occurrence of virus in leukocytes of vaccinated chickens following challenge with virulent Newcastle disease virus.

Chickens that had been vaccinated with a lentogenic strain 2 to 9 weeks before challenge with a virulent virus remained clinically normal following challenge and circulated virus within leukocytes for as long as ten days. The virulent virus was detected by inoculating embryonating eggs with leukocytes separated from blood shortly after drawing. Freezing the leukocytes before inoculating the eggs reduced isolation 64.8%. Virus was demonstrated most readily in chickens challenged when antibody was decreasing, about 9 weeks after vaccination. The observation that virus in blood may be contained within a cellular component and be readily demonstrable only if the cells are separated and washed is significant both to an understanding of the immunological responsiveness of vaccinated chickens exposed to field challenge and to an understanding of epizootiological events.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

The serological responses of chickens to mass vaccination with a live V4 Newcastle disease virus vaccine in the field and in the laboratory. 2. Layer pullets.

Layer chickens on a commercial started pullet farm were vaccinated once at 31 to 52 days of age by drinking water or aerosol with live V4 Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine. Flockmates which had been rehoused in laboratory isolation pens shortly beforehand were similarly vaccinated. Samples of birds were bled at intervals and the serums tested for haemagglutination inhibiting antibody to NDV. Log2 mean titres of up to 4.88 and assumed protection levels (based on the percentage of birds with log2 titres of 4 or greater) of up to 81%, were obtained in the field trials within 4 weeks of vaccination. A subsequent laboratory trial further compared the response of different breeds of chicken to different routes of vaccination. Differences were observed between breeds, routes of vaccination, and parallel field and laboratory trials. The results show that this V4 vaccine can produce an adequate serological response following mass vaccination of Australian layer pullets housed under commercial conditions, and that care should be exercised in extrapolating results obtained under laboratory conditions.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1985

Isolation and characterization of monoclonal antibody-resistant mutants of Newcastle disease virus.

Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies incorporated into plaque assay overlay medium were used to select antibody-resistant (AbR) mutants of both the Herts (using antifusion protein monoclonal 481) and Beaudette C (using anti-haemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein monoclonal 445) strains of Newcastle disease virus at the permissive temperature of 34 degrees C. Certain of the Herts, but none of the Beaudette C, AbR mutants were also temperature-sensitive (ts-) and failed to form plaques at the non-permissive temperature of 41.5 degrees C. [35S]Methionine-labelled proteins from chick embryo fibroblasts infected with wild-type, ts+ AbR and ts- AbR virus when separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed a variety of changes in the isoelectric point of the fusion protein F (using monoclonal 481) and the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein HN (using monoclonal 445). The ts+ 'revertants' of ts- AbR mutants remained AbR and also showed changed isoelectric points in the F protein.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Effect of vitamin A deficiency and Newcastle disease virus infection on IgA and IgM secretion in chickens.

The effect of vitamin A deficiency or the lentogenic La Sota strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infection, or both, on immunoglobulin (IgA and IgM) levels in bile and plasma were investigated. In addition, tissue distribution of IgA-, IgG- and IgM-containing cells was studied to establish the source of these Ig. Chickens (1-d-old) with limited vitamin A reserves were fed ad lib. on diets containing either marginal or adequate levels of vitamin A. At 4 weeks of age, half the chickens in each group were infected with NDV. The number of IgA- and IgM-containing cells was not significantly affected by vitamin A deficiency, demonstrating that neither class-switching nor homing of Ig-containing cells is influenced by vitamin A deficiency. Although bile IgM levels were not significantly different in vitamin A-deficient chickens compared with normal chickens, IgA levels were significantly lower. This decrease was even more pronounced in deficient NDV-infected chickens, despite the higher number of IgA-containing cells found in these birds. These results, together with the slightly increased levels of IgA in plasma of vitamin A-deficient chickens, suggest that the hepatobiliary transport of IgA is impaired by vitamin A deficiency and possibly also by NDV infection, although disturbed secretion by IgA-containing cells cannot be excluded.

Animals↗
PubMed1969

Interferon synthesis in x-irradiated animals. IV. Donor-type serum interferons in rat-to-mouse radiation chimeras injected with Newcastle disease virus.

C(3)H/He mice were exposed to total-body X-irradiation of 1000 roentgens and received thereafter 10(7) xenogeneic Wistar rat marrow cells intravenously. In these rat-to-mouse chimeras, serum interferon-producing capacity upon injection of Newcastle disease virus was examined four weeks after grafting. Normal levels of circulating interferon were produced. The interferon, however, had the species specificity of rat interferon, being 20 times more active in rat embryo fibroblasts than in mouse embryo fibroblasts. Moreover, it behaved like rat interferon when filtered on Sephadex G-100 dextran gel, displaying one peak of activity in the 90,000 molecular-weight range and two incompletely separated peaks of 32,000 and 24,000, respectively, in the 30,000 molecular-weight region. The fact that the interferon is of the donor type in rat-to-mouse chimeras permits us to conclude that circulating interferon induced by New-castle disease virus is made in bone-marrow-derived cells.

Animals↗