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PubMed1985

[Tapeworms in the Netherlands].

Scientists have been discussing the nature of helminths, and particularly tapeworms, for ages. A synopsis of the ancient literature and literature of the Middle-Ages concerned with this subject is presented. Even today a number of remarkable stories about tapeworms is being told. One of them is that tapeworms do not occur in The Netherlands. The incidence of the tapeworm Taenia saginata in man in The Netherlands was carefully calculated from figures on cysterci observed in bovine carcases and estimates based on sales records of anthelmintics. It was concluded that tapeworms are relatively common (0,2-0,3%). The life cycle of Taenia saginata showed a remarkably constant pattern during the past twenty-five years.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

[Aphasia in the Netherlands; extent of the problem].

This article reports on a study of the frequency of aphasia in the Netherlands. Using information obtained from a survey of the literature and data from Dutch Sources, we estimated that in 1979 the incidence must have been about 3500 cases and the prevalence about 5100 cases (the first 2 months of the disease and, with regard to the prevalence the period after 2 years, were left out of consideration). Because of some uncertainties these figures must be considered to be crude estimates of the extent of the aphasia problem in the Netherlands.

Aphasia↗
PubMed1980

Canine viral enteritis: prevalence of parvo-, corona- and rotavirus infections in dogs in the Netherlands.

After a brief review of the present knowledge about canine viral enteritis, the role played by parvoviral, coronaviral and rotaviral infections in contagious diarrhoea in dogs in the Netherlands is discussed. For this purpose a serologic survey, pathologic findings in dogs, and the demonstration of parvoviral antigen with an immunofluorescence test and with a newly developed haemadsorption-elution-haemagglutination assay (HEHA) are presented. It is concluded that infections with canine parvovirus, coronavirus and rotavirus appear widespread among dog populations in the Netherlands.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Survey of sickle cell disease in the Netherlands.

Through a questionnaire data were collected from 116 patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) in the Netherlands, about two thirds of all the patients with SCD in the country. Sixty-four percent of the patients are of Surinamese origin, 14% come from the Netherlands Antilles, 11% come from Turkey, and 11% from elsewhere. Two thirds of the patients live in Amsterdam and Rotterdam. Sixty-seven were children and 49 were adults. Sickle cell anaemia (SS disease) was found in 74, sickle cell beta thalassaemia (S beta thal) in 18, and sickle cell haemoglobin C(SC)-disease in 24 patients. Clinical features and treatment are discussed and the data are compared with the results of similar studies in other European countries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Congenital malaria in The Netherlands.

A case of Plasmodium vivax malaria in a 3-months-old-infant, born in the Netherlands from an Indian mother, is described. The infant was admitted the day after birth with a febrile illness of unknown origin and suffered thereafter from recurrent anaemia and hepatosplenomegaly. P. vivax was also found in the peripheral blood film of the mother. The concept of congenital transmission was also supported by the early presence of specific IgM-class antibodies in the serum of the infant. This is the first case reported from the Netherlands.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

[Serological study of the presence of antibodies against Coxiella burnetti and Brucella abortus in veterinarians in the Netherlands].

Two hundred and twenty-two large animal practitioners in the Netherlands were studied serologically for the presence of antibodies to Coxiella burnetii (Q-fever) and Brucella abortus. Eighty-four percent showed antibodies to Coxiella burnetii, which were equally distributed over all age-groups. For blood donors the proportion in men was 31 per cent and 14 per cent in women, also equally distributed over all age-groups. In the case of Brucella abortus, the number of veterinarians showing antibodies in creased with age from 6 to 69 per cent. The conclusion that Q-fever is enzootic in the Netherlands would appear to be justified. This is contrary to the view that was previously accepted.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

[Medical rehabilitation in the Netherlands (author's transl)].

The present state-of-the-art in "Revalidation" in the Netherlands is described, where the term is used to denote medical rehabilitation including prevocational assessment of physically disabled persons. Sample surveys in 1971/72 revealed insufficient awareness and under-use of existing rehabilitation services. Since then, special emphasis has been placed on out-patient rehabilitation (clinics), with facilities and services being organised so as to serve a region of appr. 300,000 persons each, or an area within a radius of 30 kms from the facility. Organisation and staff schedules of rehabilitation facilities are discussed. Recently, marked preference of the "active" therapists can be noted. As in other countries, further development of the Anglo-Saxon team concept has, in the Netherlands too, given rise to a number of problems which are discussed more fully.

Persons with Disabilities↗
PubMed1984

Smoking behaviour in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom: 1958-1982.

Changes of smoking behaviour in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom during the period 1958-1982 were analyzed by means of survey data and production figures. In both countries the percentage of smokers decreased among males and the percentage of ex-smokers increased among males and females. The decrease in the percentage of smokers among females was a recent phenomenon. Tobacco production increased in the Netherlands and decreased in the United Kingdom. An explanation for the Dutch increase was an increasing consumption of cigarettes among female smokers. The changes in smoking behaviour were probably influenced by the extent of anti-smoking information and the "emancipatory effect". If the present trends continue, the number of smokers will decrease considerably.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Listeriosis in humans and animals in the Netherlands (1958-1977).

During the past twenty years 793 strains of Listeria monocytogenes were isolated from human beings in the Netherlands; of these 193 were taken from neonates and babies up to two months old. Isolations from adults came from patients (242) as well as clinically healthy people (358). Septicaemia appeared to occur to an equal extent in men and women (20 and 29 respectively), whereas meningitis was found more often in men than in women (50 and 22 respectively). A clear predisposition for L.m. develops after administration of immunosuppressive treatment and also in cases of liver disorders. Among veterinary surgeons listeriosis has been observed as an occupational disease. Isolations from animals have shown that L.m. may cause infections in every species of warm-blooded animal. Next to meningitis and abortus chronic and atypcial symptoms of the disease may be observed in animals. Epizootic spread of the disease has hardly ever been observed in the Netherlands. In clinically healthy humans and animals both the haemolytic and the non-haemolytic type of L.m. have been isolated from feces; as regards the latter type it is very questionable whether it has any pathogenic significance. When inoculating 10 days old hen's eggs the haemolytic strains will kill all embryo's within 4 days whereas all embryo's inoculated with non-haemolytic strains will survive. Both types of strains have also been isolated from waste- and surface waters. As regards epidemiological and epizootiological aspects the conclusion is warranted that continued research will be needed to get a clear picture of the course of infection of L.m. When isolating strains from contaminated material the so-called cold enrichment icubation at 4 degrees C continues to be of great value; in the course of our experiments the nalidixic-acid trypaflavine serum agar proved to be a very good selective medium. A number of stable biochemical reactions of L.m. are rather characteristic (salicine+, galactose-) but provide no clue to distinguish between haemolytic and non-haemolytic strains.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

[Toxocara infections, diagnosis and occurrence in man in the Netherlands].

With the introduction of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using excretory-secretory antigens of maintained L2 of Toxocara in vitro, a sensitive and reliable diagnostic tool for the diagnosis of human toxocariasis (larva migrans syndrome), became available. Clinical toxocariasis is not common in the Netherlands and, if so, is mainly observed in children under the age of ten. On the other hand, subclinical infections which do result in antibody production are observed quite often at all ages. As antibody titres may persist for prolonged periods (years), a cumulative effect with regard to the prevalence of antibodies is associated with the age of individuals in random population surveys in the Netherlands.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

[Some epidemiological features of salmonellosis in veal calves in the Netherlands (author's transl)].

In the Netherlands, salmonellosis in veal calves is caused by S. dublin and S. typhimurium. Strains showing multiple drug resistance are important factors in these cases. Strains of S. typhimurium isolated from dead veal-calves resistance are important factors in these cases. Strains of S. typhimurium isolated from dead veal-calves are confined to a small number of phage types (mainly X 200, X 210, X 193, X ORS). To trace the Salmonella organisms to their origin, faecal samples were collected from one week old calves in markets, in lorries and within 24 hours after their arrival on veal-calf units, and subsequently examined for the presence of Salmonella. Salmonella (47.5 per cent of S. typhimurium, 20 per cent of S. dublin and 32.5 per cent of other serotypes) was isolated from 3.5 per cent of the individual faecal samples of 1,143 calves on seven veal-calf farms (1976-1978). Clinical symptoms caused by S. typhimurium and the other serotypes were not observed on these farms, whereas there were individual cases due to S. dublin. The phage types of S. typhimurium isolated (I 650, VI 260 and II 505) obviously had little if any pathogenic significance in calves. During the period from October 1977 to November 1978. Salmonella was isolated from nearly 6 per cent of 1,880 calves in the markets (S. typhimurium 50 per cent, S. dublin 17 per cent and other serotypes 33 per cent). Well over 25 per cent of the strains of S. typhimurium isolated were of the pathogenic phage types (X 201, X ORS). Salmonella was isolated from well over 30 per cent of eighty-three lorries. It is concluded that markets and lorries are important factors in the epidemiology of salmonellosis in veal calves. However, there also are persistent infections in veal-calf units. Possible routes of infection, in which the veal calf is regarded as the most important source of infection, are discussed. More detailed epidemiological studies are in progress to make it possible to suggest measures by which the incidence of salmonellosis in the Netherlands may be reduced.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[Obesity in children. I. The prevalence of obesity in the Netherlands].

A review is presented of the prevalence of obesity among apparently healthy 8 year old schoolchildren, based on the findings of the National Nutrition Council's cross-sectional surveys, periodically performed in the Netherlands with 3 year intervals in the period 1960-1977. When clinical obesity is defined as more than 25 pct fat mass of total body-weight in young children, 3 to 4 pct obesity occurs in smaller towns or villages in the peripheral areas of the country and 4 to 7 pct in big cities. When 20 pct fat mass is the criterium for the lower limit of obesity, the prevalence for thick including obese children varies from 10 to 13 pct in small towns versus 14 to 20 pct in big cities. The prevalence of obesity thus defined tends to be lower from 1968 onwards. From various other surveys in the Netherlands similar reports are published, mentioning 2 pct of clinical obesity among 6 to 7 year olds up to 4 and 7 pct among 10 year olds and 8-10 pct among school attending adolescents of 15 and 16 years old. There are no reliable data on the prevalence of obesity among infants and toddlers in this country. A second part of this interview on obesity among children will relate to the possible effects of childhood obesity for obesity in later life.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Blood parasites of sheep in the Netherlands. II. Babesia motasi (Sporozoa, Babesiidae).

A large Babesia species occurs in sheep on the North Sea islands of the Netherlands. The tick Haemaphysalis punctata is a vector. Its pathogenicity appears to be low. It is morphologically similar to a Turkish strain, considered to be B. motasi, which is also transmitted by Haemaphysalis ticks. It differs from the Turkish parasite serologically as well as in cross-immunity tests and in not being effective to goats. There may be a group of morphologically similar parasites with serological differences and different infectivity for sheep and goats. As it is impossible to know which one is to be considered as the original B. motasi, we designate the Dutch parasite as B. motase (Netherlands). Anaplasma mesaeterum was found to occur on the island of Texel as well as on Ameland, where it had been found initially.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Health problems of refugees in The Netherlands.

Research was carried out on the medical, i.e. somatic and mental, and social complaints of refugees in The Netherlands. This research consisted of a literature study and a retrospective and prospective, or cross-sectional patient study. The most important assumption which formed the base of the study was: refugees who underwent torture present the same medical and social complaints as refugees who were not tortured but underwent other forms of organized violence. For the cross-sectional study 156 refugees from the Middle East were interviewed. Not only was investigated whether the nature and extent of organized violence influenced the presentation of the refugees' medical and social complaints, but also whether other characteristics such as legal status and length of stay in The Netherlands were related with the refugees' medical and social complaints. The same data were sought for in literature. The results confirm the main assumption, as well as show that factors other than the traumatic experiences in the country of origin are related with the health problems of refugees. Although many studies in literature demonstrated that a relatively high percentage of refugees present a post traumatic stress disorder (DSM-III-R) these findings could not be confirmed. It is concluded that refugees undergo a sequence of traumatic experiences and stress before, during and after their flight into exile. Various pre- and post-migration factors are responsible for the presentation of aspecific physical and mental complaints and social problems of refugees.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1995

[Ethical assessment of biomedical experiments in The Netherlands].

The ethical evaluation of biomedical experiments is loyally accepted in the Netherlands. It was introduced everywhere during the last 15 years. Among the targets we find not only the protection of the experimental objects--animals and humans--but also the protection of researchers who may find moral support in the approval of their projects by a Committee of Ethical Evaluation. Concerning experiments in animals, the legal framework is provided by the Law on Animal Experiments. This law was drawn up in accordance with the directive of the E.U. To be allowed to practice experiments in animals, an institute must possess a licence; the researchers are moreover obliged to be appropriately trained with regard to experiments in animals. To that end an adequately functioning organization has been set up. The intensive supervision is widely decentralized and effected for the greater part by experts working within the institutes. The "intra muros" Committees supervising the experiments in animals play an important part in the ethical evaluation. More than 50 of those Committees are active at this time. Setting the ethical standards is done in close collaboration between the Authorities and the researchers. Researchers and animal protection associations have established a "Platform for the Replacement of Experiments in Animals", in which they support development of alternative methods for research. The legislation concerning medical experiments in humans is not yet completely enforced, but in practice the ethical evaluation has been effected for many years in every hospital of the Netherlands. At present about 150 "Committees for medico-ethical evaluation" are at work. Their task may be very heavy, especially in the academic hospitals, where, mostly, over 150 projects are advised on every year. Adequate training facilities are provided for the members of the committees. The passing of the bill on experiments in humans is stagnating owing to political reasons. Besides the approval of the present practice, the bill-draft contains some elements that are difficult to accept by researchers; among other things, the researchers refuse a possible political influence on the ethical advice. Moreover, there exists a menace to see the insurers changing their rules: the legislation on privacy might also hamper the development of a research seeming too closely patient-linked. Sufficient attention is not given to the financial aspects of the evaluation-process. The real cost of the evaluation should be incorporated into the budget of research projects.

Animal Testing Alternatives↗
PubMed1995

[Reasons to report or not report side effects of drugs to the national monitoring system in the Netherlands].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the awareness of medical practitioners in the Netherlands regarding the national voluntary reporting scheme for adverse reactions to drugs, and the reasons for non-reporting. DESIGN: Questionnaire. SETTING: Netherlands Centre for Monitoring of Adverse Reactions to Drugs. METHOD: A questionnaire was sent to a random sample of 500 practitioners aged under 65 in the database of the Dutch Inspectorate for Health Care. RESULTS: Of the 500 questionnaires 265 (53%) were returned and completely filled in. Sixty-seven (25%) practitioners had reported a suspected adverse reaction on one or several occasions during their practising career; 229 (86%) would report a serious adverse reaction, 190 (72%) an unknown one, 185 (70%) an adverse reaction to a new product, and 83 (31%) a proven adverse reaction. Almost 20% said they had had difficulties reporting because they could not find the telephone number or reporting forms. Forty practitioners (15%) claimed that they were too busy to report adverse reactions. Almost all practitioners (94%) were aware of the fact that the reporting scheme serves the early detection of unknown adverse reactions.

Drug Monitoring↗
PubMed1995

Costs of introducing autologous BMT in the treatment of lymphoma and acute leukaemia in The Netherlands.

In a retrospective study we calculated the costs of introducing autologous BMT in the treatment of patients with malignant lymphoma and acute leukaemia in The Netherlands. The cost analysis has been performed in five university hospitals and one cancer centre, in a series of patients with intermediate and high grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and patients with AML. Conventional treatment consisted of chemotherapy. The average costs of the conventional NHL treatment varied from US$3120 to U$12,900. The costs of autologous BMT amounted to US$40,220. In the AML group the costs of conventional treatment amounted to about US$11,040, as only 50% of the patients were treated further. The costs of autologous BMT including a follow-up period of 2 years, amounted to US$55,440. In The Netherlands the total number of autologous BMTs per year in these patient groups was estimated at 230; 180 in the NHL group and 50 in the AML group. The costs of introducing autologous BMT to the NHL group will vary between 4.93 and 6.68 million dollars and for the AML group these costs were estimated at 2.22 million dollars. As a result, the total extra costs of introducing autologous BMTs are expected to be between 7.15 and 8.9 million dollars.

Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols↗
PubMed1995

Primary inguinal hernia repair in The Netherlands.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the operative methods used in Dutch surgical practice to repair the inguinal floor of the primary hernia. DESIGN: Survey by questionnaire. SETTING: University department of Surgery, The Netherlands. SUBJECTS: All Dutch Surgeons. OUTCOME MEASURES: Answers to questions about the methods of repair used, specific surgical options, and materials. Comparison of training hospitals and district hospitals. RESULTS: Replies were received from 145/155 departments (94%), but from only 448/774 individual surgeons (58%). 192 (43%) used one method alone (Bassini 71, Shouldice 49, McVay 36, Griffith 24 and others 12) and 256 (57%) of surgeons used combinations of 11 different methods. Only 9 used a prosthetic mesh and 7 laparoscopic repair. The Shouldice method was significantly more popular in training hospitals compared with non-training hospitals (36%) (71/199) compared with (20%) (48/249) (p < 0.05). There were many modifications to accepted methods. Only 78% (94/121) of surgeons who said that they did a standard shouldice repair incised the transversalis fascia. 64% (287) of surgeons said that they modified their technique to suit individual patients. CONCLUSION: In the Netherlands there is no standard technique of inguinal hernia repair.

Hernia, Inguinal↗