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At least 1,081 records · Page 60Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Do beliefs of inner-city parents about disease and vaccine risks affect immunization?

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to understand how low income, inner-city parents of preschool children think about childhood diseases and prevention and the impact that this has on late receipt of vaccines. METHODS: Parents of all children born between January 1, 1991, and May 31, 1995, whose child received medical assistance and health care at one of four inner-city, primary care clinics in Pittsburgh, PA, completed a telephone interview and gave consent for a vaccine record review. The main outcome measures were lateness for first and third diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccines (DTP) and not receiving at least four DTP, three polio virus containing and one measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) doses by 19 months. RESULTS: A total of 483 parents participated. Fifteen percent of children were late for the first DTP, 52% for the third DTP, and 40% had not received at least four DTP, three polio and one MMR by 19 months of age. Statistically significant factors associated with lateness at 19 months included: having three or more children, having two children, beliefs regarding the severity of immunization side effects, and being African American. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate that a combination of life circumstances, as well as cognitive factors were associated with late immunization.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Pesticide assessment of the banana sector in an Ecuadorian watershed.

A survey was conducted in several Ecuadorian banana plantations to determine the actual pesticide management and their environmental impacts. It was detected that glyphosate, propiconazole, imazalil, tridemorph and imazalil are the pesticides most used in the Ecuadorian banana sector. As a first step, two screening models (EQC and EXAMS) were used to determine the overall distribution of these pesticides in a unitary environment. Whereas EQC evaluates soil, water, sediment and air compartments, EXAMS only takes into account water and sediment compartments. Although both models show different results due to their different approaches, a comparison can still be done considering only the aquatic portion of the unitary environment. For the case study presented here, all 5 pesticides tend to affect more the soil and water compartment.

Agriculture↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Polyamines and fatty acids in sucrose precultured banana meristems and correlation with survival rate after cryopreservation.

Polyamines and fatty acids were studied in proliferating meristem cultures of 3 banana cultivars with high (Cachaco), medium (Williams Bronze free) and low (Mbwazirume) survival rates after cryopreservation. A 2-week preculture on medium containing 0.4 M sucrose which is essential to obtain survival after cryopreservation resulted in increased polyamine levels, especially putrescine. This increase in putrescine content was positively correlated with the survival rate after simple freezing or after vitrification. The total fatty acid content also increased after a 0.4 M sucrose pretreatment. However, only the ratio of unsaturated/saturated fatty acids correlated positively with the survival rate after cryopreservation. This is the first report showing a correlation of both putrescine increase and level of unsaturation of membrane lipids after sucrose treatment with survival rate after cryopreservation.

Cell Survival↗
PubMed2001

[Specific amplification of the coding sequences of BBTV III, IV, I and their application in BBTV detection].

Banana bunchy top virus disease (BBTD) is a disastrous disease in bananas, and it is spreading in the world (including China) by the banana bunchy top virus(BBTV). At present, virus-free plantlets are used to prevent BBTD in banana production, therefore, it is very important to establish a method to detect BBTV quickly, sensitively and specifically. ELISA is now popularly used to detect BBTV. The sensitivity of this method is not high enough, and needs specific antiserum, otherwise, pseudo-positive results often occur. According to DNA coding sequences of component III, IV and I of BBTV isolates from Zhangzhou, China, three pairs of primers are designed to establish a PCR method to specifically amplify parts of coding sequences of the BBTV coat protein, movement protein and replicase-association. This method is also applicable to detect BBTV of bananas or cultured banana seedlings in other regions.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1999

[Amplification of phytoplasma 16S rDNA from banana bunchy top disease, RFLP and sequence analysis of 16S rDNA fragment].

Extract DNA from banana plants with banana bunchy top disease and amplify the phytoplasma 16S rDNA fragment by nested PCR. The classification of the phytoplasma established on the basis of 16S rDNA restriction patterns was examined by performing a sequence analysis of 16S rDNA fragment. The RFLP pattern, sequence data and phylogenic tree showed that this phytoplasma should belong to Group I(Phytoplasma asteri).

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2000

Biotransformation of banana waste into protein by pleurotus sajor-caju.

Pseudostems and leaves from banana waste were used for biotransformation into protein by using P. sajor-caju, an oyster mushroom. Treatment of formalin (500 ppm) + carbendazim (12.5 ppm) of these substrates was found to favour relatively high percentage biological efficiency (BE) of P. sajor-caju.. Steam sterilization also exhibited comparable yield performance by P. sajor-caju. Fruiting bodies harvested from all the treatments had relatively higher protein contents. The spent substrate (steam sterilized) was found to be suitable as an ideal animal feed because of its rich nutritive composition.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMed2002

Infra-red spectroscopic analyses of banana waste degraded by oyster mushroom.

Carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen analyses of banana leaf and pseudostem biomass revealed their potentiality as substrates for microorganisms. Infra-red (IR) spectra of both biomass show presence of cellulose, xylan and lignin. IR spectra of leaf and pseudostem biomass degraded in solid state fermentation (SSF) by two Pleurotus species (P. sajor-caju and P. ostreatus) for 40 days showed the utilization of cellulose, xylan and lignin by these microbes. Dynamics of various lignocellulolytic enzymes of Pleurotus species and analyses of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen contents of degraded biomass supported the same. Both the Pleurotus species exhibited lignin consumption ability on both the substrates.

Basidiomycota↗
PubMed2003

Proteolipid protein gene mutation induces altered ventilatory response to hypoxia in the myelin-deficient rat.

Pelizaeus Merzbacher disease is an X-linked dysmyelinating disorder of the CNS, resulting from mutations in the proteolipid protein (PLP) gene. An animal model for this disorder, the myelin-deficient (MD) rat, carries a point mutation in the PLP gene and exhibits a phenotype similar to the fatal, connatal disease, including extensive dysmyelination, tremors, ataxia, and death at approximately postnatal day 21 (P21). We postulated that early death might result from disruption of myelinated neural pathways in the caudal brainstem and altered ventilatory response to oxygen deprivation or hypercapnic stimulus. Using barometric plethysmography to measure respiratory function, we found that the MD rat develops lethal hypoxic depression of breathing at P21, but hypercapnic ventilatory response is normal. Histologic examination of the caudal brainstem in the MD rat at this age showed extensive dysmyelination and downregulation of NMDA and to a lesser extent GABA(A) receptors on neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius, hypoglossal nucleus, and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. Unexpectedly, immunoreactive PLP/DM20 was detected in neurons in the caudal brainstem. Not all biosynthetic functions and structural elements were altered in these neurons, because phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated neurofilament and choline acetyltransferase expression were comparable between MD and wild-type rats. These findings suggest that PLP is expressed in neurons in the developing brainstem and that PLP gene mutation can selectively disrupt central processing of afferent neural input from peripheral chemoreceptors, leaving the central chemosensory system for hypercapnia intact.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[Life table of natural population of banana pseudostem weevil, Odoiporus longicollis Oliver, in spring].

The active factor life tables of natural population of banana pseudostem weevil were built, and the controlling effect of active factors was evaluated by using exclusion index of population control (EIPC). The results showed that the population trend indices in growing and harvested banana trunks were 4,3481 and 3,6628, and the EIPC of predation and others were 1,9256 and 2,3577, respectively. The EIPC of natural death were 1,3607 and 1,3554, and that of parasitism and disease in growing and harvested banana trunks were 1,1988 and 1,1668, respectively. The factor of predation and others was important.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Increasing trend of ciprofloxacin resistance amongst common bacterial isolates at Mymensingh Medical College and Hospital.

Ciprofloxacin resistance among common bacterial pathogen comprising Esch.coli, Staph.aureus and Pseudomonas spp. isolated from different clinical samples of Mymensingh Medical College Hospital during the periods of September, 1999 to March, 2001 and September, 2001 to August, 2002 were recorded. Values of two periods were compared and increased rate of ciprofloxacin resistance were noted in every bacterial species, e.g. 32.0% in Esch.coli, 8.7% in Staph.aureus and 5.1% in Pseudomonas spp. It was suggested to be aware and careful regarding use of ciprofloxacin in clinical practice so as to limit emergence of bacterial strains resistance towards the drug.

Bangladesh↗
PubMed2003

A preliminary report on culture of Leishmania donovani in Mymensingh Medical College and evaluation of new immuno-chromatography test (ICT).

A total of 51 inpatients having prolonged low grade irregular fever with anaemia, hepatosplenomegaly, emaciation and other allied features were evaluated by findings of haematologic, seroimmunologic, microscopic examination for LD body and culture for L. donovani. The study was done during the period from September' 1999 to January' 2000. Bone marrow or splenic aspirates were examined for LD bodies and those samples were cultured in modified NNN media following a standard method. Out of 51 samples, 36 (70.5%) were positive for LD bodies in stained smears and 38 (74.5%) were positive in culture. The mean time of culture positivity was 5 +/- 2 days. Specific antileishmanial antibody were detected by Immunochromatography Test (ICT) in all 38 confirmed cases, whereas Aldehyde test (AT) were negative in 3 such cases. ICT was positive in 1 and AT in 7 cases where no parasite could be detected. So, sensitivity of ICT was 100% with a specificity of 92.3% and sensitivity of AT was 92.1% with a specificity of 46.1%.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes and clinical features of HIV seropositive Nigerians on presentation.

Eighty of 200 HIV seropositive patients admitted in the medical wards of Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria from year 1995 to 1997 were studied on presentation and compared to 40 age and sex matched controls. The main clinical features observed included weight loss, pyrexia, diarrhoea, lymphadenopathy, anaemia and pruritic dermatosis. Sixty-two of the 80 patients (73.2%) presented at stages 3 and 4 of WHO Clinical and Laboratory staging. Thirty (30) percent of these patients died between a period of one to four months after presentation. The main diseases complicating HIV infection at presentation of the 80 patients were Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (30%), acute bacterial infections (with Salmonella typhi, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus) (24%), candidiasis (14%) and Kaposi sarcoma (2%). Seropositivity for HIV types was found to be HIV-I alone in 43.5% of cases; HIV-II alone in 14% and both HIV-I and II in 42% of cases. Risk factors associated with HIV infection were multiple sexual partners (73%), sexually transmitted disease (70%), and unscreened blood transfusion (1%). HIV positive patients had a mean CD4+ T-cells of 0.24 x 10(9) +/- 0.17 which was significantly lower than the mean of 0.6 +/- 0. 17 x 10(9)/L for controls (P < 0.05 students t-test). Thirty (35%) of the patients had CD4+ counts of less than 0.2 x 10(9)/L (200 cells/microl) at presentation. The mean CD3+ lymphocytes count was 0.51 +/- 0.24 x 10(9)/L for patients and 1.04 +/- 0.71 x 10(9)/L for controls. The mean CD8+ lymphocyte count in patients was 0.29 +/- 0.19 x 10(9)/L and 0.44 x 10(9)/L for controls. Both CD3+ and CD8+ lymphocyte populations were statistically lower in patients than controls (P < 0.05).

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The presence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in hemodialysis patients and determination of HCV genotype distribution].

The aim of this study was the investigation of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), in hemodialysis patients in order to detect HCV infection, and the determination of virus genotypes in HCV positive patients. A total of 94 patients, 44 female and 50 male (mean age: 49 +/- 17 years old), who were included in hemodialysis program between 1987-1999 (0-13 years) in the Hemodialysis Units of Gazi University, School of Medicine and Ankara Etlik Hospital of Social Insurance Society, were enrolled in the study. Anti-HCV was found positive in 41 patients (43.6%), while HCV-RNA was positive in 36 patients (38.3%). Thirty three of the patients were positive for both anti-HCV and HCV-RNA, 8 were anti-HCV positive HCV-RNA negative, and 3 were anti-HCV negative HCV-RNA positive. HCV was genotyped by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) method in 36 HCV-RNA positive patients, and 28 yielded genotype 1b, and 8 showed genotype 1a pattern. PCR products from 5'UTR of HCV-RNA isolated from two patients were also sequenced to confirm the results of RFLP study. The rate of anti-HCV and HCV-RNA positivity was detected statistically higher in patients who exposed hemodialysis longer than 24 months, and in hemodialysis patients who had blood transfusion than the other groups. As a result, our findings supported that the periodic follow-up of HCV-RNA, in addition to anti-HCV would be useful for hemodialysis patients, and genotyping of HCV for the epidemiologic data.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Neonatal Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome complicating ileal atresia.

Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome is a toxin mediated Staphylococcal infection, the toxin produced by staphylococcus aureus type 2 phage types (55,71,3A,3B,3C). There is a generalized tender erythema which commences on the head and neck, accompanied by fever, irritability, continuous cry and miserable look. The erythema is followed by cleavage of the upper epidermis in a large sheets mainly in the head, neck and the flexures, with formation of bullae (Nikolsky sign). It is most common in infants and children under 5 years. Most cases respond to antibiotics with other supportive measures. The prognosis is good, and the skin lesions disappear without a residual scar.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2003

The addition of artesunate to chloroquine for treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Gambian children delays, but does not prevent treatment failure.

In a randomized controlled trial, chloroquine monotherapy was compared with the combination of artesunate and chloroquine for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in 536 Gambian children. Chloroquine-treated children exhibited a 28-day clinical failure rate of 15% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 9.2-22%) compared with 11% (7.8-15%) among children receiving the combination (P = 0.08, by Wilcoxon test). Seventy-three percent of chloroquine-treated children exhibited parasitemia during follow-up compared with 49% of children receiving the combination (relative risk = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.3-1.7; chi2 = 21.18, P < 0.001). A significant reduction in clinical and parasitologic treatment failure in the combination group occurred in the first two weeks following treatment, but this was eroded over weeks three and four of follow-up. The impact of combination therapy on the transmission of chloroquine-resistant parasites is discussed. Chloroquine plus artesunate is not sufficiently efficacious to justify its introduction as a replacement for chloroquine monotherapy in The Gambia.

Age Factors↗