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PubMed2000

Cyt1A from Bacillus thuringiensis synergizes activity of Bacillus sphaericus against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae).

Bacillus sphaericus is a mosquitocidal bacterium recently developed as a commercial larvicide that is used worldwide to control pestiferous and vector mosquitoes. Whereas B. sphaericus is highly active against larvae of Culex and Anopheles mosquitoes, it is virtually nontoxic to Aedes aegypti, an important vector species. In the present study, we evaluated the capacity of the cytolytic protein Cyt1A from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis to enhance the toxicity of B. sphaericus toward A. aegypti. Various combinations of these two materials were evaluated, and all were highly toxic. A ratio of 10:1 of B. sphaericus to Cyt1A was 3, 600-fold more toxic to A. aegypti than B. sphaericus alone. Statistical analysis showed this high activity was due to synergism between the Cyt1A toxin and B. sphaericus. These results suggest that Cyt1A could be useful in expanding the host range of B. sphaericus.

Aedes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The potential for using the preparations Icon and Karate in medical insect control].

The insecticidal activity of Aikon, 10% wettable powder, and Carate, 5% emulsified concentrate, and 5% water soluble granules, (Zeneka Plant Protection, UK) was studied in laboratory and field tests. Their effective doses were 0.001-0.5 g/m2 (as calculated for active ingredients) for synanthropic insects (cockroaches, flies, fleas). The agents belong to moderate hazard class 3 substances. Their use has been approved by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation for treatment for non-living accommodations and subsidiary premises by specialists. Individual protective means should be used while contacting the agents.

Animals↗
PubMed1953

A method for field detection of adult-mosquito resistance to DDT residues.

A test procedure involving simply-constructed, portable test-equipment has been developed for detecting resistance to DDT residual applications by adult mosquitos. The procedure involves timed exposures of adult female mosquitos to DDT residues in chambers made of paper and screen wire, and the determination of the subsequent 24-hour mortalities. Data on mortality figures for Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say as influenced by test-chamber preparation, exposure period, insect age, and testing and holding temperature and relative-humidity combinations are given. Statistical procedures used in establishing a base line and in determining the sensitivity of the method for detecting resistance are outlined.

Animals↗
PubMed1959

Insecticide resistance in populations of Anopheles gambiae in West Africa.

A method published by Elliott in 1958 for investigation of insecticide resistance in Anopheles larvae has been applied to strains of A. gambiae from various parts of West Africa, and the results analysed to provide information as to the proportions of the three possible genotypes in the different populations.At Kano, the gene conferring resistance to dieldrin and gamma-BHC appears to be increasing in the wild population, being present in about 50% and 42% of the population in the homozygous (RR) and heterozygous (RS) states respectively. Theoretical considerations suggest that in a situation where the male heterozygote is sterile, the gene in the minority will tend to become extinct in the absence of any specific selection. In a colony maintained in captivity for six generations without intentional selection the reverse was seen to happen, the S gene increasing its representation at the expense of the R gene.In Sokoto Province, some figures of the same type were obtained; these are analysed and found to produce results compatible with those from Kano, especially as regards the LC(50) level derived for the effect of gamma-BHC on the RS fraction of the population.At Freetown, a similar analysis suggests that the factor conferring resistance to gamma-BHC has also appeared. About 66% of the sample examined appear to carry the R gene.At Ibadan, samples of the population showed some tolerance to dieldrin, but the presence of the specific type of resistance seen elsewhere was not established. The tolerance appears to be non-specific, as some relative tolerance to DDT appeared to be present also.

Africa, Western↗
PubMed1963

RESULTS OF AGE-GROUPING DISSECTIONS ON FOUR SPECIES OF ANOPHELES FROM SOUTHERN GHANA.

The entomological survey during the preparatory phase of the Malaria Eradication Pilot Project in Ghana included a programme of age-grouping dissections on the local malaria vectors. After an initial year spent on the older methods, some 1700 female mosquitos were dissected following Detinova's techniques. These latter results, though limited to a division of the nulliparous from the parous, are examined in detail to discover what they reveal of the age-structure of the anopheline populations concerned.Analysis of the proportion parous of A. gambiae populations showed, inter alia, that they fluctuated considerably in age make-up from week to week, even though appearing fairly stable over longer periods. The risk of calculating survival probabilities without an exact knowledge of the structure of the nulliparous population is also illustrated, and it is suggested that such estimations should be restricted to an expression of the proportion parous.

Animals↗
PubMed1963

OBSERVATIONS ON HUMAN EXPOSURE TO THE ORGANOPHOSPHORUS INSECTICIDE FENTHION IN NIGERIA.

The search for substitutes for chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides has led to the trial of organophosphorus compounds. Fenthion is promising as a residual spray in malaria eradication, but information on its human toxicology is scanty. In the work reported in this paper the inhabitants of a Nigerian village have been studied during a trial of fenthion. Moderate depressions of plasma cholinesterase were observed for five weeks after spraying, though there was no effect on red blood cell cholinesterase. A search was also made for other possible effects, including measurements of peak expiratory flow rate. No serious toxic effects were found.

Environment↗
PubMed1963

DICHLORVOS AS A RESIDUAL FUMIGANT IN MUD, PLYWOOD AND BAMBOO HUTS.

In experiments conducted at Savannah, Ga., dichlorvos dispensers of montan (lignite) wax installed at a rate of six units per 1000 cubic feet (28 m(3)) in huts with mud or bamboo walls and with thatched roofs produced kills of caged Anopheles quadrimaculatus (12 hours' exposure) at or above 95% for 5-6 weeks. The doors, windows, and eaves of the huts were open for maximum ventilation. In a non-ventilated plywood hut, a single dispenser gave effective kills for 7 months but in a non-ventilated mud hut the period was 5 months. Air concentrations of dichlorvos in the mud hut were shown to be definitely lower than those in a plywood hut at the same dosage level.

Animals↗