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PubMedDate not supplied

Courage and today's nurse leader.

The virtue of courage is often overlooked in distinguishing successful leaders. This void is a reflection of the difficulty in defining just what courage is. Is courage facing risk without fear or overcoming fear to face risk? What are the differences between physical and moral courage? Can leaders develop courage? These and many other questions surround the nature of courage and how it pertains to leadership. It is the author's intent that readers have a general understanding of how courage affects nursing leadership in today's health care environment.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

Emotional intelligence in mental health nurses talking about practice.

The aim of this study was to explore mental health nurses' experiences of emotional intelligence (EI) in their nursing practice by means of qualitative interviews. The interview questions where developed from the literature on EI. This study used a hermeneutic analysis. Four main themes emerged: relationship with the patient; the substance of supervision; motivation; and responsibility. It was concluded that EI stimulates the search for a deeper understanding of a professional mental health nursing identity. Emotional learning and maturation processes are central to professional competence, that is, personal growth and development. In addition, the moral character of the mental health nurse in relation to clinical practice is of importance. The findings imply multiple types of intelligence related to nursing science as well as further research possibilities within the area of EI.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed1989

A longitudinal study of moral reasoning.

Several issues concerning Gilligan's model of moral orientations and Kohlberg's models of moral stages and moral orientations were examined in a longitudinal study with 233 subjects (from 78 families) who ranged in age from 5 to 63 years. They participated in 2 identical interviews separated by a 2-year interval. In each interview, they discussed hypothetical dilemmas and a personally generated real-life dilemma, which were scored for both moral stage and moral orientation (both Gilligan's and Kohlberg's typologies). Results revealed few violations of the stage sequence over the longitudinal interval, supporting Kohlberg's moral stage model. Sex differences were almost completely absent for both Gilligan's and Kohlberg's moral orientations, although there were clear developmental trends. Hypothetical and real-life dilemmas elicited different moral orientations, especially in terms of Kohlberg's typology. The interrelations between the 2 models of moral orientations were generally weak, indicating that they are not synonymous.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Adolescents' and young adults' conceptions of civil liberties: freedom of speech and religion.

This study examined adolescents' and young adults' conceptions of freedom of speech and religion (civil liberties). 48 adolescents and young adults in 3 grade levels (mean ages 12-8, 16-10, and 19-6) were administered a structured interview containing assessments of civil liberties in general, in straightforward (unconflicted) applications, and in conflict with other social and moral concerns, including law, physical and psychological harm, and equality of opportunity. Freedom of speech and religion were conceptualized as universal rights and applied to social events in unconflicted contexts at all ages. A diverse array of rationales, differentiated according to type of freedom, were used at all ages to ground conceptions of universal freedoms. Judgments of civil liberties in conflicts exhibited several sources of variation, including developmental differences, situational or contextual variation determined by the particular types of issues in conflict, and individual differences. Results are consistent with the proposition that judgments of civil liberties reflect age-related patterns of coordination of delimited social and moral concepts rather than general orientations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Children's reactions to transgressions: effects of the actor's apology, reputation and remorse.

This experiment examined children's reactions to a transgression in which one child's property was damaged by another who (a) had a reputation as a good or bad child, (b) apologized or did not, and (c) later expressed remorse when talking about the incident or was happy and unremorseful. As expected, actors who had a good reputation or were remorseful were seen as more likable, as having better motives, as doing the damage unintentionally, as more sorry and as less blameworthy. Further, actors who were good and remorseful were punished least, suggesting that punishment was applied in a rehabilitative fashion. The actor's reputation determined how his or her actions were interpreted: bad actors were seen as more worried about punishment when they expressed remorse and older children thought they apoligized merely to avoid punishment. Interestingly, apologies were effective in reducing punishment and making the actor seem more likable, and this was true irrespective of the other factors. The apology-forgiveness script may be such an ingrained aspect of social life that its appearance automatically improves the actor's position. The reactions of second and fifth graders were generally similar, although the younger children displayed less coherent relationships between judgements.

Child↗
PubMed1978

The definition and identification of need for health care.

Some definitions of need for health care as a basis of planning health services are discussed. A model proposed by Donabedian (1974) relating need to resources is used to consider the problems faced by the Resource Allocation Working Party (RAWP) (Department of Health and Social Security, 1976). The paper concludes that need should be defined in relation to the procedures available to meet it and the resources that permit those procedures to be used. The procedures include the whole gamut of prevention and screening, cure and care, research and development. This necessarily raises moral and ethical issues which stretch beyond the limits of medicine and concern patients, their relatives, and the public in general. Neither the medical profession nor the lay public can be expected to help define need for health care unless they understand the underlying issues. This is a challenge to those responsible for professional and public education.

Health Resources↗
PubMed1982

The Age of Passion Man.

Many observers from various disciplines of thought have commented upon the relatively recent appearance of a breed of individual characterized by impatient hedonism, relative psychopathy, and unstable self image. The author, feeling these individuals to be characteristic of the declining phase of this sensate culture, christens this individual, The Age of Passion Man. The author describes this childhood precursor to the Age of Passion Man, the omnipotent child, and shows how such children and persons have been characteristic of the declining phase of previous world cultures. Finally, the author examines modern speculation concerning the need for a moral reformation, the construction of an ethical state, if mankind is not to be destroyed by Age of Passion Man.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Developing nursing's future role. 2: Nurses' job satisfaction and morale.

This, the second of two articles, presents the results of a recent survey of nurses' job satisfaction and morale undertaken at the Northern General Hospital NHS Trust, Sheffield. The survey was conducted in order to provide a benchmark against which to gauge progress towards creating a work environment in which nurses are able to exercise maximum autonomy within a supportive and enabling culture. The results mirror recent national reports which highlight the increasing tension between workload pressures and the desire to provide holistic patient care. A number of factors were identified which suggest the need for remedial action across a range of fronts. Such factors are briefly described, together with the action taken to date to address the issues raised.

England↗
PubMed1992

Lesbianism and choice.

Why does it matter whether a woman can choose whether to be lesbian? I argue by illustration that, first of all, it does make good sense to see the option to be lesbian as genuine for women in a fairly common sort of circumstance; that recognizing the genuineness of this option, however, does not impute to such women major control over their lives; that choosing to be lesbian may actually narrow rather than expand one's present options; and that nevertheless it is important to acknowledge such choices for their potentialities, in community, to change the meaning of "lesbian" in liberatory ways.

Bisexuality↗
PubMed1994

The relevance of scientific research about sexual orientation to lesbian and gay rights.

This essay considers the way in which scientific research is relevant to questions of lesbian and gay rights. It is specifically argued that such research is not relevant to these kinds of arguments because its results about the origins of sexual orientation do not necessarily-and should not be taken to-imply conclusions about moral entitlements. Questions about the moral and civic entitlements of gay men and lesbians are not bolstered or advanced by reference to biological accounts of sexual orientation. This is not to suggest, however, that research into the origins of sexual orientation is objectionable, only that it does not have the significance for moral rights that some have claimed.

Civil Rights↗
PubMed1991

Neglected aspects of the superego.

Topics covered in this essay on neglected aspects of the superego include the overemphasis on the harsh superego and the neglect of the range of activities of ordinary people that involve issues of moral responsibility; the need for a more complete developmental schema for different types of superego and for the benign, mature superego; the neglect of the complexities of moral responsibility and of the importance of conflicting value systems; the neglect of the central role played by the superego in interpersonal relations. Causes of the neglect of the superego include a concern with neutrality on the part of the analyst that leads to an overemphasis on other analytic perspectives at the expense of superego analysis; the assumption that what is moral is self-evident; a lack of familiarity with concepts of moral responsibility; and a need for greater familiarity with current research studies into moral education and superego development. Based on these causes, remedies are suggested for the neglect of the superego.

Female↗
PubMed1990

Applying neopiagetian theory to the moral reasoning process.

This study examined moral reasoning process and patterns of skills underlying a moral dilemma through use of K. W. Fischer's theory for cognitive skill acquisition. Kohlberg's Heinz dilemma issues of life and law were hypothesized as scalable within task-domains pertaining to Familial Relationships, Sickness/Death, Laws/Rules, and Fairness. 80 4- to 12-yr.-olds were interviewed regarding these issues. Guttman scale analyses examined scalability of their responses to items in each task and skill domain. Guttman coefficients validated task-domain scales of Laws/Rules and Fairness. Other scale coefficients approached validity. A revised scale is proposed for study.

Attitude to Death↗
PubMed1990

Understanding the culture and behaviour of East Asians--a Confucian perspective.

The economic miracle of East Asia is followed by the emergence of a new common identity in Confucianism among the nations in the region. Being the predominant cultural determining force in East Asia, Confucianism has deeply influenced East Asian behaviour. Three behavioural traits in East Asians are discussed. First, the East Asian's lack of "personality" is traced to the Confucian social institution of Li-rules of propriety. Second, the East Asian's lack of principled moral thinking is linked to the dyadic, relation-based character of the Confucian ethic, its lack of hypothetical reasoning and its hierarchical view of human relationships. Third, the East Asian's lack of assertiveness is rooted in the Confucian ideal of man as a reflection of harmony in the cosmos and the Confucian ideal of society as based on the fulfillment of duties rather than the assertion of rights. The implications of these Confucian traits suggest the need to re-formulate Western conceptions of and approaches to East Asian behaviour.

Asia↗