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At least 1,081 records · Page 60Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Characteristics of cancer patients entering a smoking cessation program and correlates of quit motivation: implications for the development of tobacco control programs for cancer patients.

Even though survival and quality of life are adversely affected by smoking among cancer patients, about one-third of cancer patients who smoked prior to their diagnosis continue to smoke. One barrier to the provision of smoking cessation treatments to cancer patients is the paucity of data on the characteristics of cancer patients who continue to smoke and a lack of data on correlates of quit motivation in this population. This descriptive study assessed demographic, medical, smoking history, and psychological characteristics of cancer patients in a smoking cessation program (N=111) and examined these characteristics as correlates of quit motivation. Methods used by patients to quit smoking were also queried. We found that: (1) most patients are Caucasian, married, diagnosed with head and neck (versus lung) cancer, highly addicted to nicotine, and in the contemplation or preparation stage of change; (2) most patients attempt to quit smoking without formal treatment, although 33-50% have used the transdermal nicotine patch, nicotine gum, or bupropion; (3) depressive symptoms, low quitting self-efficacy, low perceived risk, and low perceived benefits of quitting are prevalent among patients, but most patients do not endorse the perceived disadvantages of quitting or fatalistic beliefs; and (4) quit motivation is associated with higher quitting self-efficacy, risk perceptions, and perceived benefits of quitting, lower tobacco use and nicotine addiction, and shorter time since diagnosis. These findings can help guide the development of smoking cessation interventions for cancer patients.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

"Nonhedonic" food motivation in humans involves dopamine in the dorsal striatum and methylphenidate amplifies this effect.

The drive for food is one of the most powerful of human and animal behaviors. Dopamine, a neurotransmitter involved with motivation and reward, its believed to regulate food intake in laboratory animals by modulating its rewarding effects through the nucleus accumbens (NA). Here we assess the involvement of dopamine in "nonhedonic" food motivation in humans. Changes in extracellular dopamine in striatum in response to nonhedonic food stimulation (display of food without consumption) were evaluated in 10 food-deprived subjects (16-20 h) using positron emission tomography (PET) and [11C]raclopride (a D2 receptor radioligand that competes with endogenous dopamine for binding to the receptor). To amplify the dopamine changes we pretreated subjects with methylphenidate (20 mg p.o.), a drug that blocks dopamine transporters (mechanism for removal of extracellular dopamine). Although the food stimulation when preceded by placebo did not increase dopamine or the desire for food, the food stimulation when preceded by methylphenidate (20 mg p.o.) did. The increases in extracellular dopamine were significant in dorsal (P < 0.005) but not in ventral striatum (area that included NA) and were significantly correlated with the increases in self-reports of hunger and desire for food (P < 0.01). These results provide the first evidence that dopamine in the dorsal striatum is involved in food motivation in humans that is distinct from its role in regulating reward through the NA. In addition it demonstrates the ability of methylphenidate to amplify weak dopamine signals.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Implicit power motivation predicts men's testosterone changes and implicit learning in a contest situation.

This study tested the hypothesis that implicit power motivation moderates men's testosterone responses to victory or defeat in a contest situation. It also explored to what extent postvictory testosterone increases are associated with enhanced implicit learning of behavior instrumental for winning a contest. Salivary testosterone levels were assessed in 66 male adults several times before and after a contest whose outcome (winning or losing against a competitor on an implicit learning task) was varied experimentally. Among participants low in activity inhibition, a measure of impulse control, the power motive was a significant positive predictor of testosterone increases (15 min postcontest; r = 0.71, P = 0.01) and implicit learning (r = 0.68, P < 0.05) after a victory, whereas it was a significant negative predictor of implicit learning (r = -0.58, P = 0.01) but not of testosterone increases (r = -0.08, ns) after a defeat. Moreover, among participants low in activity inhibition testosterone increases were associated with enhanced implicit learning (r = 0.38, P < 0.05) and there was statistical evidence that in winners testosterone increases mediated the effect of power motivation on implicit learning. Participants high in activity inhibition did not display this pattern of results.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

The relation of mothers' controlling vocalizations to children's intrinsic motivation.

Twenty-six mother-child dyads played together in a laboratory setting. Play sessions were surreptitiously videotaped (with mothers' permission), and each maternal vocalization was transcribed and coded, first into 1 of 24 categories and then ipso facto into one of three supercategories--namely, controlling, autonomy supportive, and neutral. The degree of mothers' controllingness was calculated as the percentage of vocalizations coded as controlling. This index was correlated with the intrinsic motivation of their 6- or 7-year-old children, as assessed primarily by the free-choice behavioral measure and secondarily by a child self-report measure of interest and liking for the task. Both correlations were significantly negative, thereby suggesting that the robust laboratory findings of a negative relation between controlling contexts and individuals' intrinsic motivation are directly generalizable to the domain of parenting. Results are discussed in terms of the processes that undermine intrinsic motivation and the means through which parental controllingness is communicated.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

The influence of motivations for seeking ISO 14001 certification: an empirical study of ISO 14001 certified facilities in Hong Kong.

This study proposes a model linking firm motivations for seeking ISO 14001 certification to the effectiveness of three major components of an environmental management system (EMS)--environmental policy, the assessment of environmental aspect and impacts, and management review. The relationship of these EMS components with a self-reported measure of environmental performance is also examined. From a sample of 29 ISO 14001 certified facilities in Hong Kong (of 71 total certifications at the time the data was collected), it was found that motivations to enhance firm reputation are positively related to perceptions of the effectiveness of the policy statement. Motivations for reputation enhancement and cost reduction were positively related to perceptions of EMS effectiveness in assessing environmental aspects and impacts. The effectiveness of the methodology for identifying environmental aspects and impacts was also found to be positively related to improved environmental performance.

Certification↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A motivational intervention for adolescent smokers.

Motivational interviewing (MI) is a brief psychotherapeutic intervention to increase the likelihood of a client's considering, initiating, and maintaining specific change strategies to reduce harmful behavior. MI is founded on principles of motivational psychology, client-centered therapy, and stages of change in natural recovery from addiction. Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET) embeds MI within a structured format of standardized intake assessment, personalized feedback of testing results, and follow-up interview to facilitate treatment outcome evaluation. This paper presents research evidence for the efficacy of MET, a description of the methods and goals of MI counseling approach, and the rationale for MET as an appropriate brief intervention for adolescents. Specific recommendations for application of MI to adolescent smokers are offered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Motivating for cancer prevention.

Effective habit change usually requires a combination of psycho-educational, behavioural, and social learning strategies. Motivational interview and shared decision making are likely to be the most efficient approaches. Assessing the current motivation can be based on the transtheoretical model of change (TTM) with the goal to move from one behaviour to another healthier one. In a daily busy clinical practice, brief counselling interventions of one to three visits can substantially help patients change problematic behaviours, particularly in the areas of smoking cessation and exercise. The acronym FRAMES has been used to define the elements of an effective brief intervention which helps to trigger the patient motivation to change; giving Feedback based on a thorough assessment; helping the patient take Responsibility for changing; giving clear Advice on what behaviour must change; offering a Menu of options for making the change; expressing Empathy for the ambivalence and difficulty in making changes; enhancing Self-efficacy to foster commitment and confidence. This chapter reviews relevant aspects of clinician-patient communication with regard to cancer prevention, especially smoking cessation and exercise.

Counseling↗
PubMed1985

Pre-abstinence smoke intake and smoking motivation as predictors of severity of cigarette withdrawal symptoms.

Twenty-nine cigarette smokers completed a smoking motivation questionnaire and had expired-air carbon monoxide (CO) and plasma nicotine concentrations measured prior to abstaining from smoking for 24 h. Before and after the abstinence period, the subjects rated mood and physical symptoms known to be affected by cigarette abstinence (e.g. irritability, restlessness). Scores on the "dependent smoking" subscale of the smoking motivation questionnaire correlated significantly with overall withdrawal severity, craving, and increased irritability. "Indulgent smoking" scores correlated positively with increased hunger. Pre-abstinence plasma nicotine concentration significantly predicted craving, hunger, restlessness, inability to concentrate and overall withdrawal severity, while expired-air CO predicted craving and restlessness only. Usual daily cigarette consumption did not significantly predict any withdrawal effects. The data indicate that pre-abstinence measures of smoking motivation and smoke intake may provide a guide to withdrawal severity on smoking cessation and that smokers with a high pre-abstinence nicotine intake experience the greatest discomfort.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

SCH 23390 blocks drug-conditioned place-preference and place-aversion: anhedonia (lack of reward) or apathy (lack of motivation) after dopamine-receptor blockade?

The influence of the D1 antagonist SCH 23390 on the motivational properties of rewarding (morphine, nicotine and diazepam) and aversive (naloxone, phencyclidine and picrotoxin) drugs was studied in the rat in a two-compartment place-conditioning paradigm, which included a pre-conditioning test for spontaneous place-preference. The specific D1 dopamine-receptor antagonist SCH 23390 (0.05 mg/kg SC), paired with both compartments or, separately, with the preferred or with the non-preferred compartment, failed to affect the spontaneous unconditioned preference of the animal. Pairing of morphine (1.0 mg/kg SC), nicotine (0.6 mg/kg SC) or diazepam (1.0 mg/kg IP) with the less preferred compartment induced significant preference for that compartment. Pairing of SCH 23390 (0.05 mg/kg SC) with both compartments completely blocked the place-preference induced by morphine, nicotine and diazepam. Naloxone (0.8 mg/kg SC), phencyclidine (2.5 mg/kg SC) or picrotoxin (2.0 mg/kg IP) paired with the preferred compartment elicited place-aversion. Pairing of SCH 23390 (0.05 mg/kg SC) with both compartments abolished also the place-aversion induced by naloxone, phencyclidine and picrotoxin. The results indicate that blockade of dopamine transmission blocks the motivational properties of rewarding as well as aversive stimuli. It is suggested that neuroleptics rather than simply blocking the rewarding impact of positive reinforcers (anhedonia, lack of pleasure) exert a more general influence on conditioned behaviour by blocking the affective impact of negative as well as positive reinforcers (apathy, lack of motivation).

Animals↗
PubMed1991

AIDS-related health behavior: coping, protection motivation, and previous behavior.

The purpose of this study was to examine Rogers' protection motivation theory and aspects of Janis and Mann's conflict theory in the context of AIDS-related health behavior. Subjects were 84 heterosexual men and women and 147 homosexual men with multiple sexual partners; LISREL's path-analysis techniques were used to evaluate the goodness of fit of the structural equation models. Protection motivation theory did fit the data but had considerably more explanatory power for heterosexual than for homosexual subjects (49 vs. 22%, respectively). When coping styles were added, different patterns of findings were found among both groups. Adding variables such as social norms and previous behavior increased the explained variance to 73% for heterosexual subjects and to 44% for homosexual subjects. It was concluded that although protection motivation theory did fit the data fairly adequately, expanding the theory with other variables--especially those related to previous behavior--could improve our understanding of AIDS-related health behavior.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1994

A motivational approach to confirmation: an interpretation of dysphagic patients' experiences.

In this paper we articulate confirmation and disconfirmation as components in human motivation. We develop a theory of motivation on the basis of a model of human action and we explore aspects of confirmation and disconfirmation in the context of the meeting of dysphagic patients with their physicians. We distinguish four central elements in confirmation and disconfirmation and use these and the relations between them for the purpose of constructing a typology. Finally, on the basis of the results obtained we interpret a small volume of remarks reflecting the meaning field of some dysphagic patients in relation to their physicians. The underlying motive is to develop tools for understanding health care processes. The "SAUC-Confirmation-Model" and the theoretical framework in which it is embedded should be seen from that point of view.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1980

Motivation and resistance in sex therapy.

Aspects of motivation and resistance in sex therapy as encountered in single, couples and group treatment are discussed, with emphasis on couples therapy. To a significant extent success in sex therapy depends on patients' sound motivation and minimal resistance. Keeping in mind various forms of motivation and resistance therapists are better equipped to deal with the fears and conflicts of their patients and thus promote their sexual welfare.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Dependence of electrical activity of the amygdaloid complex on level of motivation and emotional state of the dog.

The effect of an increment in the power of the rhythmic activity of the amygdala during changes in the level of motivation in conditions of the dominance of alimentary or defensive motivation, irrespective of type, was discovered on the basis of spectral analysis of prolonged recordings of electrosubcorticograms of the amygdaloid complexes of three dogs. The resonance characteristics of the system responsible for the generation of this rhythm remain unchanged in the process, which allows explanation of the increase in the spectral peak by an increase in the inflow of afferent impulse activity into the amygdala. Summation of the influences of each of them is not observed in the presence of competing motivations, while a more complex influence on rhythm in the amygdala emerges.

Amygdala↗
PubMed1995

[Need for control in the workplace and motivation for alcohol consumption: a written survey in 3 public civil service agencies].

The links between the need for control (inability to withdraw from work obligations and work commitment) at the workplace and the motivation to consume alcohol is investigated on the basis of 427 male employees in three public administrations or spatially and organizationally homogenous parts of these administrations. By analogy with the work of McClelland and with reference to the concept of the need for control it is conjectured that a link exists between the need for control and the motivation to consume alcohol as a means of coping with stress. Using a linear-additive regression model it becomes evident that the inability to withdraw from work obligations though not the work commitment have an effect on the consumption motive. This effect is not eliminated by the tendency for social desirability and the salary grouping, which are included in the regression model as predictors. In summary, the data proves a link between the inability to withdraw from work obligations on the one side and the consumption of alcohol as a means of coping with stress on the other.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1990

[The motivation and assessment of the success of adult patients undergoing orthodontic treatment--the interpretation of a questionnaire].

In order to analyze orthodontic treatment of adults concerning information, motives and retrospective evaluation 225 patients with fixed appliances were questioned. The dentist had a key position as a mediator of information. The decision to an orthodontic treatment was led by esthetic and functional motives. The extent of the respective motives depended from age, personal status, education and cooperation. Interest and understanding in functional improvements as they could be found above all by people with a higher education level were decisive for a durable regard of the treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Differences in fear motivated behaviors among inbred mouse strains.

The behavioral performance of inbred mouse strains was examined in animal models of anxiety to evaluate the potential contribution of genetic factors to fear-motivated behaviors. The preference that randomly bred mice and rats exhibit for the enclosed as opposed to the open arms of an elevated maze has been considered a fear-motivated behavior. Pronounced differences were observed in this measure among 16 inbred mouse strains. An estimate of the proportion of the variance attributable to between-strain differences, eta 2, revealed that 78% and 69% of the variance in time and number of entries in the open arms of an elevated maze, respectively, can be attributed to genetic factors. In contrast, only 27% and 42% of the variance could be attributed to between-strain differences in ambulatory activity in the open field and elevated maze, respectively. Furthermore, performance in the elevated maze was predictive of behavior in other animal models of anxiety. Thus, significant negative correlations were observed among inbred mouse strains between the percent time spent in the open arms of the elevated maze and amplitude of an acoustic startle response (rs = -0.88m P < 0.01) or latency to initiate chow consumption in a hyponeophagia paradigm (rs = -0.71, P < 0.05). These results indicate that genetic factors substantially contribute to fear motivated behaviors in these animal models of anxiety. The use of such inbred mouse strains may provide a novel approach to investigate the biochemical and genetic bases of fear.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Motivation and reinforcement in the systemic mechanisms of behavior: dynamic reinforcement engrams.

Materials are presented which suggest the interaction of motivation and reinforcement in the systemic organization of behavioral acts in individual brain neurons. It was demonstrated that immune mechanisms participate in the interaction of motivation and reinforcement. It is postulated that reinforcement during learning, by means of backward afferentation, forms molecular reinforcement engrams in the neuronal structures of the action outcome acceptor. The molecular reinforcement engrams are built by processes of the synthesis of DNA and protein molecules in ribosomes. These engrams, during the succeeding appearances of the corresponding needs, are activated by the dominant motivation and in anticipation direct animals toward the satisfaction of their initial needs.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Tolerance and selective cross-tolerance to the motivational effects of opioids.

The issue of whether tolerance develops to the motivational effects of opioids was addressed by use of an unbiased place preference conditioning procedure. Administration of the mu-opioid agonists morphine or fentanyl produced dose-related preferences for the drug-associated place in control rats. In contrast, the kappa-opioid agonist, U-69593 produced conditioned place aversions. Non-contingent administration of morphine (5.0 mg/kg/12 h) for 4 days prior to conditioning resulted in tolerance to its reinforcing effects, and cross-tolerance to the effects of fentanyl. No cross-tolerance to the motivational effects of the psychostimulant d-amphetamine or the kappa-opioid agonist U-69593 was observed. Chronic administration of U-69593 prior to conditioning produced tolerance to its aversive effects. This treatment did not, however, modify the reinforcement produced by morphine. These data demonstrate that tolerance develops to both the reinforcing and aversive properties of opioids and suggest that differential cross-tolerance may provide a useful method for determining the pharmacological basis underlying drug-induced motivational effects.

Analgesics↗