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PubMed1981

Seven MMPI alcohol and drug abuse scales: an empirical investigation of their interrelationships, convergent and discriminant validity, and degree of racial bias.

This study investigated the interrelationships, convergent and discriminant validity, and magnitude of racial differences on five Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) alcohol scales and two drug scales with youthful samples (mean age = 22.3 years) of heavy and moderate alcohol users, heavy and moderate drug users, and non-psychoactive-substance-using inmates at a federal correctional institution (n = 1,048). Five scales showed some degree of convergent or discriminant validity. Racial differences were observed on five scales with blacks scoring lower on all these scales except one.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Assessing the MMPI-based Cook-Medley Hostility Scale: the implications of dimensionality.

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory- (MMPI-) based Cook-Medley Hostility scale (Cook & Medley, 1954) historically has been used to investigate links between personality factors and health outcomes. We assessed the dimensionality of 27 Cook-Medley items previously found to predict mortality using full-information maximum likelihood factor analysis. The factor analyses revealed that these items serve as indicators for several constructs, with some factors apparently reflecting word usage rather than a meaningful psychological dimension. Our analyses indicate that the psychological meaning of these (sub)scales is ambiguous and differs according to the respondent's gender. The findings are discussed in the context of evidence to support the construct validity of the scale and the implications of dimensionality for making inferences concerning the link among scale scores, personality factors, and health outcomes.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Genetic and environmental influences on MMPI factor scales: joint model fitting to twin and adoption data.

In general, the shared family environment appears to play a negligible role in determining individual differences in personality and interests. Nevertheless, scattered reports of significant shared environmental influence on such variables appear in the literature. Using data from the Texas Adoption Project (TAP), the current study attempted to replicate twin study findings of significant shared environmental variance on four of nine Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) factor scales (Rose, 1988). Conventional behavioral genetic analyses of the adoption data agreed in affirming a significant shared environmental influence on individual differences in Religious Orthodoxy only. Subsequent simultaneous modeling of Rose's twin data and TAP adoption data resulted in three scales (Extraversion, Inadequacy, and Religious Orthodoxy) showing significant shared environmental influence. Again, effects were most substantial for Religious Orthodoxy, where the shared environment accounted for nearly 50% of the variance. It is argued that assortative mating cannot explain this finding.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Revising psychological tests: lessons learned from the revision of the MMPI.

Some types of psychological tests become dated and require more frequent and more extensive revision than others. Because of the formidable effort that is required in a test revision, the goals and scope of the revision need to be carefully staked out before a revision is undertaken. The revision team needs to develop a generally agreed-upon guiding philosophy for the test revision in the beginning of the project and incorporate broad input into the changes that are likely to be required. Factors important to consider in a test revision are discussed, and the parameters of personality test revision illustrated from the extensive program to revise the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) are included. Recommendations for gauging acceptance of the revision are suggested along with steps that revisers and publishers might take to make a test revision both more research based and more acceptable to test users.

Guidelines as Topic↗
PubMed2002

Underreporting of psychopathology on the MMPI-2: a meta-analytic review.

Meta-analytic techniques were applied to studies of the MMPI-2 in which participants given standard instructions were compared with participants instructed or believed to have been underreporting. Traditional and supplementary indices of underreporting yielded a mean effect size of 1.25, suggesting that underreporting respondents differ from those responding honestly by a little more than 1 standard deviation, on the average, on these scales. Analyses of classification accuracy suggested that several scales are moderately effective in detecting underreporting, although accuracy decreases if participants have been coached about validity scales. Base rates of defensive responding in relevant populations are reviewed, and methodological issues, including research designs, coaching, and incremental validity of supplementary underreporting scales, are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Typological analysis of MMPI personality patterns of drug dependent men.

This study replicated Types I and II of Berzins, Ross, English and Haley's (1974) initial typological research with a drug dependent sample. In this research, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) profiles of 447 drug dependent men were submitted to Johnson's (1967) hierarchical clustering procedure. The hierarchical clustering procedure yielded nine small but clinically meaningful personality subtypes. These types were compared to Berzin's (Berzins et al.) profiles and categorized into three diagnostic classes: character disorder, 42% of the sample; neurotic characters, 35% of the sample; and borderline disorder, 23% of the sample. The profiles were discussed with respect to the scale similarity and differences within the diagnostic class. The results were discussed, with implications for treatment and further research efforts with the drug dependent population.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

MMPI characteristics of professional prostitutes: a cross-cultural replication.

The personality characteristics of 41 professional prostitutes in Brussels, Belgium, were examined using either a French- or a Flemish-language version of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). A comparison group of 96 nonprostitute women was recruited from among employees of an international airline. Age differences within the prostitute group were also examined. In some contrast to prior research findings, the prostitute group was significantly more deviant on several indicators of psychopathology. Also, older prostitutes were more deviant than younger ones. An appreciable number of the women in this profession are in need of psychological treatment.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1990

Assessing MMPI constructs through the measurement of response latencies.

Responses to the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) were assessed with respect to their relevance to schema theory. The relation between scores on self-reported personality dimensions and the speed of processing test items associated with each dimension was examined. With previously derived factor analytic content scales, negative correlations were obtained between scale scores and mean latencies for endorsing relevant items, and positive correlations were found between scale scores and mean latencies for rejecting relevant items. A similar analysis completed on the traditional clinical scales revealed no such pattern. Results were interpreted as supporting the conceptualization of item responding as a content-based, schema-relevant process.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

MMPI characteristics of good and poor social problem-solvers among psychiatric patients.

In an attempt to delineate more precisely the relationship between problem-solving cognition in the social sphere and psychopathology, male (N = 83) and female (N = 107) psychiatric patients were divided into groups of good and poor problem-solvers on the Means-Ends Problem-Solving (MEPS) Procedure and contrasted on MMPI scales and indices of psychopathology. Poor problem-solvers among males, but not among females, were found to be (a) more clearly schizophrenic and socially inadequate, with significantly higher scores on the Pd, Sc, and Si scales; (b) more clearly psychotic on the Goldberg Index; and (c) more likely to have elevated F scale raw scores. The present findings explicate those of earlier studies in suggesting that male patients higher in social problem-solving ability are not only likely to be more socially competent, but also are more likely to be less severely impaired in terms of psychopathology. A possible explanation for the sex difference is that problem-solving cognition and psychopathology are not so directly related in females as in males.

Educational Status↗
PubMed1977

MacAndrew MMPI alcoholism scale: alcoholism and drug addictiveness.

MMPI Form R answer sheets of 222 successive black and white male inpatients referred for psychological testing in a VA general medical and surgical hospital were scored on the MacAndrew Alcoholism and the Cavior Heroin Addiction Scales. The MacAndrew Scale with 74% accuracy provided a practical screening device for identifying alcoholics. It did not significantly differentiate patients with a history of drug abuse from patients with a history of alcoholism. The Cavior He Scale was not so valid a screening device for identifying drug addicted patients in our total population. Each scale in a special way seems to be measuring a "general addictive propensity."

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1979

Renal patients and their MMPI profiles.

Three groups of patients on renal dialysis, largely veterans in VA Hospitals, were, by means of MMPI profiles, compared with one another, with a group of predialysis renal patients, one third of whom were veterans, and with Mayo Clinic general medical patients. There was remarkable similarity between the mean profiles of the renal patients, which reflected in Caldwell's view, a profound fear of death and of helplessness, and a sense of catastrophic loss of bodily functions--greater than that found in general medical patients. Data suggest that the East Orange renal dialysis group (N = 77), older, more variable, and longer on dialysis, manifested a greater sense of personal distress than was found in the other renal groups.

Female↗
PubMed2001

Assessment of suicidal ideation in young men and women: the incremental validity of the MMPI-2 content scales.

This study of 139 women and 75 men investigated the incremental validity of the MMPI-2 in assessing suicidal ideation by examining the unique contribution of the 15 content scales beyond what is provided by the 13 basic validity and clinical scales. A multivariate analysis of variance resulted in a significant difference on the validity, clinical, and content scales for young men and women. Women scored significantly higher than men on the Hypochondriasis, Depression, Conversion Hysteria, and Masculinity-Femininity scales and lower than men on the Hypomania, Fears, Anger, and Type A scales. The results of the hierarchical regression analyses indicated that for women, hopelessness and reasons for living; the Correction, Paranoia, Conversion Hysteria, Psychopathic Deviate, and Hypomania scales; and the Anger content scale contributed significantly to the prediction of suicidal ideation. For men, hopelessness, the Lie and Hypomania scales, and the Type A content scale contributed significantly to the prediction of suicidal ideation. Thus, it would appear that a different pattern of concerns and difficulties are manifested in young men and women related to suicidal ideation. Limitations of the present study and future directions for research are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Meta-analysis of the MMPI-2 fake bad scale: utility in forensic practice.

Some clinical researchers disagree regarding the clinical utility of the MMPI-2 Fake Bad scale (FBS ) within forensic and clinical settings. The present meta-analysis summarizes weighted effect size differences among the FBS and other commonly used validity scales (L, F, K, Fb, Fp, F-K, O-S, Ds2, Dsr2 ) in symptom overreporting and comparison groups. Forty studies that included FBS were identified through exploration of online databases, perusal of published references, and communication with primary authors. Nineteen of the 40 studies met restrictive inclusion criteria, resulting in a pooled sample size of 3664 (1615 overreporting participants and 2049 comparison participants). The largest grand effect sizes were observed for FBS (.96), followed by O-S (.88), Dsr2 (.79), F-K (.69), and the F- scale (.63). Significant within-scale variability was observed for seven validity scales, including FBS (Q = 119.11, p < .001). Several subsequent FBS moderator analyses yielded moderate to large effect sizes and were statistically significant for level of cognitive effort, type of overreporting comparison group, and condition associated with overreporting (e.g., traumatic brain injury, posttraumatic stress, chronic pain). Findings suggest that the FBS performs as well as, if not superior to, other validity scales in discriminating overreporting and comparison groups; the preponderance of the present literature supports the scale's use within forensic settings.

Forensic Medicine↗
PubMed2006

Sensitivity and specificity of MMPI-2 validity scales and indicators to malingered neurocognitive dysfunction in traumatic brain injury.

The present study used a known-groups design to determine the classification accuracy of 10 MMPI-2 validity scales and indicators in the detection of cognitive malingering in traumatic brain injury. Participants were 259 traumatic brain injury and 133 general clinical patients seen for neuropsychological evaluation. The TBI patients were subdivided into groups based on a comprehensive examination of effort following Slick, Sherman, and Iverson's (1999) criteria. More extreme scores demonstrated excellent specificity; often impressive sensitivity was seen even while maintaining a low false positive error rate. Specificity was good even in stroke, memory disorder, and psychiatric patients without incentive. The results of this study are presented in frequency tables that can be easily referenced in clinical practice.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Incremental validity of the MMPI-2 Content Scales: a preliminary study with brain-injured patients.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the usefulness of the MMPI-2 Content Scales among traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients. DESIGN: Hierarchical stepwise regression analyses with the SCL-90-R scales as the criterion variables were conducted to determine the incremental validity of the Content Scales beyond the information provided by the Clinical Scales. PARTICIPANTS: 27 persons with moderate to severe TBI who had been discharged to the community from inpatient rehabilitation between 6 months and 4 years before the beginning of the study. RESULTS: The Content Scales accounted for an additional 4% to 36% of the variance of SCL-90-R scales beyond that predicted by the Clinical Scales. CONCLUSIONS: Interpretation of the Content Scales may be particularly valuable with TBI patients, because they provide an additional avenue for the identification of distressing symptoms.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Relationship of MMPI cluster type, pain coping strategy, and treatment outcome.

The purposes of the present study of chronic pain patients were to (a) assess whether cognitive and behavioral coping style is related to personality factors, (b) assess how coping styles differ across personality types, and (c) assess how outpatient interdisciplinary intervention affects the coping styles of various personality types. Four MMPI clusters (Depression/Pathological, V-type, Marginal Depression, and Marginal V-type) were derived using a hierarchical clustering procedure. Seventy subjects also completed the Coping Strategies Questionnaire before and after a 3-week outpatient pain management program. Pretreatment analyses indicated the Depression/Pathological and Marginal Depression groups used diverting attention less than either V-type group. The V-type group reported using praying/hoping significantly more than either of the marginal groups. At posttreatment the Depression/Pathological group used catastrophizing significantly more than either of the marginal groups. Results of pre-post analyses indicated that the Depression/Pathological group increased their use of diverting attention, reinterpreting pain sensations, and ignoring pain sensations, while decreasing catastrophizing. The V-type group increased their use of reinterpreting pain sensations, while decreasing praying/hoping and catastrophizing. Neither of the Marginal subtypes showed significant pre-post changes in coping strategies. These results suggest that different personality types use different pain coping strategies prior to multidisciplinary treatment. Groups showing more severe psychological distress, perhaps related to an underlying personality disorder, displayed greater changes in coping strategies with treatment, but remained more dysfunctional after treatment. These findings suggest that the alteration of coping strategies may be an important treatment effect needing more individualization to maximize treatment response.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1977

WAIS and MMPI correlates of the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychology Battery in normal male subjects.

Two groups, each consisting of 24 normal young men, were given the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychology Battery and additional tests of intellectual and personality functioning, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale, and the Cornell Medical Index. The test (and subtest) scores were intercorrelated. No significant correlations were found between any of the personality tests and any of the subtests of the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychology Battery. Most of the WAIS measures likewise failed to correlate with the Halstead-Reitan measures in the two samples. The exceptions were the Digit Span and Block Design subtests and the Performance Scale IG score on the WAIS which did correlate with some of the subtests from the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychology Battery. The findings with normal subjects reported in this paper, in contrast with findings with psychopathological and brain-damaged groups of subjects reported by others, indicate that for Ss in the top half of the population in education and WAIS FSIQ, individual differences in scores on the WAIS, the MMPI, TMAS, and CMI do not materially influence performance on the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychology Battery Measures.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

A symptom profile of patients with multiple personalities, including MMPI results.

Patients with multiple personalities are excellent hypnotic subjects, a capability demonstrated both clinically and on a standard hypnotizability test. They tend to experience a plethora of symptoms associated with anxiety states, hysteria, obsessional neuroses, phobic states, depression and mania, schizophrenia, alcoholism, sociopathy, and hyperactivity--although there are exceptions to this profile. Both males and females suffer from this disability, and an MMPI profile for female multiples is described.

Adult↗