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[Medical service for the rural population].
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[Klemens Maleszewski--the pioneer of electroshock therapy in Polish psychiatry].
On the grounds of Lithuanian and Russian archival materials unpublished so far, the paper presents the professional activity and psychiatric views of Klemens Maleszewski (1798-1873), who was the head of Vilnius's Asylum in 1837-1864. The time of 50s and 60s of the 19th century was a period of increasing attention about metallotherapy and electrotherapy. Above all, these methods were used in the treatment of cholera. Maleszewski conducted researches on the use of galvanic current and metallotherapy not only in cholera treatment, but also in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. He implemented successful electroshock therapy in a 35-year-old catatonic patient in 1861.
Variability of the human mitochondrial DNA control region sequences in the Lithuanian population.
The Lithuanians and Latvians are the only two Baltic cultures that survived until today. Since the Neolithic period the native inhabitants of the present-day Lithuanian territory have not been replaced by any other ethnic group. Therefore the genetic characterization of the present-day Lithuanians may shed some light on the early history of the Balts. We have analysed 120 DNA samples from two Lithuanian ethnolinguistic groups (Aukstaiciai and Zemaiciai) by direct sequencing of the first hypervariable segment (HVI) of the control region of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and restriction enzyme digestion for polymorphic site 00073. On the basis of specific nucleotide substitutions the obtained sequences were classified to mtDNA haplogroups. This revealed the presence of almost all European haplogroups (except X) in the Lithuanian sample, including those that expanded through Europe in the Palaeolithic and those whose expansion occurred during the Neolithic. Molecular diversity indices (gene diversity 0.97, nucleotide diversity 0.012 and mean number of pairwise differences 4.5) were within the range usually reported in European populations. No significant differences between Aukstaiciai and Zemaiciai subgroups were found, but some slight differences need further investigation.
[Continuity of treatment of patients with tuberculosis].
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[Chronic whiplash syndrome--an overview].
In some countries a seemingly large number of patients suffer from chronic whiplash syndrome, whereas in other countries whiplash is not known or is considered to give only moderate symptoms over a brief period of time. In this paper, this discrepancy is accounted for by a biopsychosocial model, a central element of which is the existence of a large pool of spontaneously occurring symptoms in the population, among them head and neck pain. By the mechanisms of attribution, expectation ("nocebo") and reinforcement, common symptoms may be experienced by the patient as caused exclusively by a mild or moderate trauma. Inappropriate behaviour and harmful treatment may worsen and prolong symptoms. To this one should add the effects of conscious exaggeration of symptoms, under-performance in neuropsychological testing, and underreporting of pre-accident symptoms in a medico-legal context. When assessing litigation claims, it is emphasised that a causal relation between common whiplash injuries and chronic complaints has not been demonstrated; a causal relationship can be accepted in exceptional cases only if a set of minimal criteria are fulfilled.
[Incidence of allergic dermatoses among the rural population of the Lithuanian SSR].
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A short information on Lithuanian National Committee on Biomedical Ethics.
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[Study of the demand for psychotropic preparations utilizing computer technology].
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[Differential mortality by sex in the Baltic Basin].
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[Organization of rehabilitative treatment of patients with myocardial infarct].
Purposeful continuous comprehensive rehabilitation of myocardial infarction patients is impossible without centralization. The authors share their long-term experience in arranging and running such a centralized stage-wise system of rehabilitation and secondary prophylaxis. All the stages (specialized hospital department -- post-hospital center -- sanatorium -- outpatient dispensary center) are manned with cardiologists, specialists in kinesitherapy and functional diagnosis, psychologists. All the measures are coordinated by persons responsible for the particular stages of rehabilitation. When the patients return to their professional activities, the state of their cardiovascular system is controlled at work, and ECG is recorded during the working hours. The well-coordinated work of all the links of this rehabilitation system permitted to achieve 91.7% restoration of the capacity for work in patients of a pre-retirement age who have survived myocardial infarction. In order to make scientifically substantiated conclusions on the effect of rehabilitation and secondary prophylaxis on the prognosis of the patients joint efforts of several centers are necessary, as well as standardizing all the studies, unification of the criteria of assessment of the patients' state and of the efficacy of the measures taken. This would serve as a foundation for the creation of a rehabilitation system suitable for the practical health services.
Demographic upheavals in the former USSR.
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How professional associations can influence reproductive health care.
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Population change in the former Soviet Republics.
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The genetic diversity of barley cultivars from the Baltic States and Belarus, as determined by RAMPs.
A Random Amplified Microsatellite Polymorphism (RAMP) analysis was carried out on 30 barley cultivars from the Baltic states and Belarus. Seven primer combinations produced 60 polymorphic DNA fragments ranging in size from 54 b to 400 b. A Genetic Distance coefficient (GDxy) matrix was generated and a dendrogram constructed using cluster analysis of the unweighted pair-group method of arithmetic averages (UPGMA). The genetic distance between cultivars ranged from 0.067 to 0.714. The results were compared with available pedigree information. The dendrogram did not indicate any clear pattern of division among the barley cultivars based on geographic origin.
[Good drug distribution practice and its implementation in drug distribution companies].
Good Distribution Practice is based on the Directive of the Board of the European Community 92/25/EEC regarding the wholesale distribution of drugs for human consumption. It is stated in the Directive that the whole drug distribution channel is to be controlled from the point of drug production or import down to the supplies to the end user. In order to reach the goal, the drug distribution company must create the quality assurance system and facilitate its correct functioning. This aim requires development of the rules of the Good Distribution Practice. Those rules set the general requirements of the Good Distribution Practice for distribution companies that they must conduct. The article explains main requirements postulated in the rules of the Good Distribution Practice and implementation of the Good Distribution Practice requirements in drug distribution companies.
[Trends in the development of atherosclerosis in Kaunas population].
The trends of development of atherosclerosis were evaluated by comparing the epidemiological morphological data from the seventh decade (first study, 1962-1965) and the tenth decade (second study, 1991-1993) of the 20th century. The first study included arteries from 818 patients (422 men and 396 women); whereas the second study included arteries from 1252 patients (958 men and 294 women). We have observed an age-independent increase in frequency and extent of the raised atherosclerotic lesions in aortas and coronary arteries of Kaunas men in the second study. Thus, the atherosclerosis has become more severe. The trends of development of atherosclerosis in aortas of Kaunas women were similar to those of men, but the atherosclerosis of coronary arteries did not progress until the fifth decade of life (the frequency of fibrous plaques in the left anterior descending artery was even lower, p < 0.05), and the area of raised lesions became larger only in the sixth-seventh decades. During the latter 20-30 years, the area of raised atherosclerotic lesions of abdominal aortas also increased in men in Riga, Tallinn, Tartu, Yalta, and elder men in Malmö as well as in Kaunas and Malmö women, aged 40-59.
[Prevalence of congenital heart defects in the newborn and infants: mortality in the City of Kaunas, 1995-1998].
This study presents the results of analysis of congenital heart malformations (CHM) prevalence, lethality and mortality of newborns with CHM in 1995-1998 in Kaunas city. According to official data, 131 CHM cases were registered in delivery hospitals using statistical forms 066. We conducted a validated registry in all children outpatient hospitals and in Neonatology division of Kaunas University of Medicine. We registered additional 53 CHM cases, which made up an increase by 28.8 percent. The prevalence of CHM increased from 7.5 to 10.6 per 1000 livebirths. Mortality of infants, born with CHM was 2.36 per 1000 livebirths, while lethality was 22.3 percent per year.