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PubMed1991

Fetal lateral ventricle choroid plexus cysts: the dilemma of amniocentesis.

Although lateral ventricle choroid plexus cysts in the second-trimester fetus have been considered a benign developmental phenomenon of no clinical significance, an association with trisomy 18 has been suggested. We designed a prospective study to determine whether karyotype analysis is indicated when such cysts are encountered on prenatal sonogram. During a 20-month period, 5400 low-risk pregnant women were examined sonographically in the second trimester to evaluate the prevalence of fetal lateral ventricle choroid plexus cysts and the incidence of ultrasonographic anomalies associated with such cysts in fetuses with trisomy 18 referred from cytogenetic laboratories. Thirty cases of fetal lateral ventricle choroid plexus cysts (0.6%) were detected during the study period; 28 newborns were normal and two had trisomy 18. One of the affected infants had other associated ultrasonographic abnormalities suggesting aneuploidy, whereas no detectable abnormalities could be found in the other. Three other pregnant women were referred to us from the cytogenetics services because fetal karyotype revealed trisomy 18; in all three cases lateral ventricle choroid plexus cysts and other sonographic abnormalities were observed. In total, we scanned five fetuses with trisomy 18, of which all had lateral ventricle choroid plexus cysts and four had associated detectable anomalies. We could not find any association between cyst size, number, or laterality and trisomy 18. In addition to the five cases of trisomy 18 described, we found 33 other fetuses reported with trisomy 18 in the second trimester; of this total, 25 (66%) had lateral ventricle choroid plexus cysts and 30% had no other detectable abnormalities.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Descending control of electroreception. I. Properties of nucleus praeeminentialis neurons projecting indirectly to the electrosensory lateral line lobe.

The first-order CNS processing region within the electrosensory system, the electrosensory lateral line lobe, receives massive descending inputs from the nucleus praeeminentialis as well as the primary afferent projection. The n. praeeminentialis receives its input from the electrosensory lateral line lobe as well as from higher centers; hence this nucleus occupies an important position in a feedback loop within the electrosensory system. This report describes the physiological properties of a category of n. praeeminentialis neurons characterized by very high spontaneous firing frequency, but relatively poor sensitivity to electrolocation targets as compared to neurons in the electrosensory lateral line lobe. These neurons are specialized to encode long-term changes in electric organ discharge amplitude with high resolution. Intracellular recording and Lucifer yellow staining of these neurons show that they are the previously described multipolar neurons of the n. praeeminentialis, and they project bilaterally to the posterior eminentia granularis. Posterior eminentia granularis efferents project to the electrosensory lateral line lobe forming its dorsal molecular layer. Hence, these multipolar cells influence the electrosensory lateral line lobe circuitry indirectly. The information that the multipolar cells encode regarding the electric organ discharge amplitude may be needed for a gain control mechanism operative within the electrosensory lateral line lobe. Previous studies have shown that the indirect projection from the n. praeeminentialis to the electrosensory lateral line lobe must be intact for this gain control mechanism to operate.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

The lateral arm fascial free flap: its anatomy and use in reconstruction.

Free fascial transfer has been used for reconstruction of gliding surfaces of the upper and lower extremities or when thin, pliable coverage is required (hand, heel, nose, and ear). In our experience with the lateral arm fasciocutaneous flap, we have found that the fascia alone is an excellent source of tissue for free flap transfer. A thorough investigation of the microscopic, gross, and radiographic anatomy of the lateral arm fascia was undertaken by the study of 25 fresh cadavers. Vascular pathways were mapped, their locations were analyzed, and then they were correlated with the elevation, design, and transfer of the flap. The lateral arm has a large fascial component located anterior and posterior to the lateral intermuscular septum, which itself lies between the triceps and the brachialis and brachioradialis muscles. It is perfused by the posterior radial collateral artery (PRCA), one of the terminal branches of the profunda brachii. This vessel (PRCA) provides at least four fascial branches from 1 to 15 cm proximal to the lateral epicondyle, the largest of which is located an average of 9.7 cm superior to the lateral epicondyle. Fascia up to 12 x 9 cm may be used with good axial perfusion. The histologic cross sections demonstrate the complex anatomy of the fascia itself, as well as its relation to the nutrient vessels. We have applied the lateral arm fascial flap in five cases of upper extremity reconstruction. We have also found this flap valuable in preservation of underlying anatomic detail for total reconstruction of the ear and nose when local tissue and more conventional flaps were not available.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Central projections of the lateral line nerves of Chelon labrosus (teleosts, order Perciformes).

The central projections of the anterior and posterior lateral line nerves were studied in the advanced teleost Chelon labrosus using silver staining techniques and anterograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. The anterior lateral line nerve consists of two separated roots, dorsal and ventral. Both roots form descending and ascending tracts ending ipsilaterally in the octavolateral area and the granular eminence of the cerebellum. The posterior lateral line nerve enters the medulla oblongata in a single root originating ascending and descending tracts. Most of its fibres end in the octavolateral area whereas others reach the granular eminence dorsally to the anterior lateral line fibres. Contralateral projections of the lateral line nerves were not found. Lateral line fibres course below the cerebellar crest of the octavolateral area. They were never found ascending to the cerebellar crests as climbing-like fibres. The two neuron types found in the lateral are, Purkinje-like and oval shaped cells, have a different distribution pattern.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1989

[Internal lateral sphincterectomy. Results].

In January 1986 we initiated a prospective study in our center to evaluate the results of surgery in patients with anal fissure. Three groups were considered according to type of surgery: internal lateral sphincterotomy (ELI), lateral sphincterotomy and resection of cutaneous fibroma (ELI + FC), and sphincterotomy with hemorrhoidectomy (E + H). The basic objective was to evaluate postoperative pain, days of hospitalization and out-patient follow-up, complications and number of recurrences. Postoperative pain occurred in 12% of internal lateral sphincterotomies, in 42% of lateral sphincterotomies with resection of cutaneous fibroma in 50% of sphincterotomies with hemorrhoidectomy, as measured by the number of patients who requested analgesics. The hospital stay was similar in the first two groups (96 and 90% less than 24 hours) and longer in the third (50% greater than 24 hours). Out-patient follow-up was limited to one visit in 90% of internal lateral sphincterotomies, while 85% of internal lateral sphincterotomies + fibroma resection required more than two visits and 100% of sphincterotomies with hemorrhoidectomy needed three or more. Nine percent of those operated had mild complications like low fever, ecchymoses, fistula or wound infection. No patient presented incontinence or recurrence of the fissure. We conclude that internal lateral sphincterotomy is an ideal procedure for the treatment of anal fissure and, if possible, additional surgery should be avoided, however insignificant it may appear.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[The lateral capsule sign in the traumatized knee joint].

The lateral capsular sign is a simple radiographic finding visible on routine anteroposterior knee x-ray near the tibial articular surface at the lateral point of the lateral tibial plateau. The lateral capsular sign is a flake of bone superior and posterior to the insertion of the iliotibial tract, and represents an avulsion of the meniscotibial portion of the lateral capsular ligament. A positive lateral capsular sign implies disruption of the lateral capsule and a tear of the anterior cruciate ligament. These findings are illustrated by clinical examples.

Humans↗
PubMed1985

Effect of electrical and chemical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus on taste preferences.

Bipolar stainless steel electrodes or stainless steel cannulas were implanted stereotaxically into the lateral hypothalamus of rats. Drinking was elicited by electrical or chemical (carbachol or angiotensin II) stimulation of animals, which were offered water and solutions of sodium chloride, saccharin, acetic acid and quinine. During electrical stimulation, ingestion of water and of all the solutions increased significantly. The same rats ingested significantly more sodium chloride and saccharin solution after 23 h water deprivation and electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus. Carbachol administered into the lateral hypothalamus induced ingestion of saccharin solution and water but not of sodium chloride. Angiotensin II injected into the lateral hypothalamus did not induce drinking in most of the rats and those which drank preferred sodium chloride, saccharin and water. Several of the rats which did not respond to angiotensin II injection into the lateral hypothalamus, 72 h after angiotensin II responded to injection of carbachol by drinking the saccharin solution. The results of electrical stimulation suggest that the lateral hypothalamus consists of neurons involved in the ingestion of primary taste solutions. Depending on the functional state of the organism, lateral hypothalamic stimulation modifies ingestion of other taste substances but not of salt, as indicated by water deprivation. Chemical stimulation indicates that the neurotransmitter responsible for salt intake is not cholinergic and that the cholinergic neurons evoke preference for sweet taste and water. It appears that angiotensin II is involved in salt intake, as well as in producing preference for sweet taste and water.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed1988

[Lateral coordinate of the thalamic Vim neurons in the cases with dilated third ventricle].

Precise radiographical measurement of the third ventricle in the first and essential procedure in stereotaxic surgery in order to determine the target point. This is done while referring to an available standard brain atlas such as Schaltenbrand & Bailey. However there have been no criteria established for determining the deviation of the coordinates of the thalamic nuclei, especially in their lateral coordinates when the third ventricle is highly dilated. Therefore, in 109 cases encountered recently (81 parkinsonism, 11 essential tremor, 10 cerebral palsy, 3 thalamic pain, 1 Benedikt's syndrome, 1 torticollis, 1 oral dyskinesia, 1 striato-nigral degeneration), we studied the correlation between the width of the third ventricle and the lateral coordinate of the thalamic point where kinesthetic neurons or tremor-synchronously discharging neurons were detected. These neurons were especially related to the arm. According to the width of the third ventricle, we classified the cases into three types: 18 cases with large ventricles (more than 10 mm), 37 cases with medium-sized ventricles (4-10 mm) and 16 cases with small ventricles (less than 4 mm). By plotting the lateral coordinate of the thalamic point where kinesthetic neuron of the upper extremity was recorded in reference to the radiogram of anteroposterior view, we found that the lateral coordinates of large ventricular cases generally tended to show more lateral displacement than cases where the ventricles were narrower. Their mean lateral coordinate was 16.9 mm from midline in contrast ot 14.0 mm in cases with small ventricular width. There was a linear correlation between the width of the third ventricle and the lateral coordinate of the kinesthetic neuron of the Vim nucleus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Brain Mapping↗
PubMed1987

Integration between the lateral preoptic area and subfornical organ in the regulation of water intake and hemodynamics in the rat.

1. The injection of a hypertonic saline solution (0.2 M NaCl) into the lateral preoptic area of the rat produced an increase in water intake that was further increased by the injection of angiotensin II (4 ng) into the subfornical organ. An increase in arterial pressure was also observed. Increase in heart rate was noted after injection of 0.2 M NaCl into the lateral preoptic area. 2. The injection of hypertonic NaCl into the subfornical organ increased water intake and the injection of 4 ng of angiotensin II into the lateral preoptic area augmented this effect. The injection of 0.2 M NaCl into the subfornical organ did not affect blood pressure or heart rate, whereas the injection of angiotensin II into the lateral preoptic area resulted in an increase in these parameters. 3. Intravenous perfusion of angiotensin II (40 ng microliters-1 min-1) caused increased water intake, arterial pressure and heart rate. Dehydration of the lateral preoptic area by 0.2 M NaCl resulted in a summation of effects for water intake alone. 4. Intravenous perfusion with 0.5 M NaCl caused an increase in water intake which was further increased after the injection of angiotensin II (4 ng) into the subfornical organ and angiotensin II (4 ng) into the lateral preoptic area. Arterial pressure and heart rate also increased, remaining unchanged when angiotensin II was injected into the subfornical organ or into the lateral preoptic area. 5. These results suggest interactions between the two areas in the regulation of cardiovascular and thirst mechanisms. However, cardiovascular regulation and the regulation of body fluids may be stimulated by physiological responses to separate mechanisms.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed1987

Supine cross-table lateral chest roentgenogram for the detection of pericardial effusion.

We performed a prospective, blinded, controlled study to test the hypothesis that supine cross-table lateral chest roentgenograms might have an advantage over conventional lateral chest roentgenograms for the detection of pericardial effusion using the epicardial fat stripe sign. In comparison with echocardiography as the gold standard, we found that supine cross-table lateral chest roentgenograms had greater sensitivity (51%) for pericardial effusions than conventional lateral chest roentgenograms (sensitivity, 31%). Specificity was essentially the same for both techniques. A large pericardial effusion was more readily detected by supine cross-table lateral chest roentgenograms (86%) than by the conventional lateral chest roentgenograms (36%). We conclude that a supine cross-table lateral chest roentgenogram should be included in the evaluation of patients with suspected pericardial effusion or in patients in whom a large cardiac silhouette is detected on a standard chest roentgenogram.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1986

Value of the lateral radiologic view of the chest in children with acute pulmonary illness.

Although expert committees have questioned the usefulness of lateral radiologic views of the chest without specific indications, many physicians commonly order both posteroanterior and lateral views in assessing pediatric patients who have signs and symptoms of acute chest disease. To investigate the usefulness of lateral view in children, three experienced physicians independently reviewed and interpreted the posteroanterior view alone and the posteroanterior and lateral views for 179 children 1 to 10 years of age. The films were made between 1980 and 1982 at McMaster University Medical Centre, Hamilton, Ont. A high level of agreement was found between the interpretations based on the posteroanterior view alone and those based on both views. Addition of the lateral view did not improve agreement between the interpretations and the final hospital chart radiologic diagnosis in a clinically significant manner, nor did the lateral view improve the accuracy of localization of radiologic abnormalities. Obtaining a lateral view whenever radiologic examination of the chest is indicated but when specific indications are lacking is unlikely to prove useful to experienced physicians in diagnosing and managing acute pulmonary illness in children.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1983

Acoustic chiasm: efferent projections of the lateral superior olive.

The efferent connections of the cat's lateral superior olive (LSO) were examined first with kainic acid-induced anterograde degeneration and tritiated leucine autoradiography and then by systematic repetition of HRP and fluorescent dye retrograde tract-tracing techniques. The results show that virtually all LSO cells have axons ascending either contralaterally or ipsilaterally to high pontine and midbrain levels of the brainstem. Most terminate in the ventrolateral division of either the ipsilateral or contralateral central nucleus of the inferior colliculus, some terminate in the ipsilateral or contralateral dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, and a small number terminate in the ipsilateral intermediate nucleus of the lateral lemniscus. Only a small proportion (less than 5%) of LSO cells project to both sides via axon collaterals. The ipsilateral, contralateral, and bilateral projections arise from three overlapping subpopulations of cells within LSO: Those projecting ipsilaterally are concentrated in its lateral limb; those projecting contralaterally are concentrated in its medial limb; the few projecting bilaterally are thinly scattered throughout. Therefore, a lateral-medial gradient is present across LSO based on the laterality of its cell's efferent targets. This gradient parallels LSO's tonotopic gradient: The higher the characteristic frequency of an LSO cell, the more likely it is to project contralaterally. This arrangement of LSO's ascending projections, with most of its lateral cells projecting ipsilaterally and most of its medial cells projecting contralaterally, is similar to the arrangement of the optic chiasm in animals with overlapping eye-fields. Its presence seems to provide an anatomical basis for some recent electrophysiological and behavioral reports of chiasm-like properties of the superior olivary complex.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

[Morphology and clinical aspect of the lateral ligaments of the ankle joint (author's transl)].

The direction of movement and the range of movement of a joint are determined by the lengths of the ligaments and the positions of their origins and insertions. It follows that any operation which alters the length of a ligament or moves one of its points of attachment is unphysiological. Reconstruction should be carried out with due regard to the normal anatomy. In the ankle joint, for example, the tip of the lateral malleolus should be left free of ligamentary insertions. Until now, anatomical illustrations have shown the lateral ligaments of the ankle joint to be attached to the anterior border of the fibula and to its anterior and lateral surface. All the older illustrations emphasize a band of fibers which passes directly from the neck of the talus to the calcaeus. This band varies in thickness and always forms the base of the triangle formed by the anterior talofibular ligament and the calcaneofibular ligament. Examination of surgical specimens and amputated ankle joints shows that the lateral tip of the fibula is free of ligamentary insertions. The lateral fibular ligaments are attached to the distal end of the fibula around the border of the cartilaginous foint surface. The only fibers which are derived from the lateral surface are those from the periosteum. This fact is of considerable importance in reconstructive surgery of the ankle joint, since strong ligamentary insertions which surround the lateral surface of the fibula necessarily oppose rotation or screw-like movement of the fibula about its longitudinal axis.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Lateral pterygoid muscle and the temporomandibular disc.

This anatomic study examines the attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle to the capsule and disc of the temporomandibular joint. The anatomy of the temporomandibular joint and its surroundings, in particular the insertion of the superior head of the lateral pterygoid muscle, was studied by dissection and conventional histologic techniques. The material consisted of 16 cadaver specimens from individuals 60 years or older. The results showed that only a part of the superior head of the lateral pterygoid muscle is attached to the anterior portion of the capsule, which, in turn, is firmly attached to the disc, giving the impression that the muscle and the disc are directly connected. All specimens showed attachment of the superior head of the lateral pterygoid muscle to the anterior medial portion of the capsule, but they showed varying degrees of attachment to the lateral aspect of the temporomandibular joint capsule. The remaining part of the superior head of the lateral pterygoid muscle attached to the mandibular condyle. Serial sectioning in no instance showed direct insertion into the disc of the fibers of the superior head of the lateral pterygoid muscle.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Anatomy of C7 lateral mass and projection of pedicle axis on its posterior aspect.

A specimen study focused on the measurements of C7 lateral mass and pedicle as well as the projection of pedicle axis on the posterior aspect of the lateral mass was done, based on 56 whole clean, dry, well-preserved spines of skeletally mature adults, 32 males and 24 females. Lateral mass widths averaged 11.7 mm. Lateral mass heights averaged 14.8 mm. The average thickness of the lateral mass was 6.8 mm. The average pedicle widths were 6.2 mm, and the average heights were 7.0 mm. Small, but statistically significant differences were found between the averages of the aforementioned dimensions in the male and female groups. The angulation between pedicle axis and the posterior aspect of the lateral mass averaged 107.0 degrees in the transverse plane and 76.2 degrees in the sagittal plane, respectively. Differences in angulations were not significant when compared according to side or sex of group. Distances from the projection point of pedicle axis to a line passing through the mid-line of the transverse process ranged from 2 mm superior to the line to 4.5 mm inferior, with an average 1.2 mm inferior on right side and 0.3 mm inferior on the left. Distances from the pedicular axial projection point to the outer margin of the lateral mass ranged from 0.0 mm to 5.4 mm, with an average 2.4 mm on the right side and 2.9 mm on the left side. Differences of distance related to left or right side were statistically significant, whereas the distances when related to the sex of the group were not.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Type 4a metabotropic glutamate receptor: identification of new potent agonists and differentiation from the L-(+)-2-amino-4-phosphonobutanoic acid-sensitive receptor in the lateral perforant pathway in rats.

Before the discovery of the metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), the glutamate analogue L-2-amino-4-phosphonobutanoic acid (L-AP4) was identified as a potent presynaptic inhibitor of evoked synaptic transmission in the lateral perforant pathway in rats. The localization and L-AP4 sensitivity of the mGluR4a subtype of mGluRs were consistent with the hypothesis that this receptor mediates the synaptic depressant effects of L-AP4 in the lateral perforant pathway. In the present study, the pharmacology of mGluR4a expressed in baby hamster kidney 570 cells was characterized and compared with that previously reported for the lateral perforant pathway responses. The endogenous excitatory amino acid L-aspartate was inactive at mGluR4a, whereas L-homocysteic acid was only 5-fold less potent than L-glutamate. These data suggest that L-homocysteic acid may be an endogenous agonist at mGluR4a. Of the 30 L-AP4 analogues examined, several compounds were identified as agonists at mGluR4a. The cyclopropyl-AP4 analogue (Z)-(+/-)-2-amino-2,3-methano-4-phosphonobutanoic acid inhibited forskolin-stimulated cAMP production with an EC50 of 0.58 microM, which is comparable to that of L-AP4 (EC50 = 0.43 microM). Two other cyclic analogues of L-AP4 were approximately 10-fold less potent as agonists at mGluR4a, i.e., (+/-)-1-amino-3-(phosphonomethylene)cyclobutanecarboxylic acid (EC50 = 4.4 microM) and (E)-(+/-)-2-amino-2,3-methano-4-phosphonobutanoic acid (EC50 = 7.9 microM). Comparison of the potencies of the compounds for activation of mGluR4a with their potencies for inhibition of lateral perforant pathway responses demonstrates that some compounds have comparable activities in the two systems, whereas several compounds are at least 10-fold more potent in one of the systems. In addition, although the mGluR antagonist (+)-alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine blocked the effects of L-AP4 in the lateral perforant pathway, it did not block the effects of L-AP4 at the cloned receptor. These data provide evidence that mGluR4a does not mediate the effects of L-AP4 in the lateral perforant pathway, they provide new tools to identify the function of these receptors in the mammalian central nervous system, and they indicate that the effects of L-AP4 in the lateral perforant pathway are mediated by a (+)-alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine-sensitive receptor.

Aminobutyrates↗
PubMed1994

Temporal tuning and the development of lateral interactions in the human visual system.

PURPOSE: The authors examined the development of lateral interactions between neurons in the human visual system through the use of visual evoked potentials (VEPs) elicited by windmill-dartboard stimuli. Previously, these VEPs have revealed two distinct types of lateral interactions (short-range and long-range) in adults. This study aims to track the development of these interactions in the first 6 months of life. METHOD: Windmill-dartboard stimuli were generated by a computer-controlled visual stimulator and presented on an oscilloscope display. VEPs to these stimuli were obtained from a group of human infants between 14 days and 6 months of age and from a group of adults who served as a basis for comparison. Fourier analysis was used to retrieve amplitude and phase measures of the relevant frequency components of the response. RESULTS: Amplitude measures of the VEP components elicited by the windmill-dartboard stimulus showed that the attenuation of the second harmonic frequency component (reflecting long-range lateral interactions) was essentially adultlike at all temporal frequencies for the majority of infants. In contrast, the amplitude of the fundamental frequency component (thought to reflect short-range lateral interactions) exhibited a low-pass temporal tuning function in infants that differed dramatically from adults. Additional immaturities were observable in the phase of the fundamental component of the infant VEPs. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence for the presence of some degree of lateral interaction was seen in even the youngest infant. Long-range lateral interactions appear to mature rapidly in infancy, whereas short-range lateral interactions show a much longer developmental time-course, and their properties are dependent on temporal frequency.

Contrast Sensitivity↗
PubMed1993

[Pathological Doppler uterine readings when the placenta is laterally situated].

We carried out a retrospective study on 96 patients whose uterine waveforms were abnormal, in order to determine if a laterally located placenta further increased this risk. Our population was separated into 2 groups (75 women with a laterally located placenta, 21 with a centrally located placenta). We have found a significant difference between ipsi placental uterine blood flow velocity and contralateral placental blood flow velocity when the placenta is located laterally, where as the 2 arteries are similar when the placenta has a central location. The following factors were used to compare the two groups: the patient's previous obstetric record and the incidence of hypertensive disorders and fetal distress. In the group with laterally located placentas, the incidence of complications in previous pregnancies was higher, hypertension was more frequently serious or presented complications, fetal distress and cesarean sections were more frequent as was IUGR. All cases of intrauterine death were found in the group with laterally located placentas. In determining the predictive value of the "laterally located placenta" test, we found in the centrally located placenta group that hypertensive disorders were often less serious and less frequently complicated by albuminuria, that the outcome of pregnancy disorders was less serious for the fetus, and that the neonate was less hypotrophic. No incidence of intrauterine death was recorded for the centrally located group. Placental laterality significantly increases both the frequency and the seriousness of fetomaternal hypertensive disorders.

Adult↗