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At least 1,081 records · Page 60Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

5-Hydroxytryptamine receptors. An example for the complexity of chemical transmission of information in the brain.

Since serotoninergic axon terminals (the cell bodies of which are mainly located in the raphe nuclei of the brain stem) innervate virtually all brain regions, it is intelligible that the serotoninergic system is involved in many physiological and pathological cerebral functions. The marked heterogeneity of the serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT)receptors and the differences in distribution of the various 5-HT receptor types and subtypes within the brain makes serotoninergic neurotransmission in the brain very complex. This complexity of chemical transmission of information is a prerequisite for the development of drugs which may specifically influence certain cerebral functions, but which do not mimic or block other effects of 5-HT, thus making it possible to reduce or even avoid undesired side effects. The current classification scheme of 5-HT receptors is based on the integration of results of pharmacological, biochemical, electrophysiological and molecular investigations. The multiplicity of 5-HT receptors can be incorporated into the scheme of two main receptor families, i.e. 1. the G protein receptor family, comprising, among the 5-HT receptors, the 5-HT1 and 5-HT2 subtypes and the 5-HT4 type, and 2. the ligand gated ion channels to which (at least according to the current knowledge) only one 5-HT receptor, the 5-HT3 type, belongs. The three 5-HT1 subtypes and the two 5-HT2 subtypes of the current classification scheme, but not the 5-HT3 and 5-HT4 receptors, have already been cloned.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Childhood lead poisoning from commercially manufactured French ceramic dinnerware--New York City, 2003.

Lead poisoning adversely affects children worldwide. During 1999-2000, an estimated 434,000 children aged 1-5 years in the United States had elevated blood lead levels (BLLs) >/=10 microg/dL. Glazes found on ceramics, earthenware, bone china, and porcelain often contain lead and are a potential source of lead exposure. Children are especially vulnerable to the neurotoxic effects of lead. Exposures to lead in early childhood can have adverse effects on the developing nervous system, resulting in decreased intelligence and changes in behavior. In addition, certain behaviors (e.g., thumb sucking) place children at greater risk for exposure to lead. In 2003, the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene's Lead Poisoning Prevention Program (LPPP), and the Mount Sinai Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Unit (PEHSU) investigated a case of lead poisoning in a boy aged 20 months. This report summarizes that case investigation, which identified ceramic dinnerware imported from France as the source of lead exposure. This case underscores the susceptibility of children to a toxic exposure associated with 1) the high proportion of time spent in the home and 2) dietary habits that promote exposure to lead leached from ceramic ware.

Ceramics↗
PubMed1991

Knowledge representation in pharmacology. A possible application area for the Arden Syntax?

In 1990 the Arden Syntax was proposed as a first version of a standardized syntax for the representation of medical knowledge. For the evaluation of the practicability of this first release we have analyzed the medical and pharmacological knowledge applied in the process of drug prescription. The separation of declarative (e.g. in a semantic network) and procedural knowledge is a basic issue of our research. We therefore propose to further extend the Arden syntax with declarative knowledge representation facilities. One way to do this may be the incorporation of a standardized medical data dictionary (e.g. the UMLS Metathesaurus) which promotes the representation of medical terms in a semantic network. Furthermore the problem of 'institution-specific knowledge', which is especially important for the issue of knowledge sharing between different institutions, is analyzed based on examples of knowledge modules for monitoring drug allergies and drug-drug-interactions.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1989

Information management in clinical prevention.

Good preventive care requires the management of large quantities of patient-specific information in a logical and timely manner with careful monitoring for uncommon but significant clinical events. With an increase of informational pressures on the busy practicing physicians, they are turning to computers for help. This article discusses the evolution of computers in medicine, their current status, the rationale for their use in preventive care and their future roles in clinicians' offices.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1989

Severity of necrotizing enterocolitis: influence on outcome at 2 years of age.

The long-term outcome of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants with necrotizing enterocolitis has been reported to be similar to that of other VLBW infants. To examine the influence of disease severity on outcome, the growth and neurodevelopment of survivors of necrotizing enterocolitis were evaluated when the babies were 20 months' corrected age. Between 1975 and 1983, 1506 VLBW infants were admitted to the hospital, and necrotizing enterocolitis developed in 84 (5.6%). Forty infants (48%) survived to be 20 months' corrected age, and complete follow-up data were available for 36. Survivors were classified by modified Bell's criteria into four groups by increasing severity of disease; 13 had mild necrotizing enterocolitis (stage IIA, IIB), and 23 had severe necrotizing enterocolitis (stage IIIA, IIIB). The 36 survivors were compared with 766 surviving VLBW infants without necrotizing enterocolitis. There were no perinatal or socioeconomic differences between groups. Compared with infants with stage II necrotizing enterocolitis at 20 months, infants with stage III necrotizing enterocolitis had a higher rate of subnormal body weight (39% vs 15%) and subnormal head circumference (30% vs 0%). Thirty-three percent of necrotizing enterocolitis survivors had significant neurodevelopmental impairment; the majority of impaired infants (10 of 12) were survivors of stage III necrotizing enterocolitis. These findings highlight the importance of continued evaluations for medical and neurodevelopmental sequelae.

Child Development↗
PubMed1987

Development of controlled Nd:YAG laser for medical applications.

Several medical fields are concerned with applications of thermal lasers such as neodymium-doped, yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG), argon, and CO2. However, quantification of the necrotic volume of Nd:YAG laser-induced damage is not possible at the time of treatment. Mathematic models and feedback control can help to optimize Nd:YAG laser treatments. We therefore formulated mathematic models for coagulation processes and developed an intelligent Nd:YAG laser system with closed-loop feedback control. Surface temperature evolution proved to be valuable data for real-time control of coagulation and ablation. Infrared thermometry provided the noncontact measurement of temperature. A computer stored the temperature data calculated by the mathematic model. Deviations of surface temperature during the treatment beyond established tolerances causes the Nd:YAG laser system to adjust the laser power automatically.

Animals↗