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PubMed1992

[A study on functional plasticity of the brain in childhood. II. Speech development and intelligence after the damage of cerebral hemisphere under 1 year of age].

To investigate the functional plasticity of the brain in childhood, the speech development, the intelligence test and dichotic listening test were performed on 27 patients who had suffered from hemiplegia under 1 year of age. Among 13 patients with right hemiplegia, 7 to 24 years old, 11 patients showed a left ear dominance suggesting the lateralization of language in the right hemisphere. All 14 patients with left hemiplegia, 5 to 37 years old, showed a right ear dominance suggesting the lateralization of language in the left hemisphere. All 27 patients acquired speech function enough to converse with other people during daily life. There were no differences in speech development or intelligence scores between both groups of hemiplegia. Although there was no correlation between the speech development and the age of onset of hemiplegia, there was a correlation between the speech development and the intelligence score in both groups of hemiplegia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Learning disabilities in individuals exposed prenatally to ionizing radiation: the Hiroshima and Nagasaki experiences.

The brain, undoubtedly the most complex organ in the mammalian body, is the culmination of a long and interrelated sequence of molecular, cellular and tissue events. Brain function hinges on the orderly progression of these, each of which must occur correctly, temporally and spatially. Impingement on any one will give rise to a less developed system of cellular connections, and hence impaired function. Moreover, the neurons of the central nervous system are not self-renewing and thus neuronal loss cannot be repaired through repopulation. Reanalysis of the data on the prenatally exposed survivors of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki suggests that severe mental retardation occurs primarily, if not exclusively in the period from the 8th through the 15th week following fertilization. Within this window of vulnerability, the increase in mental retardation appears linear with dose and without threshold. More subtle functional effects also occur as reflected in diminished performance on intelligence tests and in school. These findings and their implications for space travel and regulatory agencies charged with the specification of acceptable risks should not require further elaboration in this article given the focus of the radiobiological presentations at this meeting.

Brain↗
PubMed1985

Preschool performance of children with normal intelligence who were very low-birth-weight infants.

Children who were very low-birth-weight infants (less than 1,500 g), beneficiaries of modern neonatal intensive care, are now of school age. To evaluate their school performance 80 children born in 1976 who had very low-birth-weight (mean birth weight 1.2 kg, mean gestational age 30 weeks) were examined at age 5 years. Sixty-five children were neurologically intact and had normal IQ (greater than or equal to 85) on the Stanford-Binet; five children were neurologically abnormal and ten had IQ below 85. Of the 65 children with normal intelligence and no neurologic impairments, 46 were single births and enrolled in preschool. These 46 children were matched by race, sex, and family background with classmate control children who had been born at full term. Outcome measurements included the Slosson Intelligence Test, the Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Educational Battery (including subscales of Picture Vocabulary, Spatial Relations, Memory for Sentences, Visual Auditory Learning, Quantitative Concepts, and Blending) and the Beery Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration. No significant differences in IQ were found between children who were very low-birth-weight infants and control children; however, children who were very low-birth-weight infants performed significantly less well on the Spatial Relations subtest of the Woodcock-Johnson and on the Visual-Motor Integration test. Similar results were found for nine sets of twins and their control children. Recognition of these perceptual and visual-motor problems may permit appropriate early remedial intervention and prevent the compounding of these difficulties.

Child Development↗
PubMed2005

Development of the Cantonese Hearing In Noise Test (CHINT).

OBJECTIVE: To develop a Cantonese version of the Hearing In Noise Test (CHINT) with the same features as the English Hearing In Noise Test (HINT) (Nilsson, Soli, & Sullivan, 1994). DESIGN: The CHINT was developed in five separate studies: (1) evaluation of initial materials; (2) creation of sentence materials; (3) equalization of sentence difficulty; (4) creation of sentence lists; and (5) evaluation of response variability, inter-list reliability, and establishment of norms. Using the CHINT material, reception thresholds for sentences were measured under four headphone test conditions: Quiet, and in noise with noise simulated as originating from 0 degrees (noise front), 90 degrees (noise right), and 270 degrees (noise left). The speech source was located at 0 degrees in all conditions. The locations of the speech and noise sources were simulated using virtual audio processing, as with the English HINT. The noise conditions consisted of listening with noise fixed at 65 dBA with the level of speech varied in an adaptive procedure. A total of 142 subjects with normal hearing thresholds participated in the five studies. RESULTS: Two versions of the test materials, twenty-four 10-sentence lists and twelve 20-sentence lists, were created from a single set of 240 sentences containing 10 syllables per sentence. Using the twenty-four 10-sentence lists, mean thresholds under earphones in quiet were measured at 19.4 dBA and reception thresholds for sentences of -3.9 dB for noise front, -10.6 dB for noise right, and -10.5 dB for noise left. Similar results were obtained using the 20-sentence lists (19.4, -4.0, -10.9, and -11.0 dB, respectively, for quiet, noise front, noise right, and noise left conditions). There was low response variability within each list. High inter-list reliability suggests that consistent results could be obtained using any list. Confidence intervals are reported. The CHINT norms for listening in quiet and noise conditions were comparable to those for the English HINT. CONCLUSIONS: The CHINT is the first standardized Cantonese sentence speech intelligibility test. The CHINT was developed using the same rationale as the English HINT, allowing norm reference results from the two tests to be compared directly across languages. Results showed the CHINT is a reliable test. The CHINT would benefit from further evaluation of validity.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2006

Upper alpha ERD and absolute power: their meaning for memory performance.

A variety of studies have shown that EEG alpha activity in the upper frequency range is associated with different types of cognitive processes, memory performance, perceptual performance and intelligence, but in strikingly different ways. For semantic memory performance we have found that resting or reference power is positively associated with performance, whereas during actual processing of the task, small power--reflected by a large extent of event-related desynchronization (ERD)--is related to good performance. We also have shown that the induction of large alpha reference power by neurofeedback training or repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) at individual alpha frequency mimicked exactly the situation which is typical for good memory performance under normal situations: increased alpha reference power is associated with large ERD and good performance. Recent studies have demonstrated that this relationship holds true only for memory and not perceptual tasks that require the identification of simple visual stimuli under difficult conditions. In contrast to good memory performance, good perceptual performance is related to small pre-stimulus alpha power and a small ERD. We interpret this finding in terms of cortical inhibition vs. activation preceding task performance by assuming that large rhythmic alpha activity reflects inhibition. We assume that small reference alpha enhances perceptual performance because the cortex is activated and prepared to process the stimulus, whereas memory performance is enhanced if the cortex is deactivated before a task is performed because in typical memory tasks selective processing can start only after the to-be-remembered item or cue is presented. We also suggest that conflicting results about alpha ERD and the neural efficiency hypothesis (which assumes that highly intelligent exhibit a small ERD) can also be interpreted in terms of inhibition. Only if an intelligence test actually requires the activation of (semantic) memory, a large (because task specific) ERD can be observed. If other processing systems are required, the semantic memory system may even become suppressed, which is reflected by alpha event-related synchronization (ERS) or at least a largely decreased ERD.

Alpha Rhythm↗
PubMed1987

Ideation and memory in the inkblot technique after focal cerebral lesions.

The aim was to study whether an inkblot technique can reveal differential deficits of ideation and memory related to the side and site of brain damage. Seventy-three patients with focal brain lesions and nine control patients were studied with a modified Holtzman Inkblot Technique. The results confirmed the previous Rorschach test finding that left-hemisphere-damaged patients have poor ideational productivity, whereas right-hemisphere-damaged patients have a perceptual disturbance indicated by a high number of diffuse color responses to whole blots. Furthermore, the patients with anterior lesions were inferior to the patients with posterior lesions in perceptual integration and in memory for inkblots. Deficient verbal recall was linked to left-hemisphere lesions, poor recognition and preserved verbal recall being associated with right-hemisphere lesions. The inkblot perception findings specific to the side and site of the brain lesion were unrelated to conventional intelligence test scores.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Blood lead levels and behaviour of 400 preschool children.

A study of 400 Sydney children of preschool age has found a range of blood lead levels from 0.1 mumol/L to 1.4 mumol/L (2 micrograms/100 mL to 29 micrograms/100 mL), with no children having readings above the currently accepted "level of concern". Within the Sydney metropolitan area, a significant inverse relationship was found between blood lead level and distance of the home from the city centre. Within the range of blood lead levels, no relationship appeared between blood lead levels and performance in verbal intelligence test, three of the tests of motor ability, and a parent rating. In one of the tests of fine motor coordination, there was a tendency for the children with lower lead levels to perform better than those with moderate blood lead levels. In one of the tests of gross motor skill, the results for the two age groups were conflicting. Further studies of a prospective nature covering the period of maximum vulnerability (0 to three years) are essential before any conclusion can be drawn about the effects of subclinical blood levels of lead.

Blood Specimen Collection↗
PubMed2006

Depression and intelligence in patients with Parkinson's disease and deep-brain stimulation.

The goal of this study is to examine the association of depression with intelligence and education in patients with Parkinson's disease treated with bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation (STN-DBS). The literature has been contradictory concerning depression in Parkinson's disease patients. Some studies have shown less depression in Parkinson's disease patients with more education not treated with STN-DBS. Other recently published studies indicate that STN-DBS improves the depression associated with Parkinson's disease. No studies have examined the correlation of these factors with depression in Parkinson's disease patients treated with STN-DBS. We administered the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) pre- and postoperatively to 21 Parkinson's disease patients (seven women, 14 men, ages 49-75) who underwent STN-DBS. The postoperative scores of the lower 50th percentile (n=8) of the Verbal Comprehensive Index of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-III) decreased significantly (P=0.036), while the upper 50th percentile (n=13) remained nearly constant (P=0.802). Furthermore, as the education increased from highschool to graduate level, patients demonstrated less improvement in depressive symptoms postoperatively. These findings suggest that Parkinson's disease patients with lower intelligence test scores and less education benefit more with regards to depressive symptomatology after STN-DBS than patients with higher scores and education.

Deep Brain Stimulation↗
PubMed1994

The Prader-Willi syndrome: a self supporting program for children, youngsters and adults.

The Prader-Willi syndrome is characterized by four cardinal symptoms i.e. hypotonia, hypogonadism, mental retardation and extreme obesity. Behavioural and psychological problems are frequent in these patients, mostly related to the withholding of food and the necessity of diet control. A treatment program has been developed for their eating problems. The treatment program is based on three points: 1. The importance of teaching them healthy eating habits within a specific eating culture. 2. The convinction that their obsession and fixation on food can be canalized and satisfied by being occupied, by playing and by learning about food. 3. The opinion that involvement and active participation in their diet is necessary to prevent behavioural problems and to stimulate "self control". The key objective of this program are to control the weight gain and to prevent behavioural problems. Based on these two main objectives, we developed a program based on four principles: a personal low calorie diet, the principles of behaviour modification, stimulation of motor skills and other developmental areas, and parental participation and education. This program is applied in group situation and in individual cases. The results of the present study in 4 children are encouraging. We noted an average weight loss of 2.25 kg, with an average increase of height of 3.5 cm. On intelligence testing we found that the scores on the performal subtests improved while the scores on the verbal subtests decreased. Little change occurred in the behavioural profile.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

After-effects of human-computer interaction indicated by P300 of the event-related brain potential.

After-effects of human-computer interaction (HCI) were investigated by using the P300 component of the event-related brain potential (ERP). Forty-nine subjects (naive non-users, beginners, experienced users, programmers) completed three paper/pencil tasks (text editing, solving intelligence test items, filling out a questionnaire on sensation seeking) and three HCI tasks (text editing, executing a tutor program or programming, playing Tetris). The sequence of 7-min tasks was randomized between subjects and balanced between groups. After each experimental condition ERPs were recorded during an acoustic discrimination task at F3, F4, Cz, P3 and P4. Data indicate that: (1) mental after-effects of HCI can be detected by P300 of the ERP; (2) HCI showed in general a reduced amplitude; (3) P300 amplitude varied also with type of task, mainly at F4 where it was smaller after cognitive tasks (intelligence test/programming) and larger after emotion-based tasks (sensation seeking/Tetris); (4) cognitive tasks showed shorter latencies; (5) latencies were widely location-independent (within the range of 356-358 ms at F3, F4, P3 and P4) after executing the tutor program or programming; and (6) all observed after-effects were independent of the user's experience in operating computers and may therefore reflect short-term after-effects only and no structural changes of information processing caused by HCI.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

A dynamical model of general intelligence: the positive manifold of intelligence by mutualism.

Scores on cognitive tasks used in intelligence tests correlate positively with each other, that is, they display a positive manifold of correlations. The positive manifold is often explained by positing a dominant latent variable, the g factor, associated with a single quantitative cognitive or biological process or capacity. In this article, a new explanation of the positive manifold based on a dynamical model is proposed, in which reciprocal causation or mutualism plays a central role. It is shown that the positive manifold emerges purely by positive beneficial interactions between cognitive processes during development. A single underlying g factor plays no role in the model. The model offers explanations of important findings in intelligence research, such as the hierarchical factor structure of intelligence, the low predictability of intelligence from early childhood performance, the integration/differentiation effect, the increase in heritability of g, and the Jensen effect, and is consistent with current explanations of the Flynn effect.

Humans↗
PubMed2003

Influence of test anxiety on measurement of intelligence.

In this study a measurement model for a test anxiety questionnaire was investigated in a sample of 207 Dutch students in the first grade of junior secondary vocational education. The results of a confirmatory factor analysis showed that a model for test anxiety with three factors for worry, emotionality, and lack of self-confidence is associated with a significantly better fit than a model comprised of only the first two factors. The relations of the three test anxiety factors to scores on intelligence tests for measuring verbal ability, reasoning, and spatial ability were examined. The results indicated that test anxiety appears to be transitory: the negative relation between test anxiety and test performance promptly fades away. Finally, we examined whether a distinction can be made between highly test anxious students with low performance due to worrisome thoughts (interference hypothesis) or low ability (deficit hypothesis). Results do not support the deficit hypothesis because the scores of all highly test anxious students increased in a less stressful situation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Effects of early intervention on cognitive function of low birth weight preterm infants.

The Infant Health and Development Program is a randomized clinical trial to test the efficacy of educational and family support services and pediatric follow-up, offered during the first 3 years of life, in reducing the incidence of developmental delay in low birth weight preterm infants at eight clinical sites (N = 985). It was hypothesized that larger intervention effects would be found for the domains in which low birth weight preterm infants are known to have problems, specifically visual-motor and spatial skills and receptive language skills. These analyses explore the effects of the Infant Health and Development Program on different domains of cognitive functioning. Cognitive domains are identified by means of factor analysis of the intelligence tests used at 12, 24, and 36 months (Bayley Scales of Infant Development (including the Mental and Motor scales) at 12 and 24 months; the Stanford-Binet, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, and Beery Test of Visual Motor Intergration at 36 months). Our results reveal that, although intervention benefits accrue across cognitive domains at 24 and 36 months, gains are most pronounced for receptive language and visual-motor and spatial skills.

Child Development↗
PubMed1975

Sequelae of Venezuelan equine encephalitis in humans: a four year follow-up.

The purpose of this study was the identification of possible sequelae of the infection of human individuals with Virus of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (VEE). Special emphasis was laid on exploring neurological, psychological and behavioural aspects and particularly on the search for a possible association of the disease with epileptic phenomena, brain damage and/or mental deficiency. A four-year period of observation was conducted on a sample of children from El Carmelo (Colombia) where an epidemic of VEE took place in 1967. A group of seven children who presented the encephalitic type of the illness and were hospitalized with symptoms of CNS involvement and a confirmed diagnosis of VEE constituted the index group. This group was compared with four control groups of children with matched demographic characteristics but separated according to whether they were ill at the time of the epidemic and whether they presented serological evidence of having been infected with VEE Virus. Evaluations were conducted at three points in time during the follow-up period and they included the following procedures: (1) Survey on personal background and behaviour (through a standard questionnaire dealing with all areas of functioning); (2) Complete paediatric examination, including a careful neurological check-up; (3) Psychological examination using intelligence tests; (4) Electro-encephalographic examination according to standard techniques, with the patient awake, asleep and under photic stimulation; (5) Bi-weekly home visits to keep a record on intercurrent illness throughout the observation period. Statistical analysis of results shows significant differences between the groups in regard to the distribution of abnormalities.

Child↗
PubMed1979

The significance of cerebral atrophy for the symptomatology of Parkinson's disease.

Hitherto published results on the impact of brain atrophy on the neurological and psychopathological sympion of this problem without risk of complications. We investigated 173 parkinsonian patients (89 men, 84 women) aged 37--83 years. Besides CT in all patients a standardized neurological and psychopathological investigation was carried out, including psychological tests, intelligence, personality structure, fine motor performance and visual reaction times. The investigations revealed pronounced correlations between CT-findings and more severe clinical symptomatology and a corresponding impairment in daily activities in the levodopa-treated and particularly in the untreated group, above all when there was a combination of cortical atrophy and ventricular enlargement. The same was true for fine motor performance and simple and complex reaction times. These functions were more impaired in patients with brain atrophy, irrespective of its localisation, whether cortical atrophy or ventricular enlargement. In contrast, no statistically significant relationship between the different parameters of brain atrophy and intelligence could be found. Considering cortical atrophy as a specific sign in Parkinson's disease -- our results are in favour of this assumption -- and ventricular enlargement more related to increasing age, parkinsonism is influenced by extranigral lesions inherent in the disease and dependent on increasing age.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Cognitive deficit in schizophrenia: comparative analysis of positive and negative subtype and predictors of positive subtype.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to investigate the global cognitive deficit in schizophrenia and to compare cognitive dysfunction in the positive and negative subtypes of schizophrenia, and furthermore to examine the existence of predictors of the positive and negative subtypes of schizophrenia. METHOD: 56 patients with schizophrenia were evaluated with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale to classify them into the subtypes of schizophrenia, that is positive subtype (31 patients) and negative subtype (25 patients). All the patients were entering into remission. To examine the cognitive deficits in schizophrenia (global and selective) we compared scores on the Wechsler Individual Intelligence Test (VITI) for the positive and negative subtypes. RESULTS: The negative subtype of schizophrenia showed significantly higher cognitive dysfunction in comparison to the positive subtype, with reduced functioning in evolutionary higher cognitive functions like the selection of information, processing, planning, comprehension, realization (executive functions) as well as visual motor abilities. Verbal IQ predicts the positive subtype of schizophrenia.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Short-term intellectual outcome after arterial ischemic stroke and sinovenous thrombosis in childhood and infancy.

Arterial ischemic stroke is approximately four times more prevalent than sinovenous thrombosis and has been associated with a worse neurologic outcome than sinovenous thrombosis; however, no data are available comparing intellectual outcome after pediatric arterial ischemic stroke and sinovenous thrombosis. We report the short-term intellectual outcome (mean 5.8 months since stroke) in a sample of 72 children, 47 with arterial ischemic stroke, and 25 with sinovenous thrombosis. Intellectual outcome measures were the Full-Scale IQ of the age-appropriate Wechsler intelligence test for older children and the Mental Developmental Index of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development for younger children. Stroke type did not directly influence intellectual outcome. Intellectual outcome was in the normal range whether the children had suffered an arterial ischemic stroke or a sinovenous thrombosis.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

Hierarchical linear modeling of California Verbal Learning Test--Children's Version learning curve characteristics following childhood traumatic head injury.

California Verbal Learning Test-Children's Version (CVLT-C) indices have been shown to be sensitive to the neurocognitive effects of traumatic brain injury (TBI). The effects of TBI on the learning process were examined with a growth curve analysis of CVLT-C raw scores across the 5 learning trials. The sample with history of TBI comprised 86 children, ages 6-16 years, at a mean of 10.0 (SD=19.5) months postinjury; 37.2% had severe injury, 27.9% moderate, and 34.9% mild. The best-fit model for verbal learning was with a quadratic function. Greater TBI severity was associated with lower rate of acquisition and more gradual deceleration in the rate of acquisition. Intelligence test index scores, previously shown to be sensitive to severity of TBI, were positively correlated with rate of acquisition. Results provide evidence that the CVLT-C learning slope is not a simple linear function and further support for specific effects of TBI on verbal learning.

Adolescent↗