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At least 1,081 records · Page 60Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

[Factors influencing the in vitro and in vivo liberation of drugs from hydrogels].

Interactions of drugs containing macro-molecular agents (cellulose derivatives, polyvinylpyrrolidone) as determined by equilibrium dialyses influence on the in-vitro liberation (hydrophilic membrane) from hydrogels of the same viscosity acc. to the binding intensity. Utilizing a lipophilic membrane, this can be proved, too, the liberation intensity, however, is substantially determined by the lipoidwater distribution behaviour of the drugs. In-vivo liberations revealed in this, that differentiations in the liberation from methylcellulose and polyvinylpyrrolidone gels occur solely in drugs having a more intense affinity. The penetration intensity of the hydrogel into skin is, however, not caused by the binding tendency but by the lipoidwater distribution behaviour of the drugs. Analysing the in-vitro liberation with the use of a lipophilic membrane or knowing the distribution coefficient, informations on the level of the probable drug penetration gel/skin can be given.

Biological Availability↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ignorance of family planning methods in India: an important constraint on use.

Interviews wih women in six villages in India and with educated, working women selected to be trained as interviewers in five states, and evidence from formal studies are discussed to support the conclusions that (1) the low overall rates of contraceptive use in India are at least partly due to low levels of knowledge about different methods of birth control, especially of the modern reversible methods; and (2) the low use of all methods except sterilization is a good proxy for lack of knowledge about these methods. It is suggested that, both in the interests of achieving demographic targets and in the interests of the clientele of the family planning program, much greater emphasis must be placed on spreading practical information about reversible contraception. The information dissemination activities of the program so far have tended to concentrate on the why of family planning and neglect the how, except in promoting sterilization.

Contraception↗
PubMed1981

Optometric practice patterns: British Columbia.

A government task force on vision care delivery in British Columbia studied the practice patterns of optometrists in that province. Their aim is to develop a coordinated system of vision care. A questionnaire was mailed to all optometrists in the province. The 84% response rate, with representative regional distribution, gave information on professional time spent in various activities, the use of assistants, indications of attitude toward and participation in community activities, and satellite practices. The information is compared with other studies and inferences are made in relation to workload and the efficient allocation of time. Special note is made of political and other factors that must be rationalized in order to provide a coordinates system of vision care which utilizes the expertise of optometrists in an optimal manner.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Women's knowledge of taking oral contraceptive pills correctly and of emergency contraception: effect of providing information leaflets in general practice.

BACKGROUND: About one third of all pregnancies are unplanned and 20% of all pregnancies end in abortion. More than 170,000 legal abortions are performed in the United Kingdom annually. Nearly all general practitioners provide contraceptive advice; the most commonly used form of reversible contraception is the oral contraceptive pill. AIM: The aim of this study was to determine factors associated with women's knowledge of taking the contraceptive pill correctly and of emergency contraception, and to investigate if their knowledge could be improved in general practice by providing women with Family Planning Association information leaflets. METHOD: An uncontrolled intervention study was performed in one rural and one urban English general practice, using a self-completion questionnaire that was initially administered to women attending their general practitioner for oral contraception over six months from 1 October 1992. The questionnaire asked for: sociodemographic information; knowledge of how late women can be taking an oral contraceptive pill and still be protected against unplanned pregnancy; for how many days after being late with a pill they need to use other precautions; sources and methods of emergency contraception; and for how long the methods are effective after the primary contraceptive failure. After completing the questionnaire women were given two leaflets: one about how to take their prescribed contraceptive pill correctly and one about emergency contraception. Three to 12 months later the same questionnaire was administered in the same manner. RESULTS: Of 449 women completing the first questionnaire, 233 (52%) completed the second questionnaire. Initially 71% of 406 women taking an oestrogen/progestogen combined pill knew about the '12-hour rule' and 17% knew about the 'seven-day rule'; giving women information about the pill they were taking increased the extent of knowledge about these rules among 212 respondents to 82% (P < 0.01) and to 25% (P < 0.05), respectively. The proportion of respondents who knew that they could obtain emergency contraception from their own general practitioner, from any general practitioner and from family planning clinics all increased after they had received the leaflets (from 84% to 92%, from 34% to 47% and from 82% to 90%, respectively, all P < 0.01). There were significant improvements in the proportion of women knowing the duration of effectiveness of emergency contraception. However, after receiving the leaflet on emergency contraception the majority of women still did not know for how long after unprotected intercourse the high-dose combined pill and the intrauterine contraceptive device were effective (80% and 93% of 233 women, respectively). Improvements in knowledge depended upon women's social class, previous use of emergency contraception and with which practice they were registered. CONCLUSION: Providing women with leaflets about taking the contraceptive pill correctly and about emergency contraception appears to improve significantly their extent of such knowledge. If such practice was adopted elsewhere this increased knowledge might reduce the number of unplanned pregnancies in the UK. The effect of general practitioners personally providing such leaflets, with or without verbal instruction, warrants further study.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Diffusion of the culture of contraception: program effects on young women in rural Bangladesh.

This article describes a process of diffusion of family planning information, ideas, and technology among an unanticipated audience of young, unmarried women in rural Bangladesh. The data are derived from a focus-group study conducted in 1987-88 in the Maternal Child Health and Family Planning Project in Matlab, Bangladesh. A discussion with a staff member revealed her vivid memory of the arrival of the community-based family planning worker in her village 10 years earlier, before she was married. Based on this research lead, four focus-group sessions were held with newly married young women, and a set of questions about young women were incorporated into the sessions with other community women. The discussions showed that many young, unmarried women learn about family planning from an early age from the community-based family planning worker, from female relatives, peers, and the media. The findings of this exploratory study suggest that greater attention be paid to the contraceptive needs of young women and that continued research be conducted with this population of women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Using a meta-model to build a connection service in an object oriented medical application development environment.

Interoperability is a key issue in distributed health information systems. This paper presents the design and implementation of the Connection Service (CS) component of the HELIOS medical software engineering environment. An exchange message meta-model based on CEN TC251 recommendations and a message description language are proposed. Using this meta-model, the CS is able either to interpret messages expressed in a given syntax (e.g., EDIFACT, ASTM) and map them to the application objects or to automate the translation of the messages in another syntax. It is concluded that this meta-model approach contributes to the management of semantic heterogeneity.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed1977

A survey of drug interaction.

A survey is presented of the interaction phenomena between two or more simultaneously used drugs. The well known mechanisms of drug interaction, like chemical incompatibility, displacement of protein binding, enzyme induction, etc., are summarized and illustrated by means of practically relevant examples. Attention is paid to the fact that drug interaction can sometimes be advantageous from the clinical point of view, although in many cases it is an unwanted phenomenon in practical pharmacotherapy. Furthermore, the predictability and detection of interaction phenomena are mentioned briefly, together with the possibilities of distributing appropriate information to physicians and pharmacists.

Antacids↗
PubMed1996

[Effect of hereditary factors on tolerance for surgical treatment in patients with lung cancer].

Genetic polymorphism at 10 independent loci (ABO, RH, HP, GC, PI, TF, ACP1, PGM1, GLO1, and PTC) was studied in male patients with lung squamous cell carcinoma. These patients were divided into two groups, depending on their tolerance for surgical intervention and on the postoperative course: (1) patients with an uneventful postoperative period and (2) patients with postoperative complications. The genetic structure of the combined sample at the loci studied did not differ from that of the control group consisting of health people (population control). Genotypic differences might manifest at the postoperative stage rather than at the onset of the disease, and determine the presence of postoperative complications. However, comparative analysis of the two groups of patients revealed their polar divergence in respect to phenotype and gene frequencies at certain loci. Moreover, the genotypic structure of patients in both groups differed from that in the combined sample and in the population control. In the group with postoperative complications, higher frequencies of the alleles GC*1F, ACP1*A, and HP*2 were observed. By contrast, the group of patients with an uneventful postoperative period demonstrated prevalence of the alternative alleles of these loci: GC*2, ACP1*B, and HP*1. The greatest difference in the distribution of informative allele frequencies was observed between the group of patients with postoperative complications and the control group. This is evidence that these groups significantly differ in their genetic structure. Such divergence is largely determined by the polymorphic multifunctional systems of serum proteins.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[Internet network and cancer].

Internet is a tool allowing a wide distribution of information. Initially reserved to the field of scientific research, it develops currently in many sectors of the socio-economic life and saved the area of the health. Each day appear new services allowing the access to the information on the diagnostic and treatment of different pathologies. Patients and physicians share their knowledge and their information, through newsgroups and electronic mail. This paper presents the Internet and cancer resources to allow clinicians and researchers a rapid access to the relevant information.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed1997

An economic analysis of managed fee-for-service and direct reimbursement.

This economic analysis compares the direct reimbursement approach with the managed fee-for-service approach to the delivery and payment for dental care. Asymmetrical distribution of information between patients and dentists characterizes the market and gives rise to a principal-agent problem. To solve this problem, third-party payers have devised various methods for managing delivery and payment for dental care by monitoring and encouraging providers to assure a certain level of quality at defined costs. Direct reimbursement has been promoted by dental care providers as an alternative to the traditional third-party payer model and has at its core the elimination of many of the currently used managed care control mechanisms. The authors conclude that managed fee-for-service plan concepts deal with current economic issues more realistically than do direct reimbursement arrangements. Furthermore, the authors predict that direct reimbursement prevalence would lead to higher average prices for dental care and a change in the mix of services skewed toward high cost, marginally beneficial treatments.

Communication↗
PubMed1997

An analysis of objective quality indicators on Year Book citations: implications for MEDLINE searchers.

PURPOSE: This study is an analysis of Mosby Year Book citations from Ovid Online's Comprehensive Core Medical Library (CCML). The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to determine whether Year Book citations were more likely to be judged "key" than non-Year Book citations by clinicians; and (2) to determine whether the MEDLINE record of Year Book citations evaluated as key contained objective quality indicators that searchers might use to target key articles. BACKGROUND: As part of the MEDLINE/Full-Text Research Project, health care professionals evaluated search output from CCML on a five-point scale. The scale included the choice "key" for those items which the evaluator would not want to miss. Because the output contained items from the Year Book series, it was possible to determine whether the Year Book items were evaluated as key more frequently than expected. METHODS: This study analyzes the MEDLINE records corresponding to 110 references from the Mosby Year Book series evaluated as key by clinicians receiving search output from CCML. The records were examined for the presence of such searchable elements as Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms and publication types related to study design, evidence of research support, inclusion in the Abridged Index Medicus (AIM) subset, and a comments field. Also noted were the presence of a structured abstract, study design details in the author abstract, and inclusion in more than one Year Book. RESULTS: A chi-square test (p < .001 indicated that the proportion (33%) of Year Book citations marked key on the searches was significantly higher than that of non-Year Book citations (18%). When the occurrence of the searchable elements was compared to MEDLINE as a whole, the following access points appeared more frequently in the key Year Book records: study design terms categorized under epidemiologic methods in the MeSH Tree Structures; the checktag comparative study; AIM subset; comments field; and, publication types (pt) clinical trial, randomized controlled trial, multicenter study, and meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS: These searchable elements should be helpful in targeting some, but not all, key articles in MEDLINE.

Chi-Square Distribution↗
PubMed1997

Age-distribution dynamics and aging indexes.

I analyze the dynamics of the age distribution as some vital rates change. When the fertility or mortality rate declines, the age distribution often manifests a dynamic stochastic-dominance relationship. I also propose some alternative indexes for measuring population aging. These indexes are closely connected with the age-distribution dynamics and contain more refined information about the distribution of age among the old.

Adult↗