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PubMed2003

Effects of vacuum and controlled atmosphere treatments on insect mortality and lettuce quality.

Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the effects of vacuum and controlled atmosphere on mortality of aphids, Nasonovia ribisnigri (Mosley) and Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas), and leafminer, Liriomyza langei Frick, and on the visual quality of iceberg lettuce at three different temperatures. Vacuum at 50 mbar and controlled atmosphere with 6% CO2 were effective in controlling aphids and leafminer larvae. Complete control of N. ribisnigri and M. euphorbiae was achieved with vacuum treatments and 6% CO2 CA treatments at 5 degrees C in 4 d. Mortality was >96% when leafminer larvae were treated with vacuum and 6% CO2 CA treatments for 4 d. However, leafminer pupae were more tolerant to the treatments and highest mortality was close to 60% in 4 d with CO2 under vacuum. None of the treatments had negative effects on visual quality of iceberg lettuce. Results from this study are encouraging and warrant further and large-scale research.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Screening of the insecticidal activity of Bacillus thuringiensis strains against Lygus hesperus (Hemiptera: Miridae) nymphal population.

Lygus hesperus Knight (Hemiptera: Miridae) is an economically important insect pest controlled primarily by chemical pesticides. Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner is a gram-positive bacterium that has been developed for the control of some insect pests in the orders Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Diptera. In this study, whole culture extracts of 94 B. thuringiensis strains from 83 serovars were added to an artificial diet and assayed against L. hesperus first and second instars. A total of five B. thuringiensis strains, B. thuringiensis variety thuringiensis, thuringiensis exotoxin +, morrisoni, tolworthi, and darmstadiensis generated > 98% mortality after 7 d of incubation. The screening was repeated with 117 alkali-solubilized trypsin-digested B. thuringiensis cultures and the same five B. thuringiensis strains showed nearly identical results. All five strains produce beta-exotoxin, which exhibits a wide host spectrum activity. No beta-exotoxin-minus B. thuringiensis strains showed significant toxicity against L. hesperus nymphs. The present work is one of the first thorough screenings of the wide diversity of the B. thuringiensis varieties for the control of L. hesperus nymphal populations.

Adenosine↗
PubMed2006

Susceptibility of the ant-cultivated fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus (Agaricales: Basidiomycota) towards microfungi.

The aim of this study was to select virulent strains of microfungi against Leucoagaricus gongylophorus, a symbiotic fungus cultivated by leaf-cutting ants. The results from in vitro assays showed that microfungal strains had a variable and significant impact on the colony development of L. gongylophorus. Specifically, Trichoderma harzianum, Escovopsis weberi CBS 810.71 and E. weberi A088 were more effective, inhibiting the L. gongylophorus colonies by 75, 68 and 67%, respectively (P < 0.05) after 15 days. Strain E. weberi A086 and Acremonium kiliense were less effective: 43 and 26%, respectively (P < 0.05). In spite of the current negative perspective of a microbiological control approach for these ants, the present work discusses the possibility of using mycopathogenic fungi for the control of these insects, and points out the importance of encouraging more studies in this area.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Wolbachia-induced cytoplasmic incompatibility as a means for insect pest population control.

Biological control is the purposeful introduction of parasites, predators, and pathogens to reduce or suppress pest populations. Wolbachia are inherited bacteria of arthropods that have recently attracted attention for their potential as new biocontrol agents. Wolbachia manipulate host reproduction by using several strategies, one of which is cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) [Stouthamer, R., Breeuwer, J. A. J. & Hurst, G. D. D. (1999) Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 53, 71-102]. We established Wolbachia-infected lines of the medfly Ceratitis capitata using the infected cherry fruit fly Rhagoletis cerasi as donor. Wolbachia induced complete CI in the novel host. Laboratory cage populations were completely suppressed by single releases of infected males, suggesting that Wolbachia-induced CI could be used as a novel environmentally friendly tool for the control of medfly populations. The results also encourage the introduction of Wolbachia into pest and vector species of economic and hygenic relevance to suppress or modify natural populations.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Nonspiking local interneurons in insect leg motor control. II. Role of nonspiking local interneurons in the control of leg swing during walking.

1. Nonspiking local interneurons (NSIs) were recorded intracellularly in the mesothoracic ganglion of semi-intact locusts walking on a treadwheel. Interneurons were characterized by their connectivity to motoneurons. Their activity patterns in the step cycle and the effect current injection had on the leg movement were analyzed. We examined interneurons that provided excitatory or inhibitory synaptic drive to a subset of motoneurons active during the swing movement of walking. 2. Interneuron activity was observed to support or oppose the actual leg movement. Both supporting and opposing interneurons were active simultaneously, lending support to the idea that the actual motor output of walking is generated by the adjustment of parallel antagonistic pathways of signal processing. 3. The examined interneurons showed qualitatively the same patterns of activity during forward and backward walking. This indicates that swing movement in both situations may be generated by similar neuronal networks (although the mechanism of movement reversal remains unclear). 4. At least two functional types of NSIs could be distinguished. First, there were interneurons whose depolarization patterns showed distinct variability, often correlated with duration or amplitude of the swing movement. As a rule, current injection had minor, if any, effects on leg movement. Populations of these interneurons appear to be involved in the control of a coordinated swing movement by driving appropriate sets of muscle groups. The second type of NSIs showed more stereotyped activity patterns that varied relatively little with changes in the swing movement. Current injection had strong effects on the leg movement and could, for example, arrest the leg in the stance phase. These interneurons appear to be primarily involved in the trigger mechanism of leg swing.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Pest response in packed table grapes to low temperature storage combined with slow-release sulfur dioxide pads in basic and large-scale tests.

The effect of low temperature storage combined with slow release sulfur dioxide pads was determined in basic laboratory and large-scale commercial tests on western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande; grape mealybug, Pseudococcus maritimus (Ehrhorn); Pacific spider mite, Tetranychus pacificus McGregor; twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch; and omnivorous leafroller, Platynota stultana Walshingham. Temperatures within the foam containers among the packed clusters decreased from ambient to 2 degrees C within approximately 1 d and ranged from 0.4 to 1.7 degrees C in all tests. Sulfur dioxide concentrations in the foam containers ranged between 0.2 and 1.6 ppm during the 1- to 6-wk storage period in basic tests and 0.5-1.1 ppm during the 1- to 8-wk storage period in the large-scale test. Western flower thrips was completely controlled by a > or =1-wk exposure. Grape mealybug mortality was > or =93% after 2-5 wk exposures and 100% after a 6-wk exposure in basic tests. Pacific spider mite and twospotted spider mite mortality was 98.0 and 99.6%, respectively, after a 6-wk exposure. Mortality of grape mealybug and twospotted spider mite increased significantly at > or =3-wk exposures and Pacific spider mite mortality increased significantly at > or =4-wk exposures. Mortality of the spider mites in general was directly related to the duration of exposure. An 8-wk exposure to low temperature storage combined with slow release sulfur dioxide pads in the large-scale test resulted in 100% mortality of western flower thrips, twospotted spider mite, and omnivorous leafroller. The treatment resulted in <8% survival of grape mealybug and <1% survival of Pacific spider mite in the large-scale test. The combination treatment offers an economical method to attain quarantine control of certain insects and mites.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Effect of corn hybrids expressing the coleopteran-specific cry3Bb1 protein for corn rootworm control on aboveground insect predators.

Field and laboratory studies were conducted to determine the effect of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corn, Zea mays L. (YieldGard Rootworm), expressing the Cry3Bb1 protein on aboveground nontarget insect predators (minute pirate bug, ladybird beetles, and carabids). Visual counts of adult and immature Orius insidiosus (Say), Coleomegilla maculata (DeGeer), Hippodamia convergens Gurin-Meneville, and Scymnus spp. occurring in Bt corn and its non-Bt isoline were made at Manhattan, KS, in 2002 and at Manhattan and Scandia, KS, in 2003. No significant differences were found between the Bt corn and non-Bt isoline plots in the abundance (number per plant) of O. insidiosus, C. maculata, H. convergens, and Scymnus spp. Field predation on Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) egg masses was also observed during the silking stage of corn at Manhattan and Scandia in 2003. No significant differences were observed among treatments in predation rate for predators with chewing versus sucking mouthparts. Two laboratory studies determined the effect of Cry3Bb1 protein expressed in Bt corn pollen on C. maculata and carabids. The larvae of C. maculata were reared on Bt pollen, non-Bt pollen, or greenbugs, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani). The duration of larval and pupal stages, developmental time from egg hatch to adult emergence, percentage of survival, and elytra length were compared among treatments. There were no significant differences in developmental time of larvae fed pollen or greenbugs during their first two instars. However, significantly prolonged development of the third (1 d) and fourth instars (2 d) was observed for larvae fed greenbugs only. Total time for larval development was significantly longer for larvae that fed on greenbugs versus larvae fed on pollen. No significant differences were observed among treatments in the percentage of larvae that pupated or pupal stage duration. Larvae that fed on greenbugs had higher pupal and adult weights compared with pollen-fed larvae. However, pupal and adult weights did not vary between the Bt and non-Bt pollen treatments. No significant differences occurred in longevity and elytra length of beetles among all treatments. Two carabid species, Harpalus caliginosus F. and Harpalus pensylvanicus DeGeer, were reared on moistened dog food sprinkled with Bt or non-Bt corn pollen. No significant differences in mortality of H. caliginosus and H. pensylvanicus were detected among any of the treatments. There was no significant effect of Bt pollen on fecundity and egg viability of H. caliginosus. Our studies showed that YieldGard Rootworm had no effect on the selected coleopteran predators; therefore, this Bt corn hybrid could be used in an integrated pest management system.

Animals↗