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PubMed1976

[Behavior of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies against measles and rubella in a group of children with chronic hepatitis].

The Authors studied the amount of anti-measles and anti-rubella heteroantibodies during chronic hepatitis and the possible role of these antibodies in eliciting and maintaining the hypergammaglobulinemic picture, characteristic of this morbid condition. The results they obtained in an almost exclusively pediatric case-list (37 cases) show, whenever the contact with these viruses (measles and rubella) occurred, a percentage of subjects with comparatively higher levels among chronic liver patients in comparison with control patients, of the same age. The percentage of subjects with previous rubella infection and hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody levels higher than 1:256 is about 45% among chronic liver patients, compared with 13% in healthy subjects. As far as measles virus is concerned the percentage drops from 11% to 4%. The most reliable hypotheses to explain this interesting phenomenon, which, however, does explain only partially, and concerning some cases only, the entity of the hypergammaglobulineamia, are set forth briefly.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Serologic diagnosis of human leptospirosis with 3 variants of the passive hemagglutination technique].

A serological study was conducted to evaluate 3 variants of the positive hemagglutination technique (HA) with the use of formalized erythrocytes of fresh lamb (HC) and of formalized Type O, Rh-negative human red blood cells (HH). No significant statistical difference were found between the results of HA and HC and between HC and HH. Unspecific reaction was only observed in 2 of the 200 sera studied by HH and HC. Heterophil antibodies were just observed in 2.5% of the sera studied by HH, and in 100% of the sera studied by HC. The qualitative parameters were determined for the variants used, and this way the repetition and reproducibility of the most useful variant was evaluated.

Hemagglutination Tests↗
PubMed1975

The immune response to urinary tract infections in childhood. I. Serological diagnosis of primary symptomatic infection in girls by indirect hemagglutination.

Determination of antibodies to E. Coli O antigen by indirect hemagglutination for detection of acute pyelonephritis was investigated in sequences of sera from 94 girls with their first known attack of symptomatic urinary tract infection. Using O antigen from the infecting bacterial strain or a standard strain increased antibody titres were found among pyelonephritis patients in 89% in unreduced sera (mainly 19 S antibodies) and in 81% in reduced sera (mainly 7 S antibodies) compared to a control material of 643 healthy children. Significant changes of these antibody titres occurred in 74 and 39% respectively. Analysis of maximal titres as well as titre changes in both unreduced and reduced sera showed diagnostically significant changes in two or more of these four parameters in 89% of patients with pyelonephritis. In contrast one parameter with such changes was found among the cystitis patients in only 5%. Employing a pool of 8 common O antigens, increased antibody titres were detected in 76% of patients with pyelonephritis. A larger pool of 68 antigens was no better and had a low capacity to detect 7 S antibodies. Optimal time for blood sampling was 2 to 3 weeks after onset of symptoms.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1975

[Regression analysis of the relation between antitoxic activity of sera (Jensen method) and antibody titers in the passive hemagglutination reaction].

Antidiphtherial and antitetanus antitoxic immunity was determined in the sera of 1588 children (20 experiments) and 611 children and adults (12 experiments) by two methods--on animals and in the passive hemagglutination test (PHT). Factual data were grouped in accordance with a conditioned scale of the antitoxin values in IU composed of the values average for each interval. The series of two-fold dilutions represented a scale of titres of the same sera in the PHT. Mathematical analysis showed that there was a direct linear regressive relationship between the indices of antitoxic immunity obtained by different methods. As a rule, regression coefficients were below a unit, i. e. the rate of increase of the values by the HDT titre scale was somewhat retarded from the growth by the IU titre, this pointing to the difference in their value. The free member of the regression equation (a) characterizing this choice of the sera varied widely. Between the regression coefficients calculated for individual experiments statistically significant differences were revealed in almost 50% of cases. Transformation of quantitative indices of one test into quantitative characteristics obtained by the other method, with the aid of regression equation calculated outside the definite experiment, proved to be unfounded.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

[Immunocapture-hemagglutination technique].

Virus specific IgM antibodies are very useful for the diagnosis of primer infection by the rubella and parotidis viruses. ELISA is the method usually used to detect IgM antibodies. The reactives and in some laboratories the apparatus are not always available. We carried out a serological method based on the immunocapture inhibition of hemagglutination of theses viruses by positive sera. 39 sera and 80 sera collected from patients and healthy population have been respectively studied to detect antirubella and antiparotidis IgM. The test appeared as sensitive and specific as the immunocapture IgM ELISA.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Study of the correlation between neutralization tests and hemagglutination inhibition tests in determinations of mumps virus antibodies].

In order to find out possibilities of wide application of the hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test for determination of antibody to mumps virus, correlations between neutralization test (NT) and HI test was studied. Antibody to mumps virus was detected by parallel titrations of sera and gamma globulins in HI and NT tests in two experimental series each of which used various modifications of these tests. Statistically significant strong correlation was established between these tests.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed2001

Retrospective study on the diagnostic value of IgG ELISA, dot immunoassay and indirect hemagglutination in septicemic melioidosis.

Three serological methods for diagnosis of melioidosis were compared with the culture method currently used as the "gold standard". The diagnostic values of the serological methods were evaluated retrospectively in 306 patients residing in an endemic area. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), using affinity purified antigen for detecting specific IgG antibody, showed a slightly higher specificity (86.0%) than the dot immunoassay (DOT) (84.0%) and both were superior to indirect hemagglutination (IHA) (72.0%). The sensitivity of DOT (96.4%) and ELISA (85.7%) were considerably higher than that of IHA (50.0%). The primary benefit of the high negative predictive value of both ELISA (96.4%) and DOT (99.0%) in an area of high prevalence is the ability to rule out most of the non-melioidosis patients.

Bacteremia↗
PubMed2002

[Contradictory results of passive hemagglutination and immunoenzyme tests in the determination of specific immunoglobulin G in the serodiagnosis of lues].

BACKGROUND: With continuing automatization it comes into consideration, which tests should be a part of the syphilis screening. Trying to learn more about the correlation and comparability of passive hemaglutination and imunoenzymatic assay, which are the candidate reactions on the screening test, we analyzed results of the above mentioned reactions in 2319 serum samples sent for diagnostics of syphilis. Special attention was paid to sera with contradictory results in both tests. METHODS AND RESULTS: When results were contradictory the patient's probability of having syphilis and the intensity of the reaction were analysed. Out of 2319 sera samples examined for syphilis 141 (6.1%) specimens belonging to 125 patients were found to provide contradictory results in passive hemagglutination (TPHA) and immunoenzymatic assay for the specific immunoglobulins G (ELISA IgG). In 14 cases (children of syphilitic mothers) only the passively transferred antibodies were found and these samples were excluded from the examined group. Almost four fifths of contradictions (88 out of 111, i.e. 79.3%) were based on the positivity of TPHA with the negativity of ELISA IgG and one fifth only (23 specimens, i.e. 20.3%) concerned the positivity of ELISA IgG with the negativity of TPHA. The relation to syphilis was more obvious in the TPHA-positive patients: in 88 TPHA-positive patients the syphilitics were relatively more common (39 syphilitics, i.e. 44.3%) than in 23 ELISA-positive patients (5 syphilitics, i.e. 21.7%), the difference is statistically significant (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that TPHA seems to be more sensitive, whereas ELISA IgG more specific.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Preparation of Newcastle disease virus hemagglutination-inhibition test antigen.

A method of preparing antigen for Newcastle hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests is described; polyethylene glycol precipitation is used for the virus concentration. The virus was inactivated with either formalin or beta-propiolactone. Glycerin was used to stabilize the hemagglutinin activity of the antigen. The stability, uninfectivity, and slow eluting features of the antigen should aid in obtaining accurate HI results without the risks inherent in the use of live virus.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Reversed passive hemagglutination test fails to detect HBsAg in a number of HBeAg positive sera.

In endemic areas of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, perinatal transmission from asymptomatic HBsAg carrier mothers to infants plays a major role in the transmission of HBV. HBeAg indicates a high level of viral replication and infectivity. Most of the infants born to HBeAg positive mothers become carriers. Prenatal screening of HBsAg would identify infected mothers and thus allow preventive administration of immunoglobulin and immunization to the newborns. Reversed passive hemagglutination assay (RPHA) is commonly used in Thailand for HBsAg screening. However this method has low sensitivity and gives false negative results. Therefore, infants born to HBsAg false negative mothers would not receive proper immunization. This study reveals the rate of false negative results for HBsAg by RPHA in high infectivity sera. Of 985 sera which were HBsAg positive by ELISA, 70 (7.1%) were negative for HBsAg by RPHA. Of these 70 false negative sera, 7 (10%) were HBeAg positive. Our results indicate that RPHA is a less sensitive method for detection of HBsAg than ELISA. RPHA can give false negative results even in sera with high HBV infectivity. Therefore, RPHA should be replaced by EIA for prenatal HBsAg screening or any other screening for HBV infection whenever possible.

False Negative Reactions↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Modification of the indirect hemagglutination test for rapid detection and identification of arbovirus antigens in brain suspensions from infected suckling mice].

It has been found possible to use erythrocytes sensitized by antibody from immune ascitic fluids of white mice for detection and identification of arbovirus antigens in suspensions of brains from infected suckling mice. Nonspecific agglutination of sensitized erythrocytes by animal brain suspensions could be eliminated considerably by increasing NaCl concentration in the reaction ingredient mixture pu to 1.3 M. Specific hemagglutination by the virus antigens present in the brain suspensions was retained. The diagnostic titer of the test was 1:8. Preliminary addition of homologous immune globulin to the antigenic material specifically inhibited agglutination of sensitized erythrocytes.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Field study of bovine coronavirus vaccine enriched with hemagglutinating antigen for winter dysentery in dairy cows.

A field study of a vaccine; prepared by solubilizing cells infected with bovine coronavirus, Triton X-100, and mixing with an oil adjuvant, was performed at 9 farms over 4 prefectures. The cattle tested were Holstein dairy cows aged 2 to 10 years. A vaccination group consisted of 157 animals (including 132 pregnant cows) and a non-vaccinated control group consisted of 50 animals. The cows received 2 intramuscular injections of vaccine (2 mL) at 3-week intervals. Vaccinated cows did not develop abnormalities, such as a decrease in milk production volume, and all pregnant animals calved normally. The geometric mean of the hemagglutination inhibition antibody titer was 34.2 before vaccination in test cows. The titer had increased to 105.6, 3 weeks after the 1st injection and peaked at 755.6, 1 month after the 2nd injection. A high antibody titer persisted at 396.0; 241.0; and 201.5, at 3, 6, and 9 months after the 2nd injection, respectively. This confirms the safety and high antibody-response induced by this prototype vaccine. Therefore, this vaccine may be useful for the prevention of winter dysentery caused by bovine coronavirus infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Indirect hemagglutination test of Rickettsia orientalis: its specificity for reference strains, Karp, Gilliam and Kato.

Amberlite XE-64 and bovine serum albumin-treated rickettsia suspension, which was prepared from the chicken yolk sacs infected with each of 3 reference strains of Rickettsia orientalis, Karp, Gilliam and Kato, was sonicated at 10 KC for 15 min at 4 degrees C and centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 40 min at 0 degrees C. The supernatant was used to sensitize the formalinized and tanned sheep red blood cells (SFTSRC). This antigen (2.5%) could be preserved for at least 1 wk at 4-8 degrees C and at least a month, if merthiolate (1:10,000) was added. Each SFTSRCP of 3 reference strains was found to be specific in indirect hemagglutination (IHA) reaction with each homologous immune serum and there was little cross reaction with the heterologous one. This minor cross reaction might be due to the presence of a small amount of soluble antigen in SFTSRC. No cross IHA reaction with the typhus fever immune serum was observed. The IHA test was considered to be useful for the diagnosis of scrub typhus.

Antibody Specificity↗
PubMed2002

A note on indirect hemagglutination (IHA) antibody titers among hospitalized patients in Thailand with amebic liver abscesses.

Amebic hepatic abscess is a tropical disease with a wide spectrum of clinical presentations. A retrospective case review was performed on 39 hospitalized patients in Thailand with the diagnosis of amebic liver abscess. A total of 23 men (59%) and 16 women (41%), with a mean age of 44.56 +/- 21.81 years (range, 10 to 88 years), were involved in the study. The average duration of present illness was 7.33 +/- 0.83 days. Abscesses were discovered in the right lobe in 29 patients (74.4%), in the left lobe in 3 patients (7.7%), and in both lobes in 7 patients (17.9%). Thirty patients had single abscesses (76.9%) and 9 patients had multiple abscesses (23.1%). On admission, the average white blood count was 17.37 +/- 6.34 x 1000 WBC/mm3, serum albumin was 2.86 +/- 0.61 g/dL, prothrombin time was 16.52 +/- 5.8 seconds, serum aspartate transaminase (AST) was 92.62 +/- 118.74 U/L, serum alanine transaminase (ALT) was 83.74 +/- 107.84 U/L, serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was 407.68 +/- 343.42 U/L, and serum bilirubin was 2.44 +/- 2.08 g/dL. Average indirect hemagglutination (IHA) titer of the cases was 1:1190.35 +/- 895.42 (range, 1:256 to 2048). Concerning the multiple logistic regression analysis, no significant correlation was found between antibody titer and the other parameters. Of interest, pathogenic organisms were detected in stool in only 2 cases. This study shows the usefulness of serologic study in diagnosis of amebic liver abscess.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Comparison of a direct latex-agglutination technic with the tanned red cell hemagglutination inhibition immunoassay (TRCHII) for semiquantitation of fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products.

A new latex-agglutination kit for rapid screening for fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products (FDP/fdp) has been compared with a standard tanned red cell hemagglutination inhibition immunoassay (TRCHII). The latex-agglutination test results agreed with the TRCHII results for 489 of 588 samples (83%). FDP/fdp values were elevated by the latex-agglutination kit when normal by the TRCHII for 79 (13%) samples, and the reverse was true for 20 (3%) samples. Serial dilution of serum sample allowed reliable semiquantitation of FDP/fdp levels compared with TRCHII results (r=less than .001). The latex-agglutination test gave FDP/fdp values of larger than or equal to 10 mug. per ml. for sera from 11 of 13 patients who had acute pulmonary embolism and for only one of 24 normal control samples. The direct latex-agglutination kit for FDP/fdp appears to have appropriate sensitivity to serve as a screening test for acute pulmonary embolism in patients not receiving heparin therapy.

Batroxobin↗