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We describe the identification of a single base mutation in the 5alpha-reductase type II gene in a Brazilian patient who was reared as female and remained with female behavior and sexual identity.
The intent of this study was to assess the influence of sex-role appropriate materials on the utilization of logical competence among older persons, and to determine how such materials interact with subject's sex-role identity to affect cognitive performance. Thirty male and 30 female Ss (mean age = 71.3 years) were administered the Short Form of the Bem Sex-Role Inventory and either a male-oriented, a female-oriented, or a traditional version of two concrete operational and two formal operational Piagetian tasks. Gender was found to influence performance on one of the concrete tasks, task orientation influenced performance on one of the formal tasks, and sex-role classification interacted with task orientation to influence performance on both of the formal operational tasks. The pattern of results suggested that subjects may perform best on those versions of the formal operational tasks that do not match their own sex type. Possible explanations for these findings are discussed.
Barebacking, the deliberate practice of unprotected anal intercourse, is a new reality for many gay men. How does bareback sex create, maintain, and challenge personal and collective gay identities? Drawing from the works of Foucault, Weeks, Epstein, and popular gay literature, this essay explores these intersections and conflicts. Specifically, we examine the nature of identity and the conflicts and divisions in gay communities, analyze the barebacking phenomenon and its interconnection with the paradoxes of identity, and conclude by discussing the implications for HIV/AIDS education, suggestions for future research, and ways of engaging in community dialogue.
Although homosexuality was still identified as a sign of effeminacy in the West at the beginning of the twentieth century, the work of George Chauncey suggests that working-class men in the West were able to maintain a masculine identity by playing the active, or insertive, role in sexual encounters. The experiences of one middle-class English homosexual, J. R. Ackerley (1896-1967), reveals that maintaining one's masculinity was more difficult for men of the middle class who desired same-sex contact. After a period in which his identity vacillated between the poles of male and female, he conceived a masculine homosexual identity by consciously rejecting effeminacy in himself and others, by dressing as a "normal" middle-class male, and, most importantly, by seeking relationships with younger, working-class men.
This paper examines the integrative role of inner genitality in the formation of penis internalisations, which form part of the feminine self. Penis envy, operating simultaneously with the anxiety arising from a realisation of the introitus under the influence of inner genitality, organises functioning inner and outer female penis structures. This three-dimensionality of inner genitality, penis envy and anxiety for penetration is the condition of a functioning femininity. In the light of an analytic case history, the author follows the thawing out of a phallic defence position and the awakening of the obstructed genitality. Phallicity is seen as a traumatic defence structure, which prevents the development of functioning penis identifications. In the phallic mental world, the penis takes on an idealised and concrete meaning. Its desirability is denied, and the woman excludes her inner genitality from her relationship to it as an object. When most obstructed in her womanhood, a woman becomes a phallus herself. She lives in an imitative identity, in which the internalising psychic functions have come to a standstill. In such a mind, the ultimate purpose of defence is to avoid annihilation anxiety.
Data from the 1991 National Survey of Men examine men's perceptions about their roles in relation to those of women in a couple's decision-making about sex, contraception and the rearing of children. A majority of men (61%) perceive that there is gender quality in sexual decision-making, and more than three-quarters (78%) believe that men and women share equal responsibility for decisions about contraception. However, men are three times as likely to say that women play a greater role in a couple's decisions about sex as they are to believe that men have the greater voice (30% compared with 9%). In contrast, men are more than twice as likely to perceive than men have a greater responsibility in contraceptive decisions as they are to say that women do (15% compared with 7%). Finally, 88% of men strongly agree that a man has the same responsibilities as a woman for the children they have together.
This paper presents an ideal-typical model of homosexual identity development that describes how committed homosexuals (i.e., women and men who see themselves as homosexual and adopt corresponding lifestyles) recall having developed perceptions of themselves as homosexual. The model consists of four stages: sensitization, identity confusion, identity assumption, and commitment. Often-repeated themes in the life histories of lesbians and gay males, clustered according to life stages, provide the content and characteristics of each stage.
A conceptual hierarchy termed the Personality and Role Identity Structural Model, or PRISM, is offered as a framework for incorporating situational information into trait models. PRISM assumes that personality is structured hierarchically with general dispositions subsuming context-specific dispositions (role identities), which, in turn, subsume role-based thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. At Wave 1 (N = 149), we found that general traits account for commonalities across traits measured within role identities and that role identities mediate the relationship between general traits and role criteria. In a longitudinal follow-up of a subsample of the original participants (Wave 2; N = 62), we found that general traits and role-identity traits were more stable than role experiences over time. Also, changes in role experiences were related to changes in role-identity traits, and, in turn, changes in role-identity traits were related to changes in general traits. The potential of PRISM for use in understanding the development of personality traits is discussed.
The role of friendship in the development and maintenance of lesbian love relationships was investigated by means of a structured interview with 23 lesbian women. Friendship was found to be a key factor in the development of the respondents' first same-sex love relationships; the first sexual/romantic relationship often grew out of an established friendship between the women. Also, friendship was found to be a prime developmental and maintenance factor in the women's current relationships; 78% stated that their current lover had first been their friend, and 77% stated that their current lover had become their closest friend. Some related issues, such as development of a lesbian identity and definitional differences between "lover" and "friend," were also examined. A theoretical discussion interpreting the friendship findings within a feminist framework of women-identification is included.
This study reflects an initial empirical attempt to assess the validity of a widely accepted model of sexual identity formation proposed by Cass (1979). Using a cross-sectional sample of 143 sexual minority participants, factor analytic and multidimensional scaling results suggest that sexual minorities view the identity formation process as occurring in two phases, rather than multiple discrete linear stages. These two phases can be best characterized by individuals having either an "unintegrated" or "fully integrated" sense of sexual orientation into one's self-identity. Future research is suggested utilizing a longitudinal design in order to conduct a more rigorous test of this model.
Recently, Buzwell and Rosenthal proposed that sexual styles were a useful way of understanding young people's constructions of a sexual identity. In this work we replicated with a sample of 522 15- to 16-yr.-olds in broad terms, the five styles identified by Buzwell and Rosenthal.
The author investigates the structural difficulties currently involved in arriving at a conclusive definition of the female Oedipus complex. She shows how Freud's theory of the female Oedipus complex, originally a theory of non-individuation, now figures as a theory of individuation, with old, partriarchally oriented constructs and modern ideas of emancipation having entered into complex combinations that can sometimes be disentangled only with difficulty. Finally, three aspects of the female Oedipus complex are examined: 1. its importance in the acquisition of female sexual identity, 2. its function as a locus for finding the heterosexual object, and 3. its role as a locus for the resolution or fixation of the "daughterly" existence.
Repetition priming for faces was examined in a sex-judgment task given at test. Priming was found for edited, hair-removed photos of unfamiliar and familiar faces after a single presentation at study. Priming was also observed for the edited photos when study and test faces were different exemplars. Priming was not observed, however, when sex judgments were made at test to photos of complete, hair-included faces. These findings were interpreted by assuming that, for edited faces, internal features are attended, thereby activating face-recognition units that support performance. With complete faces, however, participants provided speeded judgments based primarily on the hairstyle. It is suggested that, for both familiar and unfamiliar faces, a common locus exists for the processing of the identity of a face and its sex. A single face-recognition model for the processing of familiar and unfamiliar faces is advocated.
A longitudinal study of 25 young adults from lesbian families and 21 raised by heterosexual single mothers revealed that those raised by lesbian mothers functioned well in adulthood in terms of psychological well-being and of family identity and relationships. The commonly held assumption that lesbian mothers will have lesbian daughters and gay sons was not supported by the findings.
This paper presents suggestions for therapists working with women who are having difficulty accepting their attractions to other women, lesbian behavior and identity, or both, with the goal of promoting self-acceptance and reducing internalized homophobia. After a discussion of the therapeutic relationship, several coping strategies which have been used successfully by many women are described and therapeutic applications are offered. These strategies include cognitive restructuring, avoiding a negative identity, adopting an identity label, self-disclosure, meeting other lesbians, and habituation to lesbianism. Finally, behavioral indications of success or failure to achieve the goal of self-acceptance are presented.
By way of introduction, this article considers the growth of the desire for a child and problems of counter-transference among older, but in terms of motherhood younger parents. The discussion concerns disturbance of the mother-child relationship among 34 child psychiatry patients whose mothers were between 37 and 44 years of age when they were born. The article expresses the view that late motherhood, beginning shortly before the end of the reproductive phase, is related to a particular problem of inner maturation among late mothers. With the birth of a child, late mothers enter into a state of sustained partial regression that endangers active adjustment and the maternal care of the child during all developmental phases. The mother's need to be more or less mothered herself by her child is a sign of the mother's difficulties in detaching herself from her own mother. As a result of the causal disturbance in the process of maturation toward a maternal identity, problems in the relationship between both late and minority-age mothers reveal many similarities, though there are also fundamental differences between the two.
A case of change of sex at the age of twelve is reported in a patient with male pseudohermaphroditism who has been regularly followed-up for ten years after the change. This case exemplifies the maturation and identification problems which arise when the patient is assigned to the wrong sex as a result of organic abnormalities. The doubt concerning sexual identity which appears at the time of birth is instrumental in the child's psychic development and produces both intellectual dullness and libidinal fixation to preoedipal stages.
The process of becoming a mother in an adopted land presents unique challenges in identity formation of immigrant mothers. The bidirectional influence of the mother's own transformation and that of the larger family system has significant implications for child development. This article addresses the ways in which cultural displacement has an impact on the dilemmas of motherhood, as evident in adaptation to the immigration process, changing conceptions of gender roles and attachment, bicultural conflicts, and changing family structure and social network. Mothers' attempts to integrate the old and the new cultural frameworks are explored, particularly in the context of psychotherapy. Clinical cases are discussed to illustrate the intrapsychic and interpersonal conflicts faced by immigrant mothers.