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PubMed1976

[Demonstration of a protocol for obtaining germ-free chickens].

A simple and reliable technique for obtaining germ-free chickens was investigated. Various disinfection tests of the material and the eggs have been performed with chemical agents. The weak frequency of internal contamination of the eggs (0.4 p. 100), if collected in good hygienic conditions and dipped the same day in a I per 100 solution of mercuric chloride, allows sterile hatchings in 100 fertilized eggs batches to be obtained. The sterilization of the isolator-hatching box was performed by pulverization of a I per 100 solution of quaternary ammonium, followed by a formaldehyde fumigation. The material passed through an antiseptic bath (liquid-lock) of I per 100 quaternary ammonium in water. This technique yielded 250 chickens, in 12 successive lots, that were bred until 15 days to 6 weeks, without bacteriological contamination.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Chagas disease vector control through different intervention modalities in endemic localities of Paraguay.

In a field study carried out in three rural communities in Paraguay in a zone endemic for Chagas disease, we implemented three different vector control interventions--spraying, housing improvement, and a combination of spraying plus housing improvement--which effectively reduced the triatomine infestation. The reduction of triatomine infestation was 100% (47/47) in the combined intervention community, whereas in the community where housing improvement was carried out it was 96.4% (53/55). In the community where fumigation alone was used, the impact was 97.6% (40/41) in terms of domiciliary infestation. In all the houses where an intervention was made, an 18-month follow-up showed reinfestation rates of less than 10%. A serological survey of the population in the pre- and post-intervention periods revealed a shift in positive cases towards older age groups, but no significant differences were observed. The rate of seroconversion was 1.3% (three new cases) in the community with housing improvement only, but none of these cases could have resulted from vector transmission. The most cost-effective intervention was insecticide spraying, which during a 21-month follow-up period had a high impact on triatomine infestation and cost US$ 29 per house as opposed to US$ 700 per house for housing improvement.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Physical hazards of animal handlers.

Animal handlers may be harmed on the job due to injuries inflicted by animals; dangers related to the facility, work activities, and equipment; and weather extremes. Traumatic or venomous attacks by animals can result in fatality. Potentially hazardous features of the work environment include fumigation chambers, cage washers, slippery walking surfaces, needles and scalpels, food preparation equipment, noise, radiation, and motor vehicles. Heat- and cold-related injuries are not uncommon. Attention to safety measures is of critical importance in the field of animal handling.

Accidents, Occupational↗

PubMed1998

Driving out the 'toothworm' in today's China.

For thousands of years people have tried to explain toothache as the result of a worm residing in a carious tooth. Fumigation of the carious tooth, with the smoke from burning henbane or leek seeds, was used to drive the "toothworm" out of the tooth. A quack in modern China adopted the same ruse and supposedly drove the worms out of student's tooth. This duplicitous procedure was captured on film by a dentist who witnessed it.

Dental Caries↗

PubMed1999

Three fatalities involving phosphine gas, produced as a result of methamphetamine manufacturing.

In August of 1996, Sheriff's deputies investigated the deaths of three individuals suspected to have been overcome by phosphine gas. Phosphine is an extremely toxic gas, and is generally seen in the farming industry where it is used as a grain fumigant. It can also be generated as a by-product during the manufacturing of methamphetamine. Chemicals and equipment consistent with the manufacturing of methamphetamine were noted at the location, as well as an apparent reaction mixture heated to near dryness. Dräger tubes detected an atmospheric phosphine concentration in excess of 0.3 parts per million (ppm), the Threshold Limit Value. Deputies had initially assessed the scene with no protective equipment, raising concerns about phosphine toxicity and the effects of exposure. The objectives of this paper are to describe how phosphine is formed during the manufacture of methamphetamine, to review the toxicity, health effects and symptoms of exposure, to address the safety concerns regarding potential exposure to law enforcement personnel, and to describe the protective equipment available for personnel who respond to clandestine laboratories.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Susceptibility and resistance to insecticides of Chagas disease vectors.

Chemical control of Chagas disease vectors appears to be the best practical way to reduce the incidence of the disease. DDT was initially tested in the 1950s for the campaigns of control of Chagas disease vectors. Its low level of effectiveness against triatomine caused the failure of these control actions. HCH was then introduced in the southern cone and Dieldrin in the north of Latinoamerica. Starting in the late 1960s anticholinesterasic organophosphorus and carbamate compounds were introduced in the control of Chagas vectors. The use of pyrethroid compounds began in 1980. This family of insecticides is now the most important tool in triatomines control because of its favorable toxicological properties. Other types of insecticides also studied for Chagas vector control were the insect growth regulators and the antifeeding compounds. Because of the mode of action of these insecticides they are now considered just a potential complement of neurotoxic insecticides for integrated programmes of Triatomines control. Innovative formulations such as fumigant canister and insecticidal paints have been successfully developed in Latinoamerica with the World Health Organization support. Resistance to insecticides of triatomines is not yet a great problem in Chagas vectors. However, some resistant strains to pyrethroids have been found in Rhodnius prolixus from Venezuela and in Triatoma infestans from Brazil. Some cases of T. infestans incipient resistance to deltamethrin have been detected in Argentina. According to the control tools now available it is possible to expect the interruption of vector transmission of Chagas disease in the near future.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Knowledge, opinions, and practices regarding Aedes aegypti].

The active participation of the community is indispensable for reducing Aedes aegypti mosquito populations so causes leading to their growth, actions taken, effects on the health and the people in charge of controlling such mosquitoes are all dealt with in this paper. 210 persons were interviewed from June 25 to 27, 1997. The causes of the growth of the mosquito population were: excessive garbage (59%), dirty waters (58%), open water reservoirs (50%) and lack of fumigation (21%). 40% of interviewed people did not know that these vectors can breed even in clean waters. They mentioned some effects on the health due to the mosquito bites. 51% said that mosquitoes should be jointly controlled by the State and the community but 35% believed that the State should be the sole responsible for this task. These opinions may determine that steps are not properly taken to avoid proliferation of vector and that the activities of the anti-vector program are not really understood since they do not meet the expectations.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Risk factors for wheeze in the last 12 months in preschool children.

Most children with asthma develop their symptoms before the age of 5 years and many preschool wheezers continue to wheeze in the early school years. It is thus important to investigate the factors that predispose young children to wheeze. The objective of this study was to investigate the relevant environmental and family influences on recent wheeze (wheeze within the last 12 months) in preschool children. A cross-sectional study was conducted in five primary health clinics in the district of Kota Bharu from April to October 1998. Nurses from these clinics distributed Bahasa Malaysia questionnaires containing questions on asthma symptoms, environmental risk factors, family's social status and family history of atopy and wheeze to preschool children aged 1-5 years during their home visits. The respondents were parent(s) or carer(s) of the children. A total of 2,524 (87.7%) complete questionnaires were available for analysis of risk factors. One hundred and fifty six (6.2%) children had current wheeze. Significant risk factors associated with current wheeze were a family history of asthma (O.R. = 6.36, 95% C.I. = 4.45-9.09), neonatal hospital admission (O.R. = 2.38, 95% C.I. = 1.51 - 3.75), and a maternal (O.R. = 2.12, 95% C.I. = 1.31-3.41) or paternal (O.R. = 1.52, 95% C.I. = 0.95-2.43) history of allergic rhinitis. Among environmental factors examined, namely, household pets, carpeting in bedroom, use of fumigation mats, mosquito coils and aerosol insect repellents, maternal and paternal smoking, and air conditioning, none were associated with an increased risk of wheeze. In conclusion, the strongest association with current wheeze was a family history of asthma. Also significant were neonatal hospital admission and a history of allergic rhinitis in either the mother or father. None of the environmental factors studied were related to current wheeze in preschool children.

Asthma↗

PubMed2000

Does ascorbate in the mesophyll cell walls form the first line of defence against ozone? Testing the concept using broad bean (Vicia faba L.).

Broad bean (Vicia faba L.) plants were exposed, in duplicate controlled environment chambers, to charcoal/Purafil-filtered air (CFA-grown plants) or to 75 nmol mol(-1) ozone (O(3)) for 7 h d(-1) (O(3)-grown plants) for 28 d, and then exposed to 150 nmol mol(-1) O(3 )for 8 h. The concentration of ascorbate (ASC) was determined in leaf extracellular washing fluid (apoplast) and in the residual leaf tissue (symplast) after 0, 4 and 8 h acute fumigation, and after a 16 h "recovery" period in CFA. Changes in stomatal conductance were measured in vivo in order to model pollutant uptake, while the light-saturated rate of CO(2) assimilation (A:(sat)) was recorded as an indicator of O(3)-induced intracellular damage. Measurements of A:(sat) revealed enhanced tolerance to 150 nmol mol(-1) O(3) in plants pre-exposed to the pollutant compared with equivalent plants grown in CFA, consistent with the observed reduction in pollutant uptake due to lower stomatal conductance. The concentration of ASC in the leaf apoplast (ASC(apo)) declined upon O(3)-treatment in both CFA- and O(3)-grown plants, consistent with the oxidation of ASC(apo) under O(3)-stress. Furthermore, the decline in ASC(apo) was reversible in O(3)-grown plants after a 16 h "recovery" period, but not in plants grown in CFA. No significant change in the level and/or redox state of ASC in the symplast (ASC(symp)) was observed in plants exposed to 150 nmol mol(-1) O(3), and there was no difference in the constitutive level of ASC(symp) between CFA- and O(3)-grown plants. Model calculations indicated that the reaction of O(3) with ASC(apo) in the leaves of Vicia faba is potentially sufficient to intercept a substantial proportion (30-40%) of the O(3)entering the plant under environmentally-relevant conditions. The potential role of apoplastic ASC in mediating the tolerance of leaves to O(3) is discussed.

Air Pollutants↗

PubMed2000

[Congenital malformations and pesticide exposure].

BACKGROUND: Chronic pesticide exposure is a recognized risk for human health. The frequency of congenital malformations in exposed people, can be used for epidemiological studies assessing reproductive risk secondary to toxic exposure. AIM: To study the association between the incidence of congenital malformations and parent's exposure to pesticides. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective study of cases and controls. The exposure could be caused by occupational activities or residence around fumigated crops. The records of cases and controls from the surveillance carried out in the Hospital Regional de Rancagua were analyzed. This hospital is active member of a collaborative study of congenital malformations in Latin America. RESULTS: In two years there was a total of 453 newborns (18 stillborn) with congenital malformations, with an incidence of 41.24/1000. Considering only children born alive, the paired analysis of cases and controls showed an association of congenital malformations with a history of maternal exposure, with an attributable fraction of 54.4%. CONCLUSIONS: These results, showing an association between pesticide exposure and congenital malformations, should be analyzed in the future by a logistic regression test.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of sulfite in Oriental herbal medicines.

Sulfite was detected in 7 varieties of Oriental herbal medicines (Pueraria radix, Zingiberis rhizoma, Platycodon radix, Adenophora radix, Pinellia tuber, Astragalus radix, and Paeonia radix) on the Korean market. Sulfiting of commercial Oriental herbal medicines by fumigation with burning bituminous coal was simulated, and the accumulation of sulfite was investigated by using fresh Platycodon radix roots obtained from a growing field. The sulfite level reached a plateau in 9 h, and the maximum sulfite level found by the Monier-Williams (MW) method (AOAC 990.28) was 1020 ppm. The sulfite content in the simulated Platycodon radix sample determined by alkali extraction followed by ion-exclusion chromatography with electrochemical detection (AOAC 990.31) was approximately 17% lower on average than the MW results. Free-sulfite levels determined by acid extraction and ion-exclusion chromatography with electrochemical detection were between 19 and 49% of the MW results. The advantages of different methods for sulfite determination and the significance of the results are discussed.

Chromatography, Ion Exchange↗

PubMed2000

Effects of carbon tetrachloride-injured hepatocytes on hepatic stellate cell activation and salvianolic acid A preventive action in vitro.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4))-injured hepatocyte on hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation, the relation between lipid peroxidation and liver fibrosis, and the action mechanisms of salvianolic acid A (SA-A), one of water soluble components extracted from radix salvia miltiorrhizae, against HSC activation and liver fibrosis. METHODS: The hepatocytes were isolated from the normal rats, incubated with SA-A at different concentrations, respectively, and vitamin E severed as control. At the same time the cells were fumigated with CCl(4) for 24h, and ALT activities in the medium were measured. After the cell medium was changed and cultured for another 24h, the medium was collected as "hepatocyte conditioned medium" (HCM) and measured for malondiadehyde (MDA) content. Then HCM was incubated with primary cultured HSC for 48h, and HSC proliferation, type I collagen gene expression and protein production were observed. RESULTS: ALT activity and MDA content in the hepatocyte medium were increased remarkably after the cell was injured. HCM could obviously promote HSC proliferation, type I collagen mRNA expression and protein production. SA-A could markedly inhibit ALT activity and MDA content in hepatocytes, and decreased collagen gene expression and protein production. CONCLUSION: The secretion from the peroxidative injured hepatocyte could stimulate HSC activation, SA-A could decrease activation by alleviation of hepatocyte peroxidation.

Alanine Transaminase↗

PubMed2000

Methemoglobinemia in aluminium phosphide poisoning in rats.

Aluminium phosphide (AlP) a grain fumigant is the leading cause of intentional poisoning in North India. The mechanisms involved in toxicity are not known and there is no antidote till date. The present study was carried out to investigate the oxygen free radical generation, methemoglobinemia and effect of methylene blue treatment on survival time in rat model of AlP poisoning. AlP (50 mg/kg, intragastric) was administered in one group and the other group received AlP + Methylene Blue (MB) (0.1%, 1 mg/kg/5 min, i.v.). Malonyldialdehyde (MDA) and methemoglobin (MeHb) levels were measured at 10 and 30 min intervals. Blood MDA levels increased at 10 and 30 min after AlP exposure with simultaneous rise in MeHb levels suggesting methemoglobinemia could be due to increased oxygen free radical generation. Methylene blue caused a significant fall in both the parameters with prolongation of survival time. It is concluded that AlP causes methemoglobinemia responding to methylene blue treatment.

Aluminum Compounds↗

PubMed2001

Two cases of ethylene dibromide poisoning.

Ethylene dibromide (EDB) is commonly available as a liquid pesticide for use as fumigant and preservative for storage of cereals and grains in India. Accidental or suicidal ingestion is often associated with often fatal delayed sudden hepatic or renal failure. We report 2 cases of EDB poisoning in humans.

Accidents↗

PubMed1995

[Application of toxic substances in ancient Chinese Army].

Application of toxic substances as a weapon began in the Spring-Autumn Period. In 677 B.C. the people of Sui dropped poisons into water to expel army from Qi State. During the period of cold weapon in addition to toxic fumigation, poisons were also spread on spears, swords and arrows. Recipes for anti-toxic arrows were recorded in Chen Yanzhi's Xiao-pin-fang of the Western Jin Dynasty, Liu Juan-zi's Gui-Yi-fang of the Liu-Song Dynasty, Jin-chuang-mi-chuan-jin-fang of the Yuan Dynasty. As a rule, toxication through natural sources were emphasized as described in Tai-bai-yin-jing of the Tang Dynasty, etc, including selection of camping sites, quality of water supply. It was also mentioned that the general of an army should despatch order for antitoxicity during travelling.

Antidotes↗

PubMed1997

[Philippe-Nicolas Pia (1721-1799), creator of the first-aid service to rescue drowned people].

Ph.-N. Pia is known as a philanathropist. In 1770, this apothecary is elected at the board of the city of Paris. Then, he wishes to create a first-aid service to rescue drowned people. In wooden boxes, he gathers together the drugs and devices used at that time, as a fumigating machine to inject tobacco smoke into the intestine, bottles of spirit of camphor, ammonia, a long shirt of wool, wood canulas and flexible pipes made of thin sheep leather. In each of the fiveteen guard houses standing along the river, are deposited a box and a stretcher. As far as Pia is at the head of the military police, he is especially innovating when he decids to train the guards to apply the drugs and the resuscitation processes. With such a regulated way of functioning associated to medical education and granting of awards, within fiveteen years hundreds of people are rescued and resuscitated. Yearly, he publishes the results obtained in Paris and in several places in France, with comments on the situation in the Netherlands, Germany and Britain. In 1780, the king nominates him in the royal order of Saint-Michel. The Révolution supresses the Etablissement en faveur des noyés, and Pia died in 1799 as completely forgotten. In Paris, the first-aid services come back to their former efficiency around 1835, when Marc proposes a special medical training to the fire-men and the military police to form first-aid groups. In this field, the pionneering work of Pia is still of great value and can abe kept in mind as a worldwide reference.

Drowning↗

PubMed1998

[Syphilis at the end of the 16th century, on the course of professor Jean Riolan, of the Faculté de médecine de Paris].

Based on the study of a medical course taught at the Faculty of Medicine in Paris by Jean Riolan in 1584-1585 and kept at the Carnegie Library in Reims, this article presents syphilis, called "Indian disease", as an illness with a new clinical description. The professor studies its origin, its symptoms, its cure with a decoction of gaiac wood which is inefficient, and a cure with quicksilver under different forms (pills, unctions, fumigations) which is more reliable. It gives an example of the adaptation of a much-disparaged medicine to a disease with symptoms unknown from ancient authors.

Faculty, Medical↗

PubMed2001

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and specific pesticide exposures in men: cross-Canada study of pesticides and health.

Our objective in the study was to investigate the putative associations of specific pesticides with non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma [NHL; International Classification of Diseases, version 9 (ICD-9) 200, 202]. We conducted a Canadian multicenter population-based incident, case (n = 517)-control (n = 1506) study among men in a diversity of occupations using an initial postal questionnaire followed by a telephone interview for those reporting pesticide exposure of 10 h/year or more, and a 15% random sample of the remainder. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were computed using conditional logistic regression stratified by the matching variables of age and province of residence, and subsequently adjusted for statistically significant medical variables (history of measles, mumps, cancer, allergy desensitization treatment, and a positive history of cancer in first-degree relatives). We found that among major chemical classes of herbicides, the risk of NHL was statistically significantly increased by exposure to phenoxyherbicides [OR, 1.38; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.06-1.81] and to dicamba (OR, 1.88; 95% CI, 1.32-2.68). Exposure to carbamate (OR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.22-3.04) and to organophosphorus insecticides (OR, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.27-2.36), amide fungicides, and the fumigant carbon tetrachloride (OR, 2.42; 95% CI, 1.19-5.14) statistically significantly increased risk. Among individual compounds, in multivariate analyses, the risk of NHL was statistically significantly increased by exposure to the herbicides 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D; OR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.01-1.73), mecoprop (OR, 2.33; 95% CI, 1.58-3.44), and dicamba (OR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.00-2.81); to the insecticides malathion (OR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.31-2.55), 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis (4-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT), carbaryl (OR, 2.11; 95% CI, 1.21-3.69), aldrin, and lindane; and to the fungicides captan and sulfur compounds. In additional multivariate models, which included exposure to other major chemical classes or individual pesticides, personal antecedent cancer, a history of cancer among first-degree relatives, and exposure to mixtures containing dicamba (OR, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.40-2.75) or to mecoprop (OR, 2.22; 95% CI, 1.49-3.29) and to aldrin (OR, 3.42; 95% CI, 1.18-9.95) were significant independent predictors of an increased risk for NHL, whereas a personal history of measles and of allergy desensitization treatments lowered the risk. We concluded that NHL was associated with specific pesticides after adjustment for other independent predictors.

Adult↗