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PubMed2003

Fish consumption is associated with lower heart rates.

BACKGROUND: Fish consumption decreases risk of sudden death. The goal of the present study was to assess the relationship between fish consumption and heart rate. METHODS AND RESULTS: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted of 9758 men, age 50 to 59 years, without coronary heart disease (CHD) who were recruited in France and Belfast, Ireland, from 1991 to 1993. Heart rate and CHD risk factors were compared among 4 categories of fish consumption, as follows: (1) less than once per week (n=2662), (2) once per week (n=4576), (3) twice per week (n=1964), and (4) more than twice per week (n=556). Fatty acid profiles of erythrocyte phospholipids were determined in a random subsample of 407 subjects. In erythrocyte phospholipids, eicosapentaenoic acid (P<0.0005), docosahexaenoic acid (P<0.0001), and total n-3 fatty acid (P<0.0008) increased across the categories of fish intake. Triglycerides (P<0.0001), systolic blood pressure (P<0.006), and diastolic blood pressure (P<0.0001) were lower and HDL cholesterol levels (P<0.004) were higher in fish consumers than in nonconsumers. Similarly, heart rate decreased across the categories of fish intake (P<0.0001). After adjustment for age, center, education level, physical activity, smoking habit, alcohol consumption, body mass index, and antiarrhythmic medications, heart rate remained statistically lower among fish consumers than among nonconsumers (P for trend <0.0001). Docosahexaenoic acid content of erythrocyte phospholipids was inversely correlated with heart rate (P<0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Fish consumption is associated with decreased heart rate in men. Because heart rate is positively associated with risk of sudden death, this association may explain, at least in part, the lower risk of sudden death among fish consumers.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMed1997

Both dietary fish-oil supplementation and aspirin fail to inhibit atherosclerosis in long-term vein bypass grafts in moderately hypercholesterolemic nonhuman primates.

BACKGROUND: Aortocoronary vein bypass grafts are vulnerable to late atherosclerotic occlusion. Conventional platelet inhibitor therapy provides early but not persistent protection against graft failure. Evidence suggests that consumption of marine foods may reduce cardiovascular disease, possibly because of the unique long-chain unsaturated omega-3 fatty acids present in these foods. We hypothesized that dietary fish-oil supplementation would protect against atherosclerosis in vein bypass grafts. METHODS AND RESULTS: Thirty-three moderately hypercholesterolemic cynomolgus macaques were divided into four groups: control, control+aspirin, fish oil, and fish oil+aspirin. Each control group received olive oil as placebo to equalize calorie and fat consumption with that of the fish-oil groups. Both oils were in ethyl ester form, with the fish oil providing 0.88 g/d eicosapentaenoic acid. The aspirin dose was 40 mg/d. Cephalic vein grafts were interposed bilaterally in the carotid arteries and excised for analysis at 4 years. Bleeding time was significantly prolonged in all groups receiving fish oil or aspirin (P<.05). Plasma cholesterol levels were similar among groups, averaging 6.9+/-2.4 mmol/L (267+/-94 mg/dL). The extent of atherosclerosis in vein grafts did not differ among groups as evaluated both by Sudan IV staining of intimal lipid lesions (27+/-21% of total surface area, P=.89) and analysis of cholesterol content (236+/-203 nmol/mg, 9.1+/-7.8 microg/mg, P=.85). Vein graft connective tissue composition was also unaffected by treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings do not support the use of concentrated dietary fish-oil supplements or aspirin for the prevention of atherosclerosis in long-term vein bypass grafts. Consumption of fish flesh or less refined oil preparations could have effects different from those of the purified fish-oil ethyl esters we used.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Fish oil amplifies the effect of propranolol in mild essential hypertension.

Forty-seven male patients with mild essential hypertension were randomly allocated to three subgroups. After a run-in period of 4 weeks, the first subgroup (n = 16) received propranolol (80 mg/day) for 36 weeks followed by a placebo period of 4 weeks. The second subgroup (n = 15), after a run-in period of 4 weeks, was given a supplement of encapsulated fish oil (9 g/day) for 36 weeks with a subsequent period of 4 weeks in which fish oil placebo was given. The third subgroup (n = 16), after a run-in period of 4 weeks, was given propranolol (80 mg/day) for 12 weeks, propranolol (80 mg/day) plus fish oil capsules (9 g/day equivalent to 1.8 g/day of eicosapentaenoic acid and 1.1 g/day of docosahexaenoic acid) for 12 weeks, propranolol plus fish oil placebo (same doses for 12 weeks) with a subsequent period of 4 weeks when propranolol placebo was administered. The results indicate a blood pressure-lowering effect of fish oil, which was comparable with that of propranolol. The simultaneous intake of fish oil plus propranolol was more effective than propranolol or fish oil alone. Propranolol treatment resulted in a decrease of plasma norepinephrine, plasma renin activity, and thromboxane B2 formation. After fish oil supplementation, plasma norepinephrine and thromboxane B2 formation were likewise reduced, whereas plasma renin activity appeared increased. The decrease of serum triglycerides, total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol as well as the rise of high density lipoprotein cholesterol are concomitant beneficial effects, which justify the consideration of fish oil alone or in combination with antihypertensive drugs for the treatment of mild hypertension.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Fish consumption and risk of stroke. The Zutphen Study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: A low-to-moderate average daily fish consumption has been reported to convey protection against coronary heart disease incidence and mortality. Currently there is no information about its effect on stroke risk. METHODS: In 1960, 1965, and 1970 cross-check dietary histories were obtained in 552 men aged 50 to 69 years in 1970 in the town of Zutphen, The Netherlands. The association between fish consumption and stroke incidence in the period 1970 to 1985 was assessed by Cox proportional hazards models. Adjustments were made for confounding by age, systolic blood pressure, cigarette smoking, serum total cholesterol, energy intake, alcohol consumption, and prescribed diet. RESULTS: The mean fish consumption in 1970 was 17.9 g/d. Men who consumed more than 20 g of fish per day in 1970 had a reduced risk of stroke compared with those who consumed less fish. The hazard ratio (HR) amounted to 0.49 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.24 to 0.99), and did not change after adjustment for potential confounders. Fewer strokes occurred among the 301 men who always reported fish consumption between 1960 and 1970 than among the men who changed fish consumption habits between 1960 and 1970 or did not consume fish at all (HR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.34 to 1.16). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that consumption of at least one portion of fish per week may be associated with a reduced stroke incidence.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Effect of fish oil on heart rate in humans: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: The effect of fish oil on heart rate (HR), a major risk factor for sudden death, is not well established. We calculated this effect in a meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials in humans. METHODS AND RESULTS: Randomized trials of fish oil that evaluated HR were identified through MEDLINE (1966 through January 2005), hand-searching of references, and contact with investigators for unpublished results. Two investigators independently extracted trial data. A pooled estimate was calculated from random-effects meta-analysis. Predefined stratified meta-analyses and meta-regression were used to explore potential heterogeneity. Of 197 identified articles, 30 met inclusion criteria. Evidence for publication bias was not present. In the overall pooled estimate, fish oil decreased HR by 1.6 bpm (95% CI, 0.6 to 2.5; P=0.002) compared with placebo. Between-trial heterogeneity was evident (Q test, P<0.001). Fish oil reduced HR by 2.5 bpm (P<0.001) in trials with baseline HR > or =69 bpm (median) but had little effect (0.04-bpm reduction; P=0.56) in trials with baseline HR <69 bpm (P for interaction=0.03). Fish oil reduced HR by 2.5 bpm (P<0.001) in trials with duration > or =12 weeks but had less effect (0.7-bpm reduction; P=0.27) in trials with duration <12 weeks (P for interaction=0.07). HR reduction with fish oil intake did not significantly vary by fish oil dose (range, 0.81 to 15 g/d), type of HR measure, population age, population health, parallel versus crossover design, type of control oil, or study quality by Delphi criteria (P for interaction >0.25 for each). CONCLUSIONS: In randomized controlled trials in humans, fish oil reduces HR, particularly in those with higher baseline HR or longer treatment duration. These findings provide firm evidence that fish oil consumption directly or indirectly affects cardiac electrophysiology in humans. Potential mechanisms such as effects on the sinus node, ventricular efficiency, or autonomic function deserve further investigation.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Fish consumption may limit the damage of smoking on the lung.

High fish consumption is characteristic of Japanese-American men of the Honolulu Heart Program (HHP). Analyses of data from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study suggest high fish intake protects the lung against smoking damage. Measurements of forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and smoking status in the HHP cohort were done at the first examination in 1965-68. Among 8,006 men, 45 to 68 yr, 6,346 had acceptable spirograms. Within current smokers, 1,545 men consumed fish less than twice a week, and 1,264 ate fish twice a week or more. Controlling for cigarettes/d, age, height, and daily calories, separate regression models indicated an average decrease of -10.1 ml for each additional yr of smoking (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: -13.6, -6.5) at low levels of fish intake, and a decrease of -4.4 ml (95% CI: -8.2, -0.6) at high levels. The coefficients were significantly different (p = 0.03). These differences reflect a predicted FEV1 144 ml (95% CI: 62, 227) higher in the high fish group at > or = 40 yr of smoking, but no difference at < or = 35 yr. Similar analyses were conducted for cigarettes/d. On average, the FEV1 decline for each additional cigarette/d was not significantly different among subjects with low versus high fish intake. However, the predicted FEV1 at < or = 30 cigarettes/d was 52 ml (95% CI: 17, 87) higher in the high fish consumption group. No significant difference in FEV1 was noted between groups at > 30 cigarettes/d. These findings suggest that the protective role of fish is "saturated" at higher "doses" of cigarette smoking.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Immunologic effects of national cholesterol education panel step-2 diets with and without fish-derived N-3 fatty acid enrichment.

Reductions in dietary fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol have been recommended to reduce the risk of heart disease in our society. The effects of these modifications on human cytokine production and immune responses have not been well studied. 22 subjects > 40 yr of age were fed a diet approximating that of the current American (14.1% of calories as saturated fatty acids, [SFA], 14.5% monounsaturated fatty acids [MUFA], 6.1% [n-6] polyunsaturated fatty acids [PUFA], 0.8% [n-3] PUFA, and 147 mg cholesterol/1,000 calories) for 6 wk, after which time they consumed (11 in each group) one of the two low-fat, low-cholesterol, high-PUFA diets based on National Cholesterol Education Panel (NCEP) Step 2 recommendations (4.0-4.5% SFA, 10.8-11.6% MUFA, 10.3-10.5% PUFA, 45-61 mg cholesterol/1,000 calories) for 24 wk. One of the NCEP Step 2 diets was enriched in fish-derived (n-3) PUFA (low-fat, high-fish: 0.54% or 1.23 g/d eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] and docosahexaenoic acid [DHA] [121-188 g fish/d]) and the other low in fish-derived (n-3) PUFA (low-fat, low-fish [0.13% or 0.27 g/d EPA and DHA] [33 g fish/d]). Measurements of in vivo and in vitro indexes of immune responses were taken after each dietary period. Long-term feeding of low-fat, low-fish diet enriched in plant-derived PUFA increased blood mononuclear cell mitogenic response to the T cell mitogen Con A, IL-1 beta, and TNF production and had no effect on delayed-type hypersensitivity skin response, IL-6, GM-CSF, or PGE2 production. In contrast, the low-fat, high-fish diet significantly decreased the percentage of helper T cells whereas the percentage of suppressor T cells increased. Mitogenic responses to Con A and delayed-type hypersensitivity skin response as well as the production of cytokines IL-1 beta, TNF, and IL-6 by mononuclear cells were significantly reduced after the consumption of the low-fat, high-fish diet (24, 40, 45, 35, and 34%, respectively; P < 0.05 by two-tailed Student's t test except for IL-1 beta and TNF, which is by one-tailed t test). Our data are consistent with the concept that the NCEP Step 2 diet that is high in fish significantly decreases various parameters of the immune response in contrast to this diet when it is low in fish. Such alterations may be beneficial for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic and inflammatory diseases but may be detrimental with regard to host defense against invading pathogens.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Use of fish oil to prevent coronary angioplasty restenosis.

OBJECTIVE: To review the literature investigating the use of fish oil in preventing restenosis postangioplasty (RPA). DATA SOURCES: An Index Medicus and bibliographic search of the English-language literature pertaining to the use of fish oil in preventing RPA. The key terms used were fish oil, angioplasty, and eicosapentaenoic acid. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: The results of all trials, including abstracts, that were obtained are reviewed and critiqued. DATA SYNTHESIS: Restenosis of a coronary vessel at the site of angioplasty occurs 30-40 percent of the time. Because fish oil has been theorized to prevent atherosclerosis and because atherosclerotic-like processes are theorized to be involved in RPA restenosis, fish oil has been studied to determine whether it can prevent RPA. Results of such trials have been mixed. Some have observed a reduction in the number of patients with angiographic or clinical evidence of restenosis. Two trials have failed to observe such an effect. Reasons for the differences are unknown. Possible explanations include differences in study design, endpoint parameters, definition of restenosis, and dosing methods of the fish oil. Bleeding was not of significant concern in any of the trials, even when fish oil was combined with antiplatelet therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Fish oil may be considered for use in patients to prevent RPA. It probably should be continued for only six months following the procedure. Current data suggest that at least 3 g/d of eicosapentaenoic acid and 1 g/d of docosahexaenoic acid should be used. If possible, therapy should be started as soon as it is known that angioplasty will be performed or at least as soon as possible following the procedure. Many patients may not be able to tolerate fish oil because of its gastrointestinal effects.

Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary↗
PubMed2001

[Mercury concentration of fish in Tokyo Bay and the surrounding sea area].

Total mercury in the muscles of three fish species was analyzed in fish caught in Tokyo Bay and the surrounding sea areas, Sagami Bay and Choshi. Tokyo Bay is a semi-closed sea area surrounded by Tokyo, Kanagawa and Chiba prefectures. Sagami Bay and Choshi are open to the Pacific Ocean. A total of 412 fish consisting of northern whiting (Sillago japonica), flatfish (Limanda yokohamae) and sardine (Sardinops melanosticta) were caught in these areas over a 6 months period from November 1998 to April 1999. Total mercury concentration ranged from 0.008-0.092 microgram/g (wet wt.) in northern whiting, 0.006-0.065 microgram/g in flatfish and 0.001-0.045 microgram/g in sardine. All concentrations were below the restriction limit of fish mercury in Japan, 0.4 microgram/g of total mercury concentration. A significant correlation was found between mercury concentrations and body length or body weight in northern whiting and flatfish, irrespective of the sea area. A correlation was also found between mercury concentration in fish and their feeding habits: among the 3 species caught in the same area, crustacean feeding northern whiting had the highest, polychaete feeding flatfish moderate, and plankton feeding sardine had the lowest mercury concentration. In a comparison of mercury concentration in the same species caught in different sea areas, a higher concentration was noted in fish caught in the semi-closed sea area of Tokyo Bay, than in fish caught in the open sea areas of Sagami Bay and Choshi. This difference was most marked in fish caught at the bottom of Tokyo Bay and we considered that the mercury concentration of seawater and sediment in these areas was the cause of mercury accumulation in fish. These findings suggest that improved water quality control and environmental monitoring is necessary in semi-closed sea areas such as Tokyo Bay.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Gold-mining activities and mercury contamination of native amerindian communities in French Guiana: key role of fish in dietary uptake.

In 1994, the French National Public Health Network reported significant mercury exposure of native Amerindians in French Guiana. In 1997, a study was conducted in the Wayana community to quantify the dietary intake and to identify the fish species contributing the most to the contamination. The study was completed by an impregnation analysis based on Hg determination in hair samples. The methodology used was a detailed familial dietary study associated with Hg measurements in fish and some game. The study was conducted over 7 days in two different seasons in the four most populated Wayana villages on the upper part of the Maroni River (521 people; 70% of the Wayana population in French Guiana). Analysis was based on data on consumption obtained from 165 people in a 1-14 day period (i.e., 940 persons [times] days) and involved 270 fish samples from 48 species. Total Hg and monomethylmercury (MMHg) were also determined in hair samples (235 samples for total Hg). The results confirm mercury exposure of the Wayana population related to a diet rich in fish, which are relatively highly contaminated for certain species (up to 1.62 mg/kg fresh weight or 8.1 mg/kg dry weight in skeletal muscle). Results from hair samples showed that 57% of the Amerindians had Hg levels above the World Health Organization (WHO) safety limit (10 microg/g); all those over 1 year of age had a Hg intake greater than the WHO safety limit (200 microg MMHg/week for a 60-kg male). Hg concentrations in fish muscle were closely linked to the feeding regime and position of fish in the food webs. Overall, 14.5% of the fish collected exceeded the 0.5 mg/kg (fresh weight) safety limit. Four carnivorous species accounted for no less than 72% of the metal ingested by the Wayana families, although these represented only 28% of the consumed fish biomass. In conclusion, this study revealed excessive exposure to mercury in the Wayana population in French Guiana related to the consumption of contaminated fish.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2026

Proteobacteria with chemosynthetic potential are highly prevalent in the gills of Hypoplectrus reef fishes.

Fishes host a diverse microbiome in their gills, but a broad characterization of this microbiome at the metagenomic level is lacking. Here, we apply genome-resolved metagenomics to the gills of the hamlets (Hypoplectrus spp), a group of reef fishes from the Greater Caribbean. The analysis of 353 gill samples from 15 hamlet species collected at eight locations over 13 years revealed a stark contrast between the gill microbiota and reef water microbial communities, indicating a distinct and specific gill microbiome. A total of 70 gill-associated metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) were recovered. These MAGs belong to 17 lineages, most of which are novel. They relate to known fish gill pathogens, fish gut microbes, free-living and biofilm-associated taxa, indicating that the gill microbiome was assembled from a collection of distinct eco-evolutionary trajectories. The MAGs harbor diverse metabolic modules, involved notably in nitrogen cycling, antibiotic production and biofilm formation, revealing a highly dynamic microbial ecosystem. One lineage in the Burkholderiaceae family was outstandingly prevalent across fish host species, sampling locations and years. Its genome encoded complete metabolic modules for carbon fixation and sulfur oxidation, indicating chemosynthetic potential. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first line of evidence that fishes may host sulfur-oxidizing chemosynthetic bacteria in their gills. The functional significance of this chemosynthetic potential for the fish host or other members of the gill microbiome remains to be established. The high prevalence of this lineage allowed to build a pangenome. It revealed large-scale geographic structure (western Caribbean, eastern Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico), which parallels the phylogenomic pattern observed in the hamlets. Overall, our findings point to complex fish host-microbe and microbe-microbe eco-evolutionary interactions in the gills that may influence fish physiology, homeostasis and immune response.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Protective effect of fish oil supplementation on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in asthma.

BACKGROUND: Previous research has demonstrated that fish oil supplementation has a protective effect on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) in elite athletes, which may be attributed to its antiinflammatory properties. Since EIB in asthma involves proinflammatory mediator release, it is feasible that fish oil supplementation may reduce the severity of EIB in asthmatic subjects. STUDY OBJECTIVES: To determine the efficacy of fish oil supplementation on severity of EIB in subjects with asthma. DESIGN: Randomized, double-blind, crossover study. SETTING: Lung function and exercise testing in a university research laboratory. PATIENTS AND MEASUREMENTS: Sixteen asthmatic patients with documented EIB entered the study on their normal diet and then received either fish oil capsules containing 3.2 g of eicosapentaenoic acid and 2.0 g of docohexaenoic acid (fish oil diet, n = 8) or placebo capsules (placebo diet, n = 8) daily for 3 weeks. At the beginning of the study (normal diet) and at the end of each treatment phase, the following pre-exercise and postexercise measures were assessed: (1) pulmonary function; (2) induced sputum differential cell count percentage and proinflammatory eicosanoid metabolite (leukotriene C4 [LTC4]-leukotriene E4 [LTE4] and prostaglandin D2 [PGD2]) and cytokine (interleukin [IL]-1beta and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-alpha) concentrations; and (3) eicosanoid metabolites leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and leukotriene B5 (LTB(5)) generation from activated polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs). RESULTS: On the normal and placebo diet, subjects exhibited EIB. However, the fish oil diet improved pulmonary function to below the diagnostic EIB threshold, with a concurrent reduction in bronchodilator use. Induced sputum differential cell count percentage and concentrations of LTC4-LTE4, PGD2, IL-1beta, and TNF-alpha were significantly reduced before and following exercise on the fish oil diet compared to the normal and placebo diets. There was a significant reduction in LTB4 and a significant increase in LTB5 generation from activated PMNLs on the fish oil diet compared to the normal and placebo diets. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that fish oil supplementation may represent a potentially beneficial nonpharmacologic intervention for asthmatic subjects with EIB.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Some aspects of the taxonomy and biology of dracunculoid nematodes parasitic in fishes: a review.

The nematode superfamily Dracunculoidea includes 166 recognized species, of which 150 (90%) are parasitic in about 300 species of freshwater, brackish-water and marine fishes. Fish dracunculoids are placed in 31 genera (86% of all dracunculoid genera) belonging to eight of the nine dracunculoid families: Anguillicolidae, Daniconematidae, Guyanemidae, Lucionematidae, Micropleuridae, Philometridae, Skrjabillanidae, and Tetanonematidae; the genus Lockenloia is considered incertae sedis. Because of difficulties in studying fish dracunculoids, associated with their morphological and biological peculiarities, most species of these largely histozoic parasites are poorly known and males of the majority of species and of eight genera have not yet been discovered. It is apparent that the present classification system of dracunculoids as a whole does not reflect phylogenetic relationships and a taxonomic revision of this nematode group, based on detailed morphological (including SEM and TEM), life history and molecular studies of individual species, is quite necessary. Data on the biology of fish dracunculoids is scarce. In known cases, their life cycles involve copepods, ostracods or branchiurids as intermediate hosts and, sometimes, fish paratenic hosts are known to occur in dracunculoid species parasitizing as adults piscivorous definitive hosts. However, nothing is known about the life cycles of representatives of 20 genera. Some species of dracunculoids, particularly of philometrids, are highly pathogenic and are known as agents of serious fish diseases. During recent years, especially the importance of Philometra spp. parasitizing the gonads of many species of marine fishes has increased due in particular to the rapid development of marine aquaculture, because they may significantly decrease fish reproduction or even cause full parasitic castration. Therefore, further detailed studies on fish dracunculoids are significant not only from the theoretical viewpoint, but they may also have practical implications.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Prophylaxis of hemodialysis graft thrombosis with fish oil: double-blind, randomized, prospective trial.

Diets enriched with fish oil may favorably affect the vascular perturbations underlying synthetic graft thrombosis. Therefore, these studies were designed to test the hypothesis that diets enriched with fish oil would decrease the incidence of thrombosis in newly constructed polytetrafluorethylene grafts. A double-blind, randomized trial was conducted. Twenty-four patients were randomized to receive 4000 mg of fish oil or 4000 mg of control oil. Both preparations were enriched with antioxidants and deodorized with peppermint. Patients began therapy within 2 wk after graft placement and were monitored for 12 mo or until thrombosis developed. With a permuted-block randomization schedule, 12 patients received fish oil and 12 patients received control oil. The primary patency rates at 365 d were 14.9% for the control group and 75.6% for the fish oil-treated group. Survival analysis revealed a significant difference between fish oil-treated and untreated patients (P < 0.03, Mantel-Cox test), with a power of 90%. Moreover, analysis of covariables, including age of > or =50 yr, gender, race, body weight, diabetes mellitus, bleeding times, and lipid profiles, indicated that this effect occurred principally as a result of fish oil administration. Importantly, fish oil treatment also decreased venous outflow resistance and systemic BP, compared with control values. Fish oils possess unique biologic properties that favorably affect the incidence of polytetrafluorethylene graft thrombosis, and they thus represent a potential treatment strategy for the prevention of access thrombosis.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1998

The major histocompatibility complex in fish.

The first major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule in fish was identified in 1990 using a polymerase chain reaction strategy with degenerate primers (thereby avoiding the problem of low sequence similarity between higher vertebrates and fish). Since that time, MHC in fish has attracted much attention, partly due to evolutionary aspects and partly because of the potential practical consequences for future fish breeding. Knowledge of the MHC molecules in fish has thus been growing extremely rapidly. All current data point to a functional MHC system in fish. There seem to be many loci and many alleles for both classes of MHC molecules, but a lack of knowledge about functional loci versus pseudogenes and non-classical loci is making it difficult at present to establish the exact number found within each species. Fish create a few surprises, such as the lack of a link between class I and class II regions in at least two teleost species. Data on other molecules which are physically or functionally linked to the MHC genes are currently emerging. To date, no studies have established the functional implications of the MHC molecules in fish but, considering the molecular data available, such an achievement will undoubtedly occur soon. Fish may well offer a unique opportunity for identifying correlations of MHC with resistance or susceptibility to diseases.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Effects of linear acceleration on fish behavior and eye movements.

Behavioral responses and eye movements of fish during linear acceleration were reviewed. It is known that displacement of otoliths in the inner ear leads to body movements and/or eye movements. On the ground, the utriculus of the vestibular system is stimulated by otolith displacement caused by gravitational and inertial forces during horizontal acceleration of whole body. When the acceleration is imposed on the fish's longitudinal axis, the fish showed nose-down and nose-up posture for tailward and noseward displacement of otolith respectively. These responses were understood that the fish aligned his longitudinal body axis in a plane perpendicular to the direction of resultant force vector acting on the otoliths. When the acceleration was sideward, the fish rolled around his longitudinal body axis so that his back was tilted against the direction in which the inertial force acted on the otoliths. Linear acceleration applied to fish's longitudinal body axis evoked torsional eye movement. Direction of torsion coincided with the direction of acceleration, which compensate the change of resultant force vector produced by linear acceleration and gravity. Torsional movement of left and right eye coordinated with each other. In normal fish, both sinusoidal and rectangular acceleration of 0.1G could evoke clear eye torsion. Though the amplitude of response increased with increasing magnitude of acceleration up to 0.5 G, the torsion angle did not fully compensate the angle calculated from gravity and linear acceleration. Removal of the otolith on one side reduced the response amplitude of both eyes. The torsion angle evoked by rectangular acceleration was smaller than that evoked by sinusoidal acceleration in both normal and unilaterally labyrinthectomized fish. These results suggest that eye torsion of fish include both static and dynamic components.

Acceleration↗
PubMed2005

Intake frequency of fish and serum levels of long-chain n-3 fatty acids: a cross-sectional study within the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Several investigations have adopted self-reported intake frequency of fish as a surrogate for intake of long-chain n-3 fatty acids, for which protective effects against cancer have been suggested. Whether reported fish consumption reflects the fatty acid intake, however, has to be elucidated. METHODS: We examined the association between intake frequency of fish and serum long-chain n-3 fatty acids (weight percentage of total fatty acids) among 1,257 control subjects (631 men and 626 women), aged 40-79 years, in case-control studies nested in the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study. All the subjects were not fasting when blood was drawn. Serum fatty acids were determined by gas chromatography. RESULTS: In men, intake frequency of fresh fish and dried or salted fish was significantly but weakly correlated with serum levels of eicosapentaenoic (EPA), docosapentaenoic (n-3) (DPA), and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids; the age-adjusted Spearman correlation coefficients ranged from 0.11 to 0.18. In women, fresh fish consumption was somewhat associated with serum EPA (Spearman correlation coefficient = 0.12) as was dried or salted fish consumption with serum DPA (0.11). A rising trend in geometric means of serum EPA, DPA, and DHA was found with an increasing intake frequency of fresh or dried/salted fish in both sexes. The geometric means adjusted for age and participating institution in the highest intake category were higher than those in the lowest by 7% to 40%. CONCLUSIONS: A population with high self-reported frequency of fish intake, as a group, may have higher bioavailability of long-chain n-3 fatty acids than one with low frequency.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Metabolic effects of fish-oil supplementation in patients with impaired glucose tolerance.

To determine the impact of fish-oil supplementation on glucose and lipid metabolism in patients with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), 30 ml fish oil containing 3.8 g eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5 omega 3) and 2.5 g docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:5 omega 3) were given to eight obese subjects with IGT (mean +/- SD age 50.3 +/- 8.0 yr) in addition to their regular diet for 2 wk. Studies were performed in randomized order versus an isocaloric control period with a washout phase of 3 wk. Hyperinsulinemic clamp examinations (1 and 10 mU.kg-1.min-1) were performed. Glucose disposal rate (M value) rose from basal 14.3 +/- 5.1 to 17.9 +/- 4.4 mumol.kg-1.min-1 after fish oil (P less than 0.001) during the 1-mU clamp, whereas no change was seen during the 10-mU clamp (without fish oil, 42.2 +/- 8.9 mumol.kg-1.min-1; with fish oil, 45.1 +/- 9.8 mumol.kg-1.min-1;NS). Basal hepatic glucose output remained unaffected by fish oil, whereas fractional glucose clearance after intravenous glucose loading (2.4 mmol/kg body wt, t = 30 min) tended to increase (K value: without fish oil, 2.15 +/- 1.02%/min; with fish oil, 2.74 +/- 1.26%/min; NS). Neither the fasting concentrations of glucose and insulin nor induced glycemia and insulin response during intravenous glucose loading calculated as incremental area under the curve changed after fish-oil supplementation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Blood Glucose↗