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PubMedDate not supplied

Fertility and its relationship to motility characteristics of spermatozoa in ewes after cervical, transcervical, and intrauterine insemination with frozen-thawed ram semen.

The fertility of ewes after artificial insemination and the relationship between fertility and motility characteristics assessed by a computerized motility analysis system were examined with ram semen frozen in diluents reported to improve postthaw motility. The percentages of motile and progressive spermatozoa were better when frozen in proline- or glycine betaine-containing or HEPES-based, rather than Tris-based, diluents (P < 0.01). The fertility of spermatozoa frozen in diluents containing proline or glycine betaine was slightly reduced, whereas when both compatible solutes were present, the reduction was more pronounced, in comparison with semen frozen in Tris- or HEPES-based diluents (9.5 versus 71.1 and 66.6%; P < 0.01). Fertility of frozen-thawed spermatozoa was higher after laparoscopic insemination than after cervical or transcervical insemination (P < 0.01). Similarly, higher fertility was obtained after cervical insemination with fresh than with frozen-thawed semen (32.4 versus 11.3%; P < 0.01). Furthermore, loss of embryos was lower after laparoscopic insemination of ewes with semen frozen in a Tris diluent than with semen frozen in proline diluents, in glycine betaine diluents, or in proline-plus-glycine betaine diluents (0.0 versus 26.0, 38.5, and 60.0%; P < 0.001). A wide variation in the postthaw percentage of motile (31.6-59.7%) and progressive (22.6-43.1%) spermatozoa and in the fertility of spermatozoa from individual rams was also observed after laparoscopic (29.2-59.7%) or cervical insemination (8.7-30.5%). Postthaw motility results from immediately after thawing and fertility results from experiments where intrauterine insemination was performed with semen frozen in proline- or glycine betaine-containing or HEPES- or Tris-based diluents were pooled and subjected to a pairwise correlation procedure. The correlation analysis showed relationships between some of the motility characteristics (P < 0.01), but there were no relationships between the motility characteristics and fertility.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Seminal plasma glycodelin and fertilization in vitro.

Endometrium-derived glycodelin-A inhibits sperm-egg binding, whereas differentially glycosylated seminal plasma glycodelin-S does not. The difference has been ascribed to the specific type of glycosylation of glycodelin-A. We studied whether the total glycodelin concentration or the relative glycodelin-A concentration in seminal plasma are related to the in vitro fertilization rate of oocytes. We found that total glycodelin levels were significantly higher in a quartile of men with the lowest in vitro fertilization rate compared with the remaining 3 quartiles combined (P = .01). However, for predicting low fertilization capacity of sperm, combining the glycodelin and sperm concentrations by logistic regression analysis did not significantly increase the information obtained from sperm concentration alone. We used specific lectin-immunoassays to determine whether increased glycodelin-A-type glycosylation in seminal plasma would be related to failure to fertilize. No difference was found between the groups with high fertilization and no fertilization in vitro. It is concluded that, although high seminal plasma total glycodelin level has a tendency of being associated with a lower fertilization rate, the difference has limited value to predict fertilization in vitro.

Blood Proteins↗
PubMed2000

[Effects of the gene transfer into sperm mediated by liposomes on sperm motility and fertilization in vitro].

To clarify the problems of gene transfer in the fertility clinic, we investigated the safety and effectiveness of the gene transfer of mouse sperm using the lipofection method. We used the pCAGGS-lacZ plasmid connected with cytomegarovirus enhancer/chicken beta-actin promoter as an adventitious gene. After incubation of the DNA-liposome complex and mouse sperm of epididymis in the medium, we investigated the sperm motility after gene transfer, in vitro fertilization rate of the gene transferred sperm, and gene expression of the fertilized ovum and fetus. Sperm motility was lowered significantly with the increase in DNA density. The fertilization rate for in vitro fertilization was lowered significantly with the increase in DNA density. Gene expression was observed in some of the fertilized ova. In the fetus 12.5 days after embryo transfer, gene transfer was confirmed by the PCR method, but we could not find gene expression by X-gal staining. We proved that the sperm with a gene transferred by the lipofection method could fertilize the ovum and transfer adventitious gene to ova. We speculate that sperm motility and fertility rate were lowered because the introduction of DNA and the DNA-liposome complex destroyed parts of the cell. Development of a sperm fractionation method for DNA transfer and establishment of a method for effective and safe DNA transfer are awaited.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[Mapping of two fertility-restoring gene for WA cytoplasmic male sterility in minghui63 using SSR markers].

F2 population derived from Shanyou63, F1 hybrid developed from the cross Zhenshan97 A/Zhenshan97B, was used in this study. Fertile bulk was constructed by polling equal amount of 15 highly fertile lines. Sterile bulk was obtained by pooling equal amount of 15 highly sterile lines. Minghui63 and Zhenshan97A, parents of Shanyou63, were analyzed with 302 pairs of SSR primers. 244 pairs of primers gave amplification products, of which 58 pairs of primers on 12 different chromosomes showed polymorphism between the two parents with polymorphic frequency up to 23.77%. Gene bulks were further assayed with the 5 pairs of primers. RM1 on chromosome 1 and RM258, RM304 on chromosome 10 was found to be polymorphic between the two gene bulks. In theory, there should be no difference detected between the two gene bulks except for the target traits governed by fertility-restoring genes. RM1, RM258 and RM304 were probably related to the restorer genes. Ten highly fertile and ten highly sterile lines were selected from F2 population of Shanyou63 to screen the gene bulks. The results showed that specific bands of Minghui63 were detected in all ten highly fertile lines while not observed in all the sterile lines. It indicated that the three SSR markers might be linked to fertility-restoring genes. Dominant lines were not selected due to their inalbility to distinguish recombinant lines from non-recombinant lines. Pure recessive lines were chosen to conduct mapping analysis. A total of 53 highly sterile lines were selected from 900 lines of Shanyou63 F2 population to estimate the genetic distance between three SSR markers and fertility-restoring genes respectively. The results demonstrated that recombination occurred in 2, 3, lines with RM1 and RM258 while no one with RM304. Using MAPMAKER/EXP 3.0, the genetic distance between RM1, RM258, RM304 and the related restorer genes were calculated as 1.9, 2.9 and 0.0 cM, respectively. It is possible that the fertility restoring gene(s) on chromosome 10 for three different types of cytoplasmic male sterility(WA, BT and HL) are of the same, or belong to a gene family.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed2003

[Effect of long-term fertilization practices on mobility of phosphorus in a Huangnitu paddy soil receiving low P input in the Taihu Lake region, Jiangsu Province].

Analysis of mobile forms of phosphorus of a Huangnitu, a typical paddy soil in the Taihu Lake region, Jiangsu was conducted. The soil has been put into a scheme of longterm fertilization treatments for 13 years. Total P content varied in arrange of 0.3-0.5 g.kg-1 under a range of total P fertilizer input of 0-53 kg/(hm2.a). As estimated from the total P pool values by mass balance principle, the soil had been subjected to water loss of P 2-8 kg/(hm2.a), with that under chemical fertilizers only being the biggest. The ratio of soluble P to the total was in a range of 0.2%-0.4%, without significant influence by the different fertilization schemes. While chemical fertilizer plus pig slurry manure applications had remarkably enhanced the resin-P pool by 20-40 mg.kg-1, P mobilization was not observed due to combined application of chemical fertilizers and straw amendments despite of the increase of the SOM. Therefore, P water loss in paddy soils might have active under continuous chemical fertilization alone in agriculture of this region and could not be accounted for by dissolution in water and subsequent runoff migration. For reducing the present prominent non point source pollution of N and P in the region, it is suggested that chemical fertilizers are applied in combination with an appropriate amount of manure or straw return for reducing soil P loss and, in turn, the non-point source pollution loading.

Crops, Agricultural↗
PubMed2003

[Comparison of fertility rates after ectopic pregnancy in Auvergne and Lille regions].

OBJECTIVES: Fertility rates after ectopic pregnancy (EP) were compared between the Auvergne region (central France) and the Lille region (northern France) in order to determine whether fertility factors are similar. We also wanted to determine whether regional differences persist if known fertility factors are taken into account. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data from the Auvergne EP register 1992-1998 (1.285 women, among whom 552 tried to become pregnant again) and from Lille register 1994-1997 (678 women, among whom 343 tried to become pregnant again) were analyzed. Fertility was characterized by the time to a new pregnancy and its outcome (EP recurrence, intrauterine pregnancy (IUP)). Censored data methodology was used. RESULTS: Despite differences in general fertility characteristics between regions, fertility factors were the same with similar relative risks for age, history of infertility, previous tubal damage, use of an intrauterine device at the time of EP and EP treatment. When these factors were taken into account, fertility rate after EP remained significantly better in Auvergne than in the Lille region. CONCLUSION: This common analysis of data from two registers confirms, from a quantitative point of view, the role of the main factors associated with fertility after EP. However, other factors such as EP management or the surgical technique may intervene.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Cholesterol and phospholipids content of yolk from fertilized and unfertilized hen eggs.

Three lipid-containing fractions (granules, low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and infranatant) of fertilized and unfertilized yolks were obtained from hen eggs, either from commercial sources or from Arbor acres hens kept by the Pena Branca Aviário Pernambuco and utilized fresh (laid during the previous 7 days). Total cholesterol (TC) and total phospholipid (TP) levels (mg/g yolk, reported as means +/- SD) were determined. In the yolk granules (insoluble fraction) the levels of TC (2.05 +/- 0.36) and TP (0.90 +/- 0.43) of fertilized egg yolks were similar to the levels of TC (2.20 +/- 0.41) and TP (0.90 +/- 0.14) of unfertilized eggs. The TC levels in the LDL from fertilized egg yolks (8.29 +/- 1.63) were not statistically different from those in unfertilized eggs (7.31 +/- 1.50). In contrast, TC was not detected in the infranatant fraction of unfertilized egg yolks, but was present in the infranatant fraction (1.39 +/- 0.69) of fertilized eggs. The TP levels of LDL (0.73 +/- 0.23) and infranatant (0.32 +/- 0.09) fractions of fertilized egg yolks were significantly lower than the levels of TP in the LDL (1.73 +/- 0.51) and infranatant (0.79 +/- 0.59) fractions of unfertilized eggs. Consequently, the TC/TP ratio (mol/mol) increased in the LDL and infranatant fractions of fertilized egg yolks when compared to unfertilized egg yolks. TC levels were similar in the total yolk of fertilized (10.76 +/- 1.32) and unfertilized (10.33 +/- 1.77) eggs, while the TP levels were significantly lower in the fertilized (1.92 +/- 0.17) than in unfertilized (3.43 +/- 0.97) eggs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Effects of soil fertility and nitrogen application rate on nitrogen absorption and translocation, grain yield, and grain protein content of wheat].

The results of this study showed that nitrogen application improved the nitrogen uptake by wheat, especially during its late growth stage. Although a higher nitrogen application rate could increase the amount of absorbed nitrogen, an excess of nitrogen would remain in vegetative organs at the stage after flowering, owing to the low translocation rate of nitrogen from these organs to the grain, and hence, the nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen harvest index were decreased. Compared with that on high fertility soil, the ratio of nitrogen absorbed from fertilizer to total absorbed nitrogen was higher when the wheat was grown on low fertility soil. On high fertility soil, wheat plant absorbed more nitrogen from top-dressed fertilizer than from basis fertilizer, and top-dressed fertilizer contributed more nitrogen to the grain. It was reversed on low fertility soil.

Absorption↗
PubMed2004

Assessment of association between consanguinity and fertility in Asian populations.

Although a high proportion of marriages in Asia are consanguineous (i.e. contracted between close biological relatives), with some notable exceptions, there is a death of demographic and anthropological literature on the association between consanguinity and fertility. This paper presents an overview of the prevalence of consanguineous marriages in selected South and Southeast Asian countries, followed by an assessment of the association between consanguinity and fertility. The association between consanguinity and fertility was assessed reviewing published literature and analyzing demographic and health survey (DHS) data from Pakistan and India. Results of the review of published literature showed higher fertility among women in the first-cousin unions compared to those married to non-relatives. In the DHS analyses, consanguinity was found to be associated with a number of direct and indirect determinants of fertility, including lower maternal education, lower maternal age at marriage, lower contraceptive use, and rural residence. At the multivariate level, adjusted mean fertility was found to be lower among women in the first-cousin unions in the Pakistani DHS data, while for the Indian DHS, adjusted mean fertility levels were similar in the first-cousin and non-consanguineous marriages. The pathways through which consanguinity affects fertility in Asian populations are evaluated and discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Effect of fertilization on soil enzymes and microbes in Larix gemlinii plantations].

One year-old second generation stand and 14 year- and 34 year-old first generation stands in larch plantations were studied at the Maoershan Mt. Experimental Forest Farm. The forestland of these three stands was treated with various fertilizations. The results showed that fertilization could promote or restrain soil enzyme activity and microbial amount with different degrees, and its effect on soil physiological activity was more apparent. The effect of the same fertilization treatments on soil enzyme activity and microbial amount was different at different development stages of the stands. For one year-old stand, the best fertilization scheme was treatment 9, its soil enzyme activities (catalase, proteinase, polyphenoloxidase, urease, and saccharase), total microbial amount, and amount of bacteria, actinomyces and fungus being increased by 413.49%, 22.10%, 20.56%, 220.00%, 49.46%, 238.88%, 247.24%, 106.70%, and 366.67%, respectively, as compared with the control. For 34 year-old stand, the best fertilization scheme was treatment 5, its soil enzyme activities (catalase, proteinase, polyphenoloxidase, urease, and saccharase), total microbial amount, and amount of bacteria and fungus was increased by 30.44%, 16.91%, 0.22%, 43.06%, 124.18%, 119.92%, 87.66%, and 17.57%, respectively in rhizosphere soil, and by 24.55%, 77.01%, 168.62%, 251.85%, 183.33%, 250.0%, 38.24% and 128.57%, respectively in non-rhizosphere soil. For 14 year-old young stand, it needed a proper amount of nitrogen fertilizer and organic mineral fertilizers, and the better fertilization schemes were treatments 2 and 9. The soil enzyme activities (catalase, proteinase, and urease) in treatment 2 was increased by 44.39%, 94.83%, and 4.62%, respectively in rhizosphere soil, and by 13.98%, 10.70% and 129.76%, respectively in non-rhizosphere soil. Total soil microbial amount and the amount of bacteria and fungus in treatment 9 was increased by 176.49%, 266.63%, and 198.04%, respectively in rhizosphere soil, and by 275.56%, 66.67% and 143.75%, respectively in non-rhizosphere soil.

Catalase↗
PubMed2004

[Effect of fertilization on cucumber growth and soil biological characteristics in sunlight greenhouse].

This paper studied the effect of fertilization on cucumber growth and yield, soil microbial biomass and soil enzyme activities in sunlight greenhouse in Loess Plateau. The results indicated that the growth and yield of cucumber were increased with application of manure and methane. Foliage application reduced the application rate of NP and manure. Fertilization had an obvious effect on the biological characteristics of soil in sunlight greenhouse. The number of bacteria was increased by manure and foliage fertilization, and that of fungi was increased by NP and methane fertilization but decreased by manure fertilization. Fertilization with manure, NP and methane also remarkably increased the number of actinomyces and the activities of urease, phosphatase and sucrase in soil. The activities of soil urease and phosphatase were increased by fertilization of manure, but little effect was found with fertilization of NP and methane.

Biomass↗
PubMed2005

[Development of a special controlled-releasing long effect fertilizer used in controlled ecological life support system].

OBJECTIVE: To develop a special controlled-releasing long effect fertilizer (SCRLEF) for growing higher plant in controlled ecological life support system (CELSS). METHOD: First, a plan was designed. According to requirements, some original fertilizers were chosen and compounded in proper proportions, and a granule product was obtained and encapsulated in certain materials to form SCRLEF. Then, experiments were done by measuring the content and releasing-rate of the fertilizer, and cultivating plants with the fertilizer. RESULT: The fertilizer contains nutrients for plant growing, such as: N 18.0%, P2O5 14.3%, K2O 12.6%, Ca 2.6%, S 3.5%, Mg 0.12%, and other micro-nutrients. The granules of the SCRLEF are uniform in size with diameters form 2.5 mm to 4.0 mm. Under 20-25 degrees C, the cumulative amounts of released nutrients from the fertilizer in 10 d, 20 d, 30 d, 40 d, and 50 d, are 7.9%, 21.6%, 40.5%, 50.2%, 60.9% respectively, within 10 d, 20 d, 30 d, 40 d, 50 d. By cultivating lettuce with the fertilizer, we found that the vegetable could grow normally, and there wasn't any deficiency symptom in the plants within 45 d. CONCLUSION: The design consideration of the SCRLEF is reasonable. The fertilizer provides total nutrients for plant growing, and can be used to supply the required nutrients for the plants grown in the CELSS.

Culture Media↗
PubMed2006

[Effects of long-term localized fertilization on soil humus combining form in sheltered vegetable field].

The study showed that on a sheltered vegetable field, a long-term application of organic plus chemical fertilizers induced a higher content of loosely combined soil humus than applying chemical fertilizers alone, while there was no significant difference in firmly combined humus content among different fertilization treatments. More tightly combined humus was observed in organic fertilizer treatments than in chemical fertilizer treatments, and the highest content (11.53 g x kg(-1)) was in the treatment of organic fertilizer plus chemical NPK. The ratio of loosely/tightly combined humus tended to decrease after a long-term application of organic fertilizer, being the lowest (1.10) in the treatment of organic fertilizer plus chemical NPK.

Fertilizers↗
PubMed2006

[Biological fertility and its dynamics of degraded soil in Tibet Plateau].

In a three-year field trial, this paper studied the dynamics of biological fertility of degraded cultivated mountain shrubby steppe soil in the lower reaches of Lisa River as affected by fertilization. The results showed that under non-fertilized condition, the organic matter (OM) content in soil surface layer declined slightly, but after fertilization, the OM in this layer accumulated with a relatively high rate, humus structure improved obviously, soil bacteria had a significant multiplication, while soil microbial community was still in unharmonious state. With the increasing application rate of organic manure or chemical fertilizers, the OM content in 0 to approximately 30 cm and 30 to approximately 60 cm soil layers showed a significant increasing trend, with an annual increment being 1.35 and 0.67 g x kg(-1), respectively, and the ratio of humus carbon (C) to organic C and of humic acid C to humus C was also increased. Fertilization had a significant promotion effect on the multiplication and activity of soil bacteria. There was a significant positive correlation between the numbers of bacteria and OM content in 2 to approximately 30 cm (r = 0.7194 * *) and 30 to approximately 60 (r = 0.6042*) cm soil layers, while soil fungi and actinomycetes were not affected by fertilization. The numbers of azotobacter and cellulose-decomposing bacteria in different soil layers were lower in most fertilization treatments than in the control, and azotobacter in soil surface layer had a negative correlation with cellulose-decomposing bacteria (r = -0.4799).

Altitude↗
PubMed1991

Fertility decline in Taiwan: a study using parity progression ratios.

Taiwan's decline in fertility is studied by using period parity progression ratios. Levels of marriage and motherhood are found to have been high and essentially constant though the late 1980s, suggesting that the decline has been due almost entirely to declines in second and higher order-births. Families with three or more children play an important role in maintaining the current level of fertility. The level of fertility would be even lower without these families. They contributed more than one-half child per woman to the total fertility rate during most of the 1980s. Total fertility rates computed from the period parity progression ratios indicate a substantially higher level of fertility than the conventional total fertility rate; they remained above or at replacement level through 1988. A formal demographic analysis suggests that the conventional total fertility rate has been depressed by shifts in age at childbearing.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Correlation of sperm motion parameters with fertility in rats treated subchronically with epichlorohydrin.

We investigated the relationship between fertility and sperm motin endpoints in rats treated subchronically with the male reproductive toxicant, epichlorohydrin (ECH). Male rats were given ECH orally for 23 days at dosages of 0, 6.25, 12.5, or 25 mg/kg/day. They were mated twice (at 19 and 22 days) to estimate fertility by (1) detection of fertilized ova (presence of sperm head and tail or two pronuclei) 18 hours after mating and by (2) counting implants on day 14 of gestation. Both indices showed dose-related reductions (P less than 0.001). Motion parameters of cauda epididymal sperm were assessed using the CellSoft computer-assisted sperm motion analysis (CASA) system after the rats were asphyxiated on day 25. Curvilinear velocity, straight-line velocity, linearity, and amplitude of lateral head displacement were reduced in a dose-related manner. The fertility indices, percent fertilized ova, and percent implantation on day 14 of gestation were correlated significantly (r = 0.68; P = 0.0001). The following motion parameters were also correlated significantly with fertility (P less than 0.0003; r1 = percent fertilized ova and r2 = percent implantation): linearity (r1 = 0.42; r2 = 0.40), amplitude of lateral head displacement (r1 = 0.54; r2 = 0.48), curvilinear velocity (r1 = 0.53; r2 = 0.50), straight-line velocity (r1 = 0.55; r2 = 0.50), and percent motile sperm (r1 = 0.42; r2 = 0.32). These results suggest a relationship between toxicant-induced reductions in sperm motion and fertility.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

High fertility among Indochinese refugees.

From 1975 to 1988, nearly 900,000 Indochinese refugees were resettled in the United States. This paper examines patterns of fertility among these refugees from Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam who have exhibited high levels of reproduction since their arrival. Data are drawn from sample surveys in San Diego and San Francisco, CA. Fertility levels were found to exceed five children per ever-married woman, a level that is consistent with perceptions of ideal family size in the homeland. Fertility levels were significantly higher among rural second-wave refugees than in the more urban first-wave groups. One explanation for the high fertility is that couples have migrated from areas where fertility is high, and they have not yet adapted their reproductive behavior to the low fertility environment of the United States. This possibility is reinforced by a general gender preference for boys and exacerbated by the fact that, while a majority of women are aware of methods of fertility control, access is still limited by cultural and financial barriers, and the motivation to use family planning still appears to be relatively low. The data suggest that this refugee population will continue to put pressure on maternal and child health resources, and that continued residence in the United States could lead to desires to limit family size, thus increasing demand for methods of fertility control.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Neurovegetative factors that influence fertility].

A comparative study of fertility among rats with different ovarian neurotomies (splanchnicotomy, vagotomy and pelvicotomy) with or without contralateral ovariectomy has been carried out. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the autonomic nervous system on the function of the ovary. Unilateral ovariectomy increased the fertility rate from 90% to 100%. Following left splanchnicotomy, the fertility was 40%; with left vagotomy and pelvicotomy, it was 60%. In the animals with one of these neurotomies plus contralateral ovariectomy, the fertility increased to 100%. The number of embryos implanted in the uterine horns was different on the side of neurotomy and in the contralateral one: 2 and 9.3 for the splanchnicotomy; 6.3 and 8.3 for the vagotomy, and 4.3 and 6.3 for the pelvicotomy, respectively. The cases with ovarian neurotomy and contralateral ovariectomy exhibited a greater number of implantations in the uterine horn on the side of the neurotomy as compared with the control rats. The number of implantations showed a parallelism with the number of corpora lutea in the ovaries of non pregnant rats with the same neurotomies. These results lead to the following conclusions: 1. Unilateral ovariectomy increases the fertility; 2. Ovarian splanchnicotomy, vagotomy and pelvicotomy reduce the fertility; 3. After contralateral ovariectomy, this lower fertility is transformed into an increased fertility; and 4. neurotomy, especially splanchnicotomy, reduces the number of embryos implanted in the uterine horn on the side of the neurotomy.

Animals↗