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PubMed2006

Integrating gaze direction and expression in preferences for attractive faces.

Few studies have investigated how physical and social facial cues are integrated in the formation of face preferences. Here we show that expression differentially qualifies the strength of attractiveness preferences for faces with direct and averted gaze. For judgments of faces with direct gaze, attractiveness preferences were stronger for smiling faces than for faces with neutral expressions. By contrast, for judgments of faces with averted gaze, attractiveness preferences were stronger for faces with neutral expressions than for smiling faces. Because expressions can differ in meaning depending on whether they are directed toward or away from oneself, it is only by integrating gaze direction, facial expression, and physical attractiveness that one can unambiguously identify the most attractive individuals who are likely to reciprocate one's own social interest.

Choice Behavior↗
PubMed1994

Movement, face processing and schizophrenia: evidence of a differential deficit in expression analysis.

Three dynamic face-processing tasks based on the Bruce & Young (1986) functional model of face processing were presented to 10 schizophrenic and 10 depressed inpatients and to 10 non-patient subjects. Familiar face recognition, facial expression recognition and unfamiliar face matching were examined. Schizophrenic patients' performance was significantly poorer than that of depressed patients and non-patient controls. Significantly lower scores were obtained on the facial expression recognition task than on the familiar face recognition task. There was a differential pattern of group performance on each of the three tasks: schizophrenic and depressed patients were as accurate as non-patient controls on the familiar face recognition task, but significantly less accurate than non-patient controls on the unfamiliar face-matching task. Schizophrenic patients were significantly less accurate than depressed patients and non-patient controls on the facial expression recognition task. The results are contrasted with an analogous static face-processing study.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Jaw muscle orientation and moment arms of long-face and normal adults.

Long-face subjects have strongly reduced bite forces relative to normal subjects. This difference cannot be fully explained by the reduced cross-sectional area of the jaw muscles. In this study, we investigated whether the orientation and moment arms of the jaw muscles of normal and long-face subjects are different, and if so, to what extent these differences contribute to the observed differences in maximum molar bite-force levels. Three MRI scan series with different orientations were made of the jaw muscles of 30 normal and 13 long-face subjects. These served as the basis for computer reconstructions of the external shape of the muscles. The spatial orientation of the jaw muscles was defined by the regression line through the centroids of the muscular cross-sections. The moment arms of the jaw muscles and the bite point of the first mandibular molar were measured with respect to the center of the ipsilateral condyle. The muscular variables-including angles, moment arms, and mechanical advantage-were analyzed with a discriminant analysis and a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Differences in the spatial orientation of the temporalis muscle and the anterior digastric muscle contributed most to the distinction of the normal and long-face group. With MANOVA, it was shown that the normal and long-face group did not significantly differ with respect to the jaw muscle moment arms and mechanical advantage data. Only small differences were found between the sagittal muscle angles of the masseter and anterior digastric muscles in the two groups. In both the normal and long-face group, the orientation and moment arm data of the right and left muscles differed significantly. It was concluded that the variation of the spatial orientation of the jaw muscles is small and does not significantly contribute to the explanation of the different molar bite-force levels of long-face and normal subjects. Therefore, it is tempting to assume that the jaw muscles of normal and long-face subjects are different with respect to the maximum force they can exert per unit of cross-sectional area.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Gender differences in hemispheric asymmetry for face processing.

BACKGROUND: Current cognitive neuroscience models predict a right-hemispheric dominance for face processing in humans. However, neuroimaging and electromagnetic data in the literature provide conflicting evidence of a right-sided brain asymmetry for decoding the structural properties of faces. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether this inconsistency might be due to gender differences in hemispheric asymmetry. RESULTS: In this study, event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded in 40 healthy, strictly right-handed individuals (20 women and 20 men) while they observed infants' faces expressing a variety of emotions. Early face-sensitive P1 and N1 responses to neutral vs. affective expressions were measured over the occipital/temporal cortices, and the responses were analyzed according to viewer gender. Along with a strong right hemispheric dominance for men, the results showed a lack of asymmetry for face processing in the amplitude of the occipito-temporal N1 response in women to both neutral and affective faces. CONCLUSION: Men showed an asymmetric functioning of visual cortex while decoding faces and expressions, whereas women showed a more bilateral functioning. These results indicate the importance of gender effects in the lateralization of the occipito-temporal response during the processing of face identity, structure, familiarity, or affective content.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Community people's preference of hand drawn face graph as a health informing device.

Although the cartoon of a face is an effective device to visualize the image of numerical indices, its use is not popular among community health personnel. In the present study, we used the face graph as an aid for health informing and educating activities in the setting of a community health activity. For this purpose, we designed a special sheet to draw face by hand. By using this sheet, each person can draw his/her 'face' from one's laboratory data index under the guidance of additional lines. The acceptability of this hand drawn face was evaluated by 283 people aged 65 years and over at a health counseling session. For both men and women, a higher percentage preferred face (37% for men, 40% for women) over numeral (23% for men, 17% for women). The preference for the face graph was also observed at each of three age groups within each sex. The highest affinity to face (64%) was observed for the 14 women who reported as cataract patients.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Deconstructing Marilyn: robust effects of face contexts on stimulus-response compatibility.

Hommel and Lippa (1995) found a left-right spatial compatibility effect with respect to a background context of Marilyn Monroe's face, rotated 90 degrees clockwise or counterclockwise from upright, when subjects responded to up or down stimuli by pressing a left or a right key. They interpreted their results as providing evidence for object-based coding of stimulus location. We conducted four experiments in order to evaluate the reliability of this face context effect, to control for possible artifacts and evaluate alternative explanations, and to establish generalizability to other face contexts. This was accomplished by using not only the original photograph, but also a mirror-reversed image, chimeric faces composed from the left or the right sides of the original photograph, an outline drawing face, and a circle with markings for facial features. Our results were much stronger than those of Hommel and Lippa, and the face context effect was found for all of the face variations. Our experiments also provided evidence to suggest that asymmetric coding of the up and down locations contributes to performance in the face context as well.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Perceiving speech from inverted faces.

We examined whether the orientation of the face influences speech perception in face-to-face communication. Participants identified auditory syllables, visible syllables, and bimodal syllables presented in an expanded factorial design. The syllables were /ba/, /va/, /oa/, or /da/. The auditory syllables were taken from natural speech whereas the visible syllables were produced by computer animation of a realistic talking face. The animated face was presented either as viewed in normal upright orientation or inverted orientation (180 degrees frontal rotation). The central intent of the study was to determine if an inverted view of the face would change the nature of processing bimodal speech or simply influence the information available in visible speech. The results with both the upright and inverted face views were adequately described by the fuzzy logical model of perception (FLMP). The observed differences in the FLMP's parameter values corresponding to the visual information indicate that inverting the view of the face influences the amount of visible information but does not change the nature of the information processing in bimodal speech perception.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

A 3-Dimensional Analysis of Face-Mask Removal Tools in Inducing Helmet Movement.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the performance of specific face-mask removal tools during football helmet face-mask retraction using 3-dimensional (3-D) video. DESIGN AND SETTING: Four different tools were used: the anvil pruner (AP), polyvinyl chloride pipe cutters (PVC), Face Mask (FM) Extractor (FME), and Trainer's Angel (TA). Subjects retracted a face mask once with each tool. SUBJECTS: Eleven certified athletic trainers served as subjects and were recruited from among local sports medicine professionals. MEASUREMENTS: We analyzed a sample of movement by 3-D techniques during the retraction process. Movement of the head in 3 planes and time to retract the face mask were also assessed. All results were analyzed with a simple repeated-measures one-way multivariate analysis of variance. An overall efficiency score was calculated for each tool. RESULTS: The AP allowed subjects to perform the face-mask removal task the fastest. Face mask removal with the AP was significantly faster than with the PVC and TA and significantly faster with the TA than the PVC. The PVC and AP created significantly more movement than the FME and TA when planes were combined. No significant differences were noted among tools for flexion-extension, rotation, or lateral flexion. The AP had an efficiency score of 14; FME, 15; TA, 18; and PVC, 35. CONCLUSIONS: The subjects performed the face-mask removal task in the least amount of time with the AP. They completed the task with the least amount of combined movement using the FME. The AP and FME had nearly identical overall efficiency scores for movement and time.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Expanding hematoma in face-lift surgery: literature review, case presentations, and caveats.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative expanding hematoma is the most common complication seen in face-lift surgery. It has been described in 0 to 15% of all cases, and if not promptly recognized and treated, severe ischemic flap changes, with resultant necrosis, can occur. In addition, postoperative hematoma can frequently occur after normal office hours, and an organized plan of action needs to be established to effectively deal with this unpredictable complication. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this article is to review the current face-lift literature and the author's experience, to present the salient features of postoperative hematoma, and to alert surgeons to the prompt recognition and treatment of major hematomas following face-lift surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A review of the face-lift literature concerning postoperative expanding hematoma and its causes and treatment is presented. In addition, the author's experience and hematoma rate are reviewed, along with several case presentations. RESULTS: It is well known that critical postoperative hematomas occur in face-lift surgeries. No predictable set of signs or symptoms has been identified to diagnose which patients present a risk of postoperative hematoma. Common themes in patients who have experienced hematoma following face-lift include male gender, preoperative medications that affect coagulation, perioperative and postoperative blood pressure spikes, postoperative activity, nausea, vomiting, and retching. The prompt recognition and treatment of postoperative face-lift hematoma are generally easily accomplished with common hemostatic techniques, and the surgical site most frequently heals without major complications. CONCLUSION: Major expanding hematomas have been reported in 0 to 15% of facelift surgeries, with an average of 2 to 4%. There do not appear to be any common recognizable screening factors to determine who is at risk. Close attention needs to be paid to the preoperative medical history, medication regimens, perioperative blood pressures, postoperative activity, and nausea and vomiting. Because most hematomas occur in the first 12 hours after surgery, their recognition and treatment may be after normal office hours, requiring a preemptive and organized plan of action. Significant complications are uncommon when hematomas are promptly recognized and treated. In 140 consecutive face-lifts, the author's hematoma rate was 1.4%.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Simultaneous rhytidectomy and full-face carbon dioxide laser resurfacing: a case series and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The combination of facial rhytidectomy and full-face carbon dioxide laser resurfacing would theoretically provide for superior aesthetic rejuvenation of the face, but some reports have advised against this combination (particularly using chemical peel). However, significant differences exist between previous studies of combination therapy. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate these differences and determine protocol for care and carbon dioxide laser settings for resurfacing when done in combination with full-face rhytidectomy. DESIGN: (1) A case series of 30 patients treated in a private practice over 26 months with simultaneous rhytidectomy and full-face laser resurfacing; (2) a meta-analysis of 3 and 1/2 years of literature reporting the same combination procedure (453 patients). Variables evaluated include rhytidectomy technique, laser type and settings, postoperative care, complications, and outcome analyses. OUTCOME MEASURES: Rate of postoperative complications, premorbidity, previous surgery, concurrent procedures, postoperative dressings, and follow-up status. SELECTION: Referred sample patients were determined by the single operating surgeon who performed all procedures. For literature meta-analysis, only peer-reviewed studies of simultaneous rhytidectomy and full-face laser resurfacing from January 1997 through May 2000 were included. RESULTS: Among the 30 patients treated over our 26-month case series accession period, there was no evidence of flap loss, skin slough, infection (viral or cellulitic), or hypopigmentation. Settings for laser resurfacing were determined. Of the 453 patients included in our meta-analysis, 1 (a smoker) sustained a 2-cm full-thickness flap necrosis, and 4 sustained varying degrees of skin slough in the postauricular area without full-thickness necrosis. The complication rate did not differ from that of rhytidectomy alone. CONCLUSION: Simultaneous rhytidectomy and full-face carbon dioxide laser resurfacing can safely provide a dual cosmetic benefit option for aesthetic rejuvenation of the face.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Ontogeny of craniofacial sexual dimorphism in the orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus). I: face and palate.

The orangutan is widely recognized as a highly dimorphic species. An ontogenetic approach to the study of sexual dimorphism can assist researchers in understanding both where and when these differences develop. In this study, 357 orangutans from Borneo were divided into five developmental stages representing infancy to mature adulthood. Three-dimensional (3D) coordinate data from 16 landmarks representing the face and palate were analyzed by means of a Euclidean distance matrix analysis (EDMA), a quantitative method for the comparison of forms. Three separate analyses (an age-specific static comparison of forms, a sex-specific analysis of growth trajectories, and an intersex comparison of patterns of relative growth) were carried out with the intent to describe the rate, timing, magnitude, and pattern of growth in the orangutan face and palate. The results indicate that generally males and females share a similar, but not identical, pattern of growth or local form change, but differ in growth rate, timing, and magnitude of difference. Dimorphism in the face and palate can be localized in infancy and traced throughout all age intervals. Orangutan females grow slightly faster than males from infancy to adolescence, at which time male growth exceeds female growth. Female growth ceases with the advent of adulthood, while male growth continues (i.e., both the number and magnitude of the dimorphic dimensions increase). Males and females are similar in facial dimensions and growth related to the orbits, upper face, and palate width. They maintain these similarities throughout development. However, they differ in facial and nasal height, palate length, snout projection, depth of the nasopharynx, and hafting of the face onto the skull. The face broadens and the zygomatic bone flares dramatically in adult males, corresponding to the development of cheek pads. While growth patterns are similar between the two sexes, they differ in the lateral orbit, snout projection, and hafting of the face onto the cranium. Adult dimorphism is the result of growth patterns experienced throughout life, and it is not equally expressed across the cranium. An understanding of patterns of dimorphism, along with the magnitude of difference, may be helpful for interpreting dimorphism in the fossil record.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Age-related differences in neural correlates of face recognition during the toddler and preschool years.

Research on the development of face recognition in infancy has shown that infants respond to faces as if they are special and recognize familiar faces early in development. Infants also show recognition and differential attachment to familiar people very early in development. We tested the hypothesis that infants' responses to familiar and unfamiliar faces differ at different ages. Specifically, we present data showing age-related changes in infants' brain responses to mother's face versus a stranger's face in children between 18 and 54 months of age. We propose that these changes are based on age-related differences in the perceived salience of the face of the primary caregiver versus strangers.

Arousal↗
PubMed1992

Faces as reinforcers: effects of pairing condition and facial expression.

The reinforcing properties of faces were investigated in two experiments in which tones were first paired with an adult female face and subsequently tested for their ability to potentiate visual fixation when compounded with a checkerboard pattern. In Experiment 1, infants who had been presented six pairings of a 65-dB, 1000-Hz tone with a smiling face later fixated a checkerboard pattern significantly more when it was compounded with the tone than when it was tested alone. Infants in random and backward controls fixated the checkerboard pattern roughly equal amounts in the presence absence of the tone, and infants in a no tone control did not exhibit a novelty response when shifted from the face to the checkerboard pattern. In Experiment 2, facial expression was varied across groups and the effects on conditioning of a 65-dB tone that immediately preceded the face were studied. On test trials, greater fixation in the presence of the tone than in its absence was observed when a smiling or a surprised expression was presented, but not when a neutral expression was presented. Differences scores (fixation on tone minus no tone test trials) were significantly greater than zero in the smiling and surprised conditions, and significantly greater in the surprised condition than in the neural condition. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of a conditioned visual fixation paradigm for the study of the reinforcing properties of faces and of infant associative learning in general, and suggest that the expression portrayed by a face contributes to its effectiveness as a reinforcer.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2006

Working memory and long-term memory for faces: Evidence from fMRI and global amnesia for involvement of the medial temporal lobes.

Behavioral studies with amnesic patients and imaging studies with healthy adults have suggested that medial temporal lobe (MTL) structures known to be essential for long-term declarative memory (LTM) may also be involved in the maintenance of information in working memory (WM). To examine whether MTL structures are involved in WM maintenance for faces, and the nature of that involvement, WM and LTM for faces were examined in normal participants via functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and in amnesic patients behaviorally. In Experiment 1, participants were scanned while performing a WM task in which they determined if two novel faces, presented 7 s apart, were the same or different. Later, participants' LTM for the faces they saw during the WM task was measured in an unexpected recognition test. During WM maintenance, the hippocampus was activated bilaterally, and there was greater activation during maintenance for faces that were later remembered than faces later forgotten. A conjunction analysis revealed overlap in hippocampal activations across WM maintenance and LTM contrasts, which suggested that the same regions were recruited for WM maintenance and LTM encoding. In Experiment 2, amnesic and control participants were tested on similar WM and LTM tasks. Amnesic patients, as a group, had intact performance with a 1-s maintenance period, but were impaired after a 7-s WM maintenance period and on the LTM task. Thus, parallel neuroimaging and lesion designs suggest that the same hippocampal processes support WM maintenance, for intervals as short as 7 s, and LTM for faces.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Glucocorticoid receptor-mediated teratogenesis and cell proliferation in the limbs and face of the chick embryo.

The susceptibility of the face region of the chick embryo to the teratogenic action of intraamniotically injected hydrocortisone contrasts with the resistance of the limbs to its action while at the same time their dysmorphogenesis may be induced by other agents. Since glucocorticoid receptors were shown to mediate face teratogenesis, their development was investigated in freshly dissected limb buds of 3-, 3.5-, and 4-day-old chick embryos in comparison with the face region. The specific binding of 3H-dexamethasone to molybdate-stabilized glucocorticoid receptors was estimated by the dextran-coated charcoal method and complemented by cytologic analysis of mitotic activity in control and hydrocortisone-treated embryos. The glucocorticoid receptors were found in both organ anlagen already on day 3 when their concentration in femtomoles per microgram DNA was significantly higher in the face region. Accordingly, on day 3 intraamniotic hydrocortisone inhibited the mitotic activity in the face without affecting the developing limbs. On days 3.5 and 4 the concentration of glucocorticoid receptors was similar in both organ anlagen. Administration of hydrocortisone on day 4 induced mitotic depression in the face as well as in the limbs. However, the degree of inhibition appeared to be dependent upon the actual mitotic rate. In the face region where the mitotic activity culminated at that time, the inhibition was much deeper and longer-lasting than in the developing limbs characterized by continuous decrease of proliferation rate in controls. These findings are consistent with a view that glucocorticoid receptors are a prerequisite, but not the only factor in receptor-mediated teratogenesis.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1997

Children's perception of faces of varied immaturity.

This research examined the relationship between facial immaturity and the perception of youthfulness, helplessness, and cuteness. In the first study, college students rated 16 faces for youthfulness. Faces varied within four dimensions (eye position, eye size, nose length, and shape of chin) representing either a mature or immature feature. College students rated faces conserving immature features as more youthful than those without those features. In the second study, three groups of children (5 to 8, 9 to 12, and 13 to 16 years old) rated the same 16 faces with respect to cuteness, helplessness, and youthfulness. Children were similar with respect to their attention to immature features when evaluating faces for youthful qualities, although older children were more sensitive to eye position than younger children when rating faces for youthfulness and helplessness. Older children were more consistent in their attention to immature features when rating faces.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Activation reduction in anterior temporal cortices during repeated recognition of faces of personal acquaintances.

Repeated recognition of the face of a familiar individual is known to show semantic repetition priming effect. In this study, normal subjects were repeatedly presented faces of their colleagues, and the effect of repetition on the regional cerebral blood flow change was measured using positron emission tomography. They repeated a set of three tasks: the familiar-face detection (F) task, the facial direction discrimination (D) task, and the perceptual control (C) task. During five repetitions of the F task, familiar faces were presented six times from different views in a pseudorandom order. Activation reduction through the repetition of the F tasks was observed in the bilateral anterior (anterolateral to the polar region) temporal cortices which are suggested to be involved in the access to the long-term memory concerning people. The bilateral amygdala, the hypothalamus, and the medial frontal cortices, were constantly activated during the F tasks, and considered to be associated with the behavioral significance of the presented familiar faces. Constant activation was also observed in the bilateral occipitotemporal regions and fusiform gyri and the right medial temporal regions during perception of the faces, and in the left medial temporal regions during the facial familiarity detection task, which are consistent with the results of previous functional brain imaging studies. The results have provided further information about the functional segregation of the anterior temporal regions in face recognition and long-term memory.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Visual imagery of famous faces: effects of memory and attention revealed by fMRI.

Complex pictorial information can be represented and retrieved from memory as mental visual images. Functional brain imaging studies have shown that visual perception and visual imagery share common neural substrates. The type of memory (short- or long-term) that mediates the generation of mental images, however, has not been addressed previously. The purpose of this study was to investigate the neural correlates underlying imagery generated from short- and long-term memory (STM and LTM). We used famous faces to localize the visual response during perception and to compare the responses during visual imagery generated from STM (subjects memorized specific pictures of celebrities before the imagery task) and imagery from LTM (subjects imagined famous faces without seeing specific pictures during the experimental session). We found that visual perception of famous faces activated the inferior occipital gyri, lateral fusiform gyri, the superior temporal sulcus, and the amygdala. Small subsets of these face-selective regions were activated during imagery. Additionally, visual imagery of famous faces activated a network of regions composed of bilateral calcarine, hippocampus, precuneus, intraparietal sulcus (IPS), and the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). In all these regions, imagery generated from STM evoked more activation than imagery from LTM. Regardless of memory type, focusing attention on features of the imagined faces (e.g., eyes, lips, or nose) resulted in increased activation in the right IPS and right IFG. Our results suggest differential effects of memory and attention during the generation and maintenance of mental images of faces.

Adult↗