[PRODUCE: using data base technology to provide efficient access to population data].
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Bibliographies as Topic↗
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[Verification of the quality of death certificates: comparing municipal data and data from ISTAT].
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Cause of Death↗
The OPCS Longitudinal Study.
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Data Collection↗
A new service for demographic analysts: the Dynamic Data Base.
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Data Collection↗
[Cancer and pregnancy: the point of view of the chemotherapy oncologist].
Having to start chemotherapy during pregnancy remains a rare event. The decision to proceed this treatment relies on the drugs used, the time of exposure for the foetus and the gestational age at the time of exposure. As a matter of fact, the mutagenicity potential of the chosen medicine has to be known, and consequently, the risk for the child, without challenging the mother's life, nor her health. This question mainly occurs for breast cancers, leukemias and lymphomas. First trimester of pregnancy is the most critical period for the foetus, that corresponds to organogenesis. Antimetabolites are the main drugs bound to generate malformations. Besides, chemotherapy may induce direct toxicity towards the in utero exposed child. Myelosuppression is the most common toxicity, that can induce infections and/or fetal hemorrhages. Regarding the long term risks of cancer on fertility or child's intellectual development, they are still not well known and must be included into prospective studies, as well as being registered in a specific data file.
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
The effects of large-scale afforestation and climate change on water allocation in the Macquarie River catchment, NSW, Australia.
Widespread afforestation has been proposed as one means of addressing the increasing dryland and stream salinity problem in Australia. However, modelling results presented here suggest that large-scale tree planting will substantially reduce river flows and impose costs on downstream water users if planted in areas of high runoff yield. Streamflow reductions in the Macquarie River, NSW, Australia are estimated for a number of tree planting scenarios and global warming forecasts. The modelling framework includes the Sacramento rainfall-runoff model and IQQM, a streamflow routing tool, as well as various global climate model outputs from which daily rainfall and potential evaporation data files have been generated in OzClim, a climate scenario generator. For a 10% increase in tree cover in the headwaters of the Macquarie, we estimate a 17% reduction in inflows to Burrendong Dam. The drying trend for a mid-range scenario of regional rainfall and potential evaporation caused by a global warming of 0.5 degree C may cause an additional 5% reduction in 2030. These flow reductions will decrease the frequency of bird-breeding events in Macquarie Marshes (a RAMSAR protected wetland) and reduce the security of supply to irrigation areas downstream. Inter-decadal climate variability is predicted to have a very significant influence on catchment hydrologic behaviour. A further 20% reduction in flows from the long-term historical mean is possible, should we move into an extended period of below average rainfall years, such as occurred in eastern Australia between 1890 and 1948. Because current consumptive water use is largely adapted to the wetter conditions of post 1949, a return to prolonged dry periods would cause significant environmental stress given the agricultural and domestic water developments that have been instituted.
Agriculture↗
No increased frequency of malignant neoplasms in polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis. A prospective longitudinal study of 398 cases and matched population controls.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and incidence of cancer in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) and temporal arteritis (TA) compared to matched population controls. METHODS: In a population based study 1987-97, 398 patients were diagnosed with PMR or TA. Each patient was randomly assigned 4 age and sex matched controls from the same county, totaling 1592 controls. All patients and controls were cross-checked with data files at the Cancer Registry of Norway, for cancers registered up to the end of 1998. RESULTS: Prior to inclusion, cancer was diagnosed in 32 patients with PMR or TA (8.0%) and 153 controls (9.6%) (OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.55-1.22, p = 0.3). After inclusion, malignant neoplasms were discovered in 34 patients with PMR or TA (9.3%) compared to 143 controls (10.8%) (relative risk 0.86, 95% CI 0.59-1.26, p = 0.4). Thus there was no difference between patients with PMR or TA and their controls regarding prevalence or incidence of cancer. The interval between inclusion and the time of diagnosis of malignant neoplasm did not differ between patients and controls. No significant difference in types or localization of malignant neoplasms was found in patients compared to controls. CONCLUSION: No differences were found in frequencies or types of malignant neoplasms between patients with PMR or TA and population controls. Neither PMR nor TA as defined by present diagnostic criteria appears associated with cancer.
Giant Cell Arteritis↗
Characteristics of compensable disability patients who choose to litigate.
This study tested the hypothesis that personal characteristics, when profiled by performance on MMPI-2 scales related to attention-seeking behavior through somatization, would differ between compensable personal injury claimants who choose to go to litigation and those who choose not to litigate. The authors examined the MMPI-2 profiles and other file data, including type and severity of injury, on 96 patients who litigated and 46 who chose not to litigate. The profiles of the two groups differed significantly overall. The difference was accounted for by the litigating patients' significantly higher scores on the hypochondriasis (Hs), depression (D), and hysteria (Hy) scales. The Hs and Hy differences held up separately in claimants with physical injuries and in claimants whose injuries were psychological only. The differences also persisted after severity of injury was held constant. The profiles of the two groups did not differ in either defensiveness or exaggeration (i.e., on the validity scales L, F, and K). At least some of the differences in reported impairments between patients in general and personal injury claimants appear to be related to whether the patients choose to litigate, and the choice to litigate could be a function of personality-related, rather than situational, factors. A more definitive test of this hypothesis would require the availability of preinjury personality data.
Adult↗
Pollution sources identification in the "land-sea" system.
It is our opinion that the new scientific thinking and education in the 21st century will increase the significance of the multidisciplinary nature knowledge. The nature of the marine sediments as well as the biochemical features of the littoral organisms appear to be in close relation to the geochemical impact of the coastal onshore. The biogeochemical analysis of the terrestrial and marine biocenosis is still fragmental, without balance between the casual and sequential relationships. Along the Bulgarian Black Sea coast the latter necessitates the geological pattern clarification of the areas south of Bourgas. Even a superficial overview of the geological features of the region highlights the impact of the geochemical anomalies related to Rosen and Zidarovo volcanic apparatuses and intrusions, other ore deposits south and south-west as well. However, the intensive anthropogenic impact on the geochemical haloes should be pointed out in the complex of ecological damage to the coast. Through complementary geoecological studies a significant updating of the knowledge is suggested. The geoecological mapping is needed to present the ratio of the lands saturated with geonoxes, and anthropogenically polluted ones. The new methodology recommended was applied to make the distinction of such lands in the regions of Pirdop and Kardjali. Another key element appears to be the ecological-economic characteristics in the offshore-onshore balance. The marine resources will be studied in the alternative context: benefit-damage from the onshore polluters, and the biogeochemical characteristics of the littoral zone. The coastal area's environmental status should make a distinction between the environmentally undamaged, environmentally damaged by nature, anthropogenically damaged and complex damaged lands. Each ecological study or analysis presenting the ecological condition of the environment in a status quo (at a certain moment and at a certain location) is described in this work as a Status Geoecological System. For environmental management and protection of the Black Sea we refer to an indispensable Data File representing the Dynamic Geoecological System.
Bulgaria↗
[Polypharmacological treatment of type 2 diabetes in daily clinical practice. A registry-based study in the county of Aarhus].
INTRODUCTION: This study aims to describe the use and the level of HbA1c and furthermore, to describe the pharmacological treatment of type 2 diabetes in the County of Aarhus, Denmark. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The County of Aarhus has a background population of 641,000 citizens. Data were collected from public data files for the period January 2000 to December 2000. Patients were classified as having type 2 diabetes if they were treated with diet alone, with antidiabetic tablets or, irrespective of treatment, if they were more than 40 years of age at time of diagnosis. RESULTS: In a population of 10,431 type 2 diabetics, 86% had a HbA1c measurement. Mean HbA1c was 7.48% (95% CI 7.45%-7.51%). A description of drug therapy showed that 66% had purchased a prescription for antidiabetic drugs, 63% for antihypertensive drugs and 14% for lipid-lowering drugs. 8% had purchased prescriptions for antidiabetics as well as antihypertensive and lipid-lowering drugs. DISCUSSION: In this study it was found that a large proportion of type 2 diabetics have a HbA1c measurement and several type 2 diabetics have a poor glycemic regulation. Few had purchased prescriptions for antidiabetics as well as antihypertensive and lipid-lowering drugs and most after a long duration of diabetes. It is concluded that there are possibilities for improving treatment of type 2 patients and that registers easily can be established to monitor the quality of diabetes treatment.
Adult↗
Detection of minimal residual disease in unselected patients with acute myeloid leukemia using multiparameter flow cytometry for definition of leukemia-associated immunophenotypes and determination of their frequencies in normal bone marrow.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Detection of minimal residual disease (MRD) by multiparameter flow cytometry is an emerging prognostic factor in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The present analysis aimed at improving the applicability of this approach to more patients with AML. DESIGN AND METHODS: Bone marrow samples from unselected patients with AML at diagnosis and from healthy volunteers were immunophenotyped applying triple-stainings of 31 antigens. Leukemia-associated immunophenotypes were defined by gating on populations displaying an aberrant or infrequent immunophenotype and by applying Boolean algebra. The combination of gates obtained was applied to list mode data files containing measurements of normal bone marrow samples. Dilution experiments of AML samples in normal bone marrow were performed to test the linearity of measurements. RESULTS: At least one aberrant/infrequent immunophenotype was identified (median, 2; range, 1-5) in all of 68 analyzed AML patients. The median frequencies of cells displaying an aberrant/infrequent immunophenotype within normal bone marrow ranged from 0.00% to 1.20% (median, 0.07%). Limiting this analysis to only the most sensitive aberrant/infrequent immunophenotype per patient resulted in frequencies of cells displaying an aberrant/infrequent immunophenotype within normal bone marrow ranging from 0.00% to 0.43% (median, 0.05%). Serial dilution experiments confirmed the linearity of measurements (R>0.90 in all cases analyzed). INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS: The application of multiparameter flow cytometry to identify cells displaying an aberrant/infrequent immunophenotype and to quantify MRD is feasible in unselected patients with AML.
Acute Disease↗
Intertwin birth weight discordance as a potential adaptive measure to promote gestational age.
OBJECTIVE: To determine if discordant twins are delivered at a more advanced gestational age than concordant twins of the same total twin birth weight. STUDY DESIGN: We used the U.S. National Center for Health Statistics matched multiple birth data file containing all twin births in the United States from 1995 through 1997. Birth weight discordance was defined as > 25% difference between the heavier and lighter twin. We compared mean gestational age between concordant and discordant pairs at 250-g total birth weight intervals in the entire population and in the subgroups of primiparas and multiparas. RESULTS: The frequency of discordant pairs declined with increasing total twin birth weight, from 7.2% at 3,000-3,250 g, to 3% at 4,750-5,000 g (R2 = .94, P < .05), with no significant difference between primiparas and multiparas (all P values > .05). The mean gestational age of discordant pairs was significantly higher across the entire range of total birth weight intervals except for the uppermost interval (> 4,750 g). The effect of discordance on gestational age was modified by parity, with significant differences between concordant and discordant pairs among primiparas mainly at the lower birth weight strata (P < .05). CONCLUSION: In the total twin birth weight range of 3,000-5,000 g, birth weight discordant twins are delivered at a more advanced gestational age than concordant twins. Discordant growth may serve as an adaptive measure to promote maturity by reducing the inevitable uterine overdistension.
Adult↗
Health effects in community residents near a uranium plant at Fernald, Ohio, USA.
OBJECTIVES: Health outcomes in persons who lived in the area surrounding a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) uranium processing plant near Fernald, Ohio were evaluated using data of Fernald Medical Monitoring Program (FMMP) participants. METHODS: Residential history information was used to identify participants who lived in close proximity to the plant (less than 2 miles), in the direction of groundwater runoff (south of the plant), or used a well or cistern as a drinking water source. Standardized prevalence ratios (SPRs) for certain disease endpoints were calculated using the U.S. National Health Interview Survey(NHIS) and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data files for comparison rates. RESULTS: Findings suggest that prior living within the Fernald exposure domain is related to increased prevalence of urinary system disease. Statistically significant elevations of bladder disease (standardized prevalence ratio or SPR = 1.32) and kidney disease (SPR = 2.15), including sub-categories, kidney stones (SPR = 3.98) and chronic nephritis (SPR = 2.03) were noted, as well as increased rates for hematuria and urethral stricture. In regression analyses with adjustment forage and sex, serum creatinine levels were increased in those who had lived close to the plant. Increased white blood cell count and hemoglobin levels, and decreased mean corpuscular volume were also found in those living less than 2 miles from the plant. Those who used a well or cistern for drinking water were found to have increased urinary microalbumin, red blood cell count and hematocrit. CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary findings will provide the basis for future hypothesis testing incorporating important determinants of exposure not included in this study, such as duration and calendar year of exposure, location relevant to prevailing wind direction, and age at exposure.
Adult↗
Automated testing of arrhythmia monitors using annotated databases.
Arrhythmia-algorithm performance is typically tested using the AHA and MIT/BIH databases. The tools for this test are simulation software programs. While these simulations provide rapid results, they neglect hardware and software effects in the monitor. To provide a more accurate measure of performance in the actual monitor, a system has been developed for automated arrhythmia testing. The testing system incorporates an IBM-compatible personal computer, a digital-to-analog converter, an RS232 board, a patient-simulator interface to the monitor, and a multi-tasking software package for data conversion and communication with the monitor. This system "plays" patient data files into the monitor and saves beat classifications in detection files. Tests were performed using the MIT/BIH and AHA databases. Statistics were generated by comparing the detection files with the annotation files. These statistics were marginally different from those that resulted from the simulation. Differences were then examined. As expected, the differences were related to monitor hardware effects.
Algorithms↗
[Product of the month: scientific text processing using the MS-DOS computer].
A new German word processing system, "Starwriter 6.0" for MS-DOS computers is introduced and important functions are described. The possibility of using different fonts, creating complex formulas, footnotes and endnotes, and using various functions for importing and exporting text and data files make this program highly suitable for scientific texts.
Germany↗
Missed immunisation opportunities among Tongan children in Auckland, New Zealand.
AIMS: To determine the proportion of Tongan children with missed opportunities for immunisations and estimate the impact of missed opportunities on delayed immunisation. METHODS: A retrospective audit of 133 children, conducted in two Pacific primary care clinics in Auckland. Children were eligible if born in 1999 and if the clinic was their usual source of primary care. Primary care computer data files up to December 31st 2001 were reviewed. A missed opportunity was defined as a doctor visit at which an immunisation was due but not given. An immunisation was defined as given only if the date of administration was recorded. An immunisation was delayed if not received within 30 days of first being due. RESULTS: Seven percent of children were delayed for the six week, 67% for the three month, 72% for the five month, and 65% for the 15 month immunisations. Thirty four percent of children had at least one missed opportunity for immunisation. Most missed opportunities occurred in acute care visits, and contraindications to immunisation were almost never present. Having a missed opportunity was associated with an increased risk of delay of the six week (OR = 48.75, 95% CI 6.82, 998.16), five month (Fisher's exact test, p = 0.03) and 15 month (Fisher's exact test, p = 0.04) immunisations but not the three month immunisation (OR = 1.00, 95% CI 0.33, 3.45). CONCLUSION: Missed opportunities are frequent and are associated with an increased risk of delayed immunisation. They are likely to contribute to New Zealand's poor immunisation coverage and the excess burden of vaccine preventable disease experienced by Pacific children in New Zealand.
Databases, Factual↗
Identifying tissue-enriched gene expression in mouse tissues using the NIH UniGene database.
There is considerable interest in the gene expression profiles that underpin the phenotypes of cells and tissues. We have developed Bioperl scripts for mining the National Institutes of Health (NIH) UniGene databases to identify this tissue-enriched gene expression. UniGene imports expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from the NIH dbEST database and clusters them by searching for sequence matches. In principle, each UniGene cluster represents the product(s) of a single transcriptional unit in the genome. This transcriptional unit can be expressed in a range of cell types, and UniGene clusters reflect these heterogeneous origins. UniGene clusters containing ESTs expressed predominantly or uniquely by one tissue will show a high proportion of ESTs from that tissue. Our Bioperl scripts parse the NIH UniGene data files as a starting point for an in-house UniGene database. Each UniGene cluster is then assessed for the total number of ESTs from a specified set of dbEST libraries and the total number of ESTs in the cluster. The ratio of the two gives a measure of enrichment. In this paper, we identify tissue-enriched gene expression in mouse pancreas, mammary gland and heart. Each tissue-enriched expression profile identifies genes that are recognisably characteristic of the respective tissue. It also identifies significant numbers of tissue-enhanced UniGenes that are derived from transcriptional units with no known function. These genes may play important and specialised functions in the tissue in question and offer targets for drug action.
Animals↗
The New Zealand child work-related fatal injury study: 1985-1998.
AIMS: To estimate the numbers and rates of work-related fatal injury for children under the age of 15 years. METHODS: Potential cases of work-related injury deaths of persons aged <15 years of age were identified from the national electronic mortality data-files for the period 1985-1998 inclusive. The circumstances of the death in each fatality incident were reviewed directly from coronial files to determine work-relatedness. RESULTS: A total of 87 workplace work-related fatalities were identified. The vast majority of children identified were fatally injured while a bystander to another person's work. Workplace bystander involvement was found to vary by age, with the majority of workers identified aged 10-14 years old. With a third of all fatalities, the agricultural industry was the most common industry for workplace work-related fatalities in children. In the period 1985-94, children <15 years of age were found to account for 46% of New Zealand's total workplace bystander deaths. CONCLUSIONS: Children contribute significantly to the overall burden of work-related fatal injury in New Zealand, especially as bystanders to other people's work. The high contribution to bystander deaths by children aged <15 years suggests that hazard control in certain work settings is lacking.
Accidents, Occupational↗