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PubMed2005

Efficacy of two distinct ethanol-based hand rubs for surgical hand disinfection -- a controlled trial according to prEN 12791.

BACKGROUND: Aim of the study was to determine the efficacy of two distinct ethanol-based hand rubs for surgical hand disinfection in a controlled cross-over trial according to prEN 12791. METHODS: 20 subjects were included. Hands were washed for 1 min with soap. The bacterial prevalue was obtained by rubbing finger tips in TSB for 1 min. Then, each subject treated the hands with the reference procedure (n-propanol, 60% v/v) or the product (Sterillium Rub, based on 80% ethanol; Avagard, based on 61% ethanol and 1% chlorhexidine gluconate) which were all applied in 3 to 4 portions each of 3 ml for a total of 3 min. Bacterial postvalues (immediate effect) were taken from one hand, the other hand was gloved for 3 h. After gloves were taken off the second postvalue was taken for the assessment of a sustained effect. RESULTS: Bacterial pre-values were between 4.38 +/- 0.66 and 4.46 +/- 0.71. Sterillium Rub achieved the required immediate (mean log10-reduction of 2.59 +/- 1.19) and sustained effect (1.73 +/- 1.08) compared with the reference treatment (immediate effect: 2.58 +/- 1.16; sustained effect: 1.67 +/- 0.96). Avagard, however, did not achieve the required immediate (1.82 +/- 1.40) and sustained effect (1.41 +/- 1.08) in comparison to the reference disinfection (immediate effect: 2.98 +/- 0.90; sustained effect: 2.56 +/- 1.17; p < 0.01; Wilcoxon test). CONCLUSION: Based on our data, Sterillium Rub can be regarded to be effective for surgical hand disinfection, but Avagard can not. The addition of 1% chlorhexidine gluconate to 61% ethanol (w/w) did not outweigh an ethanol concentration of 80% (w/w).

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed1986

Mutagenic activity of disinfection by-products.

Data on raw water quality, disinfection treatment practices, and the resulting mutagenic properties of the treated water were compiled from pilot- and full-scale treatment experiments to evaluate that parameter which might produce variability in the results of a mutagenic study. Analysis of the data and comparison of treatment practices indicated that the measured mutagenic activity is strongly related to the characteristics of the organic matter in the raw water, the methodology used to sample and detect mutagens, the scale of the study both in terms of treatment flow and period of study, and the point at which and the conditions under which oxidants are added during treatment. Conclusions regarding disinfection systems in full-scale water treatment plants include the following: When raw water is pretreated and high concentrations of organics are present in the raw water, both ozonation and chlorination increased mutagenic activity. However, no significant difference in mutagenicity was found between the two oxidants. Both in the case of a nitrified groundwater and a clarified surface water, the mutagenic activity of the water after ozonation was related to its mutagenic activity before ozonation. With ozonation, mutagenic activity decreased after granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration. Thus, when GAC filtration follows ozone disinfection, early addition of oxidants may not be deleterious to the finished water quality. When chlorine or chlorine dioxide is added after GAC filtration, chlorine dioxide was found to produce a less mutagenic water than chlorine. Although these conclusions suggest means of controlling mutagenic activity during treatment, it must be stressed that the measurement of mutagenicity is a presumptive index of contamination level.

Carbon↗
PubMed1986

Type of disinfectant in drinking water and patterns of mortality in Massachusetts.

Chlorination has been the major strategy for disinfection of drinking water in the United States. Concern about the potential health effects of the reaction by-products of chlorine has prompted use of alternative strategies. One such method is chloramination, a treatment process that does not appear to have carcinogenic by-products, but may have less potent biocidal activity than chlorination. We examined the patterns of mortality of residents in Massachusetts who died between 1969 and 1983 and lived in communities using drinking water that was disinfected either by chlorine or chloramine. Comparison of type of disinfectant among 51,645 cases of deaths due to selected cancer sites and 214,988 controls who died from cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, or pulmonary disease, or from lymphatic cancer showed small variation in the patterns of mortality. Bladder cancer was moderately associated with residence at death in a chlorinated community (mortality odds ratio = 1.7, 95% confidence interval = 1.3-2.2) in a logistic regression analysis using controls who died from lymphatic cancer. A slight excess of deaths from pneumonia and influenza was observed in communities whose residents drank chloraminated water compared to residents from chlorinated communities, as well as to all Massachusetts residents (standardized mortality ratio = 118, 95% confidence interval = 116-120 for chloraminated communities, and standardized mortality ratio = 98, 95% confidence interval = 95-100 for chlorinated communities). These results are intended to be preliminary and crude descriptions of the relationship under study.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aged↗
PubMed2006

External surface disinfection of the lesser mealworm (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae).

Understanding the dynamics of movement of bacteria within the environment and between species is crucial to unraveling the epidemiology of bacterial diseases and to developing biosecurity measures to prevent dissemination. Many arthropods, some beneficial and some detrimental, inhabit poultry houses. The lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), is a pest commonly found in poultry litter that can harbor pathogens involved in both human and animal health issues. Current farm management practices perpetuate persistent infestations contributing to the dispersal of beetles and pathogens. To study the dissemination of bacteria by this beetle, we require the ability to differentiate internal from external sources of bacteria carried by the beetle. In this study, we tested previously described methods to externally disinfect beetles and found disinfectant efficacies between 40 and 98%. The irregular surface of the insect posed a challenge to cleansing procedures because the surface offered many recesses able to sequester bacteria. Complete bacterial disinfection was achieved with a serial treatment of ethanol and hydrogen peroxide or hydrogen peroxide/peracetic acid.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of BioSentry 904 and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-tris disinfecting during incubation of chicken eggs on microbial levels and productivity of poultry.

Proper sanitation practices and the use of efficacious disinfectants in a hatchery have an effect on chick quality. Aerosol bacterial counts, egg moisture loss, hatchability, chick quality, and broiler productivity were evaluated when egg surfaces were contaminated by immersion of each egg into a broth medium containing a field isolate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and incubated with exposure to one of three disinfectant treatments administered by fine spray: distilled water, BioSentry 904 (904), and a 1:1 ratio of 904 and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-Tris. The aerosol bacteria levels were statistically greater on day 21 of incubation in the group treated with distilled water than in those receiving disinfectants. Overall hatch of fertile eggs and egg moisture loss were comparable among all three treatments. At 1 day of age, the chicks incubated with 904 had a statistically lower yolk sac contamination rate than those incubated with 904+EDTA-Tris or distilled water. The 2-wk mortality rates, body weights, feed conversion ratios, yolk sac weights, and yolk sac contamination rates were all similar among the three treatments.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Comparison of disinfectants for biofilm, protozoa and Legionella control.

The aim of this study was to compare the efficiency of different disinfectants applicable to Legionella control in domestic water systems. A domestic water supply simulation unit that allowed simulation of real-world conditions was developed for this purpose. The system, consisting of seven identical rigs, was used to compare treatment efficiency under equivalent conditions of system design, materials, hydraulics, water quality, temperature and initial contamination. During the study, each of six loops received continuous application of one of the following disinfectants: chlorine, electro-chlorination, chlorine dioxide, monochloramine, ozone, or copper/silver. The seventh loop was used as a control and remained untreated. Performance evaluation of these disinfectants was based on their ability to reduce not only Legionella, but also protozoa and biofilms, which contribute to the establishment and dissemination of these bacteria in water systems, and their resistance to treatments. Regarding these criteria, chlorine dioxide and chlorine (as bleach or obtained by electro-chlorination) were the most effective treatments in this study. However, in comparison with chlorine, chlorine dioxide showed a longer residual activity in the system, which constituted an advantage in the perspective of an application to extensive pipework systems.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Detection of infectious human adenoviruses in tertiary-treated and ultraviolet-disinfected wastewater.

A pilot-scale study investigating the use of low-pressure, high-intensity UV radiation for disinfection of urban wastewater was conducted. The inactivation of coliform bacteria, wastewater-indigenous enteric viruses, seeded poliovirus, and seeded F-specific coliphage was studied. During the course of the pilot study, infectious human adenoviruses were isolated from 15 of 16 large-volume samples of UV-disinfected secondary- and tertiary-treated wastewater. Half of the tertiary-treated, UV-disinfected effluent samples from which the adenoviruses were isolated had total coliform concentrations that complied with California's Water Recycling Criteria. To determine the relative UV resistance of the adenovirus isolates, purified viruses were seeded into tertiary-treated waste-water and exposed to low-pressure, high-intensity, collimated UV radiation. A dose of approximately 170 mW-s/cm2 was required to achieve 99.99% inactivation. These findings suggest that UV doses effective at meeting certain wastewater regulations for total coliform bacteria may not provide suitable inactivation of the UV-resistant human adenoviruses.

Adenoviruses, Human↗
PubMed1979

[Effectiveness of paraformaldehyde foam in continuous disinfection of poultry bedding and dried liquid waste of pigs].

In laboratory experiments 24-hour cultures of poultry strains E. coli, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas on paper carriers without an agar coat and with it, after 6-hour exposure in dilutions from 10(-4) to 0, were devitalized by paraformaldehyde foam. The Bacillus strain was devitalized only after 24-hour exposure. After adding paraformaldehyde foam in an amount of 0.6% of the weight into litter under a multiplier flock of layers four months before expedition, and after adding paraformaldehyde foam in an amount of 5% and 10% of the weight into the litter for chick broilers, microbial contamination of the litter did not decrease in comparison with the control. 24-hour old cultures of tested microbial strains on carriers were not devitalized after 24-hour exposure in a mixture to litter and paraformaldehyde foam not even after adjusting the volume ratio of mixing to 1 : 9. The disinfecting effect on microbes growing in End's agar and in blood agar with crystal violet was manifested only after adding dried liquid manure of pigs with paraformaldehyde foam at a volume ratio of 50% to 50% after exposure times of 1, 3 and 6.0 weeks. Despite the excellent results obtained with paraformaldehyde foam in disinfecting test-microbes on carriers in laboratory experiments, practical application at a very low volume weight for continuous disinfection of poultry litter is technically unrealistic.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[Regulatory aspects of disinfection of endoscopes].

The circular on the sterilization and the law of july 1, 1998 enact clearly that the medical devices that support steam sterilization must be sterilized with an organization of sterilization that ensure quality. Endoscope that enter normally sterile tissues should be subjected to a sterilization procedure before each use; if this is not feasible, they should receive high-level disinfection to destroy bacterial spores. The endoscope must be immersed for at least one hour in aqueous solution of 2% glutaraldehyde. This lengthened duration of processing must be integrate in the organization of medical department. The endoscopes not penetrating in a sterile cavity are disinfected with manual processing according to the protocol of the circular of april 1996, or with automated endoscope reprocessing machine. The different types of automated machine used to wash and disinfect endoscope must now answer to criterion concerning their design described in the circular of july 15, 1998. A significant work has to be made in hospitals to conform automated machine and procedure, to control the risk dependent with their use.

Detergents↗
PubMed2000

In vitro study of the efficacy of a two-way connection with disinfectant in the prevention of peritonitis.

A new connection system for continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) has been established, and its efficacy in preventing microbial contamination of the peritoneal cavity has been tested in vitro. The system consists of a Y-shaped channel formed in the bottom of a Plexiglas cup. The Luer-lock shaped ends of the Y-shaped channel are designed to host the connectors from the drainage bag, the catheter transfer set, and the bag of fresh dialysate. Because the connectors from the catheter transfer set and the fresh bag are located at the inner surface of the cup bed, and because the cup is filled with disinfectant during the entire exchange procedure, all at-risk steps are continuously protected by disinfectant (that is, removal of the caps from the connectors, connection and disconnection, replacement of the caps). Still, because the patient could inadvertently extract and contaminate one of the two connectors (although such a possibility is unlikely), the disinfecting efficacy of the system was tested in vitro. Despite contamination with various micro-organisms at the highest possible concentrations, all tests showed negative bacterial growth, thus confirming the absolute efficacy of the system in preventing exogenous transluminal peritonitis.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2000

[Preparation and use of chemical disinfectants in biological protection and prevention of contagious diseases : ecological aspects].

Ecological requirements to reduce negative effects of chemical disinfectants were one on major determinants the line of works to develop and introduce novel compounds that are environmentally safe hydrogen peroxide derivatives. The paper analyzes the possible routes of entering different fluorine compounds into the environment when disinfecting measures are made at therapeutical-and-preventive institutions, when emergencies occur at microbiological synthesis plants. The maximum concentration of a chemical that has no effect on biochemical processes when it is continuously used at sewage works is chosen as a safe (permissible) level. Preliminary calculations show that the use of PFK for disinfection will not pollute the environment with fluorides.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed2002

Alcohol as a disinfectant for aseptic surgery of rodents: crossing the thin blue line?

Recently, the use of alcohol (i.e., ethanol or isopropanol) has been discouraged as disinfectants for survival surgical procedures for rats and mice because of perceptions of inadequacy of killing of bacterial spores and lack of efficacy in the presence of organic debris. However, spore-forming bacteria are a minor (essentially nonexistent) threat for causing postoperative infections in rats and mice (but not necessarily hamsters, guinea pigs, or other rodents), and organic debris, with appropriate effort, can be removed from soiled instruments by using physical scrubbing. Although the metal-corrosive properties of alcohol and the lengthy times needed for adequate disinfection are drawbacks, there are essentially no microbiologically relevant reasons to discourage disinfection by ethanol or isopropanol in rat and mouse surgery.

2-Propanol↗
PubMed1992

Disinfection and sterilisation: the duties and responsibilities of dentists and dental hygienists.

Disinfection and sterilisation have received a considerable amount of attention due to the spread of AIDS in the past few years. There appears to be a low risk of occupational transmission of HIV, but this is not the case with other transmissible diseases. There are about 40 infection hazards for the patient and dental personnel in the dental surgery. Disinfection and cleaning are important in disease containment and cross-infection control, and all members of the dental team must bear responsibility for this. Disinfection of hands, surfaces, instruments, impression materials, radiographic units and suction systems are discussed. In addition, sterilisation and hygiene management of the reception area are considered. The duties and responsibilities of the dental team are emphasised.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMed2006

[Resistance of bacteria isolated from milking equipment to disinfectants].

The purpose of the study was a comparison of the sensitivity to three disinfectants of psychotropic and termotropic bacteria isolated from milking equipment. The study shows that psychotropic bacteria was more resistant on disinfectants used in experiments than termotropic. Bacteria's capability to acquire a resistant to disinfectants cause to search the new and more advance substances. Incorrect use of the antibacterial chemicals could accelerate this process.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Antifungal efficacy of hydrogen peroxide in dental unit waterline disinfection.

The concentration and composition of fungal flora in dental unit waterlines (DUWL) were evaluated. For this purpose, water samples from unit reservoirs and high-speed handpieces, and biofilm samples from the waterline walls from units were collected. Subsequently, analogous samples from DUWL were taken before and after disinfection using agent containing hydrogen peroxide. In the examined samples, the yeast-like fungi Candida albicans and Candida curvata were found. The following species of mould were also identified: Aspergillus amstelodami, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus glaucus group, Aspergillus (=Eurotium herbariorum) repens, Citromyces spp., Geotrichum candidum, Penicillium (glabrum) frequentans, Penicillium pusillum, Penicillium turolense and Sclerotium sclerotiorum (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum). Before disinfection, Candida curvata and Candida albicans constituted the greatest proportion of the total fungi in the reservoirs water; in the water of handpieces--Candida albicans and Aspergillus glaucus group; and in the biofilm samples--Aspergillus glaucus group and Candida albicans. After disinfection, in all 3 kinds of samples, Candida albicans prevailed, constituting from 31.2-85.7 % of the total fungi. The application of agent containing hydrogen peroxide caused a significant decrease both in the number of total fungi and individual fungal species, which confirms the product effectiveness in fungal decontamination of DUWL.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed1990

[Use of disinfectant solutions at a university clinic].

As part of complex checkups of the antimicrobial regimen the application of disinfecting solutions (Fesia-form, Kombinal asept, Wofasept, Fesia-pin, peracetic acid-spirit SR, and Wofasteril) was studied at 12 institutions of the clinical centre of the medical school of the Friedrich Schiller University Jena from May 1986 to February 1988. It was the aim of the studies to show how properly the disinfecting solutions were applied and whether their concentrations was correct. Despite several discussions and intensive instruction at the workplace the criticized institutions showed positive changes, clearly but not yet satisfactorily, only after the third follow-up inspection. Our results demonstrate a wide gap between theoretical knowledge and application in practice. Possible reasons for that and ways for improvement of the objective and subjective components leading to an incorrect application of disinfectants are discussed.

Cross Infection↗
PubMed1989

[Disinfection measures in routine cleaning of child day care centers--result of a survey of 83 child day care centers of a district area].

The supervision of hygienical conditions in kindergartens in one of the tasks of Public Health. Recommendations concerning the cleaning methods and the application of disinfectants should also be given. An inquiry in 83 kindergartens of a region raises significant doubts on this subject. Due to irroneous application and irregular use the risks of the disinfectants override the prophylactic effects by far. Many kindergartens do not use these agents at all. Present knowledge offers no significant evidence of the necessity to apply disinfectants during the daily cleaning of kindergartens.

Child Day Care Centers↗
PubMed1987

Influence of biofilms by chemical disinfectants and mechanical cleaning.

Water conducting systems in hospitals (endoscopes, nebulizers, tap water systems, dental units etc.) are often important reservoirs of conditional pathogens. The sanitation of those systems by in vitro efficient chemical disinfectants is very difficult. An explanation may be that microorganisms are growing in such systems in wall adhering biofilms wherein they are protected from biocides. A method for testing the efficacy of chemical disinfectants and mechanical cleaning is described under conditions which imitate those in natural systems. A criterion for the efficacy of sanitation procedure is not only the good disinfection result but also the removal of biofilms. The investigation showed that aldehydes, and peracetic acid can reduce multiplying microorganisms without disrupting the biofilm. A preparation on the basis of hydrogen peroxide showed good antimicrobial efficacy and a distinct reduction and influence of the biofilm. The best result was achieved by mechanical cleaning. The test model is simple and a supplement to the conventional in vitro laboratory test for the efficacy of sanitation procedures of water conducting systems.

Aldehydes↗