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PubMed1987

Separation and identification of bovine lymphocyte populations.

Various methods for separation of lymphocyte populations have been modified and adapted for use in isolating and identifying bovine lymphocytes. Ficoll diatrizoate (F-D) with a specific density of 1.084 was found to be superior to those with densities of 1.080 and 1.077 which were developed originally for the mouse and human mononuclear cells, respectively. F-D with a density of 1.084 attained a lymphocyte (absolute number) recovery rate of 92% whereas those with densities of 1.080 and 1.077 yielded 81% and 71% recovery rate of lymphocytes, respectively. Subsequent separation of T lymphocytes was achieved best by nylon wool column whereas separation of B lymphocytes was attained best by complement-mediated depletion of T lymphocytes with the T lymphocyte specific monoclonal antibody (MAb), BLT-1. The former yielded 95 +/- 3% T lymphocytes with 47 +/- 9% recovery rate, and the latter gave 96 +/- 3% B lymphocytes with 71 +/- 9% recovery rate. In comparison, direct panning of F-D gradient separated mononuclear cells with goat anti-bovine IgG coated plates yielded 80% B lymphocytes with 31% recovery rate and indirect panning of MAb BLT-1 treated F-D gradient-separated mononuclear cells with goat anti-mouse IgG coated plates yielded 89% T lymphocytes with 35% recovery rate.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

The subcellular distribution and partial characterization of cholinesterase activities of canine platelets.

The multiple cholinesterase activities in canine platelets have been investigated. Platelets were homogenized by rapid decompression under nitrogen, glass tube/Teflon pestle, and glycerol lysis techniques. Rapid decompression under nitrogen technique was found to be the most efficient and gentle method for cell disruption. Homogenates were subfractionated using sodium diatrizoate density gradients. Marker enzyme assays and pulse labeling experiments with 5-hydroxyl[14C] tryptamine and [125I] thrombin on prepared subcellular fractions confirmed that the soluble, plasma membrane and the granule-1 fractions were all in reasonably pure form. Furthermore, labeling of the plasma membrane with [125I] thrombin is cited as the first successful attempt at attaining significantly bound marker for this structure. Cholinesterase activity distributions measured in these fractions indicated that about 30% of the activity was present in the plasma membrane, 50% in granule-1 and 5% in soluble fractions. Kinetic data of cholinesterase activities obtained from intact platelets, plasma membrane preparations and platelet release supernatants indicated that they are strikingly similar.

Acetylglucosaminidase↗
PubMed1987

Some organic acids attenuate the effects of furosemide on the endocochlear potential.

A series of organic acid transport inhibitors significantly reduced the endocochlear potential (EP) decline produced by furosemide in the chinchilla. Probenecid, sodium salicylate and penicillin G were much more effective than novobiocin, meclofenamate or diatrizoate. Inhibitors of organic base transport, choline and N-methyl nicotinamide, had no effect on the furosemide-induced drop of the EP. These findings suggest that at least part of furosemide ototoxicity may be mediated by organic acid transport.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Assessment of regional myocardial perfusion by contrast echocardiography. II. Detection of changes in transmural and subendocardial perfusion during dipyridamole-induced hyperemia in a model of critical coronary stenosis.

Measurements of myocardial contrast (sonicated meglumine diatrizoate) intensity were compared with myocardial flow by radioactive microspheres before and after administration of dipyridamole (0.5 mg/kg body weight intravenously) in 10 open chest dogs with a critical stenosis in the left circumflex coronary artery. Computer measurements of contrast time-intensity curves corrected for background myocardial intensity were made along 12 transmural segments of the left ventricle at mid-papillary level and for the subendocardial and subepicardial half of each segment. After administration of dipyridamole, transmural flow in the control region increased significantly (p less than 0.001), resulting in a dipyridamole/baseline flow ratio (i.e., coronary reserve ratio) of 2.54 +/- 0.95. Similar changes (p less than 0.001) were seen by contrast echocardiography; the coronary reserve ratio was 2.10 +/- 0.60 with use of peak intensity and 3.48 +/- 1.58 with use of area under the time-intensity curve. In contrast, no significant changes were observed in myocardial flow, peak contrast intensity or area under the curve in the ischemic region after dipyridamole. In the control region the ratio of subendocardial to subepicardial flow was similar at baseline and after dipyridamole administration as assessed by microspheres (1.08 +/- 0.24 versus 1.17 +/- 0.25) or by area under the time-intensity curve (1.11 +/- 0.45 versus 1.11 +/- 0.56). In the ischemic region, the subendocardial/subepicardial flow ratio decreased significantly after dipyridamole administration as measured by microspheres (1.15 +/- 0.19 to 0.82 +/- 0.25; p less than 0.001) or by area under the curve (1.10 +/- 0.28 to 0.70 +/- 0.47; p less than 0.01). Thus, myocardial contrast echocardiography appears to be a sensitive technique with which to detect changes in myocardial flow induced by dipyridamole in the various myocardial layers of normal segments as well as of segments supplied by a critically stenotic coronary artery.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Quantitation of myocardial perfusion by contrast echocardiography: analysis of contrast gray level appearance variables and intracyclic variability.

Hand-agitated diatrizoate meglumine/diatrizoate sodium (MD-76) was injected above the aortic valve in seven dogs during two-dimensional echocardiographic imaging to determine the ability of contrast appearance variables (i.e., peak background-subtracted gray level intensity, time to peak contrast appearance and maximal slope of the contrast appearance curve) to predict myocardial blood flow. Regional perfusion was altered by a critical coronary stenosis (around the left anterior descending coronary artery) or by administering intracoronary adenosine (into the left circumflex coronary artery), or both. Changes in regional blood flow between control and interventions were compared with the changes in the contrast appearance variables. In addition, the ability of intracyclic variability of gray level intensity to predict myocardial perfusion was assessed. In the determination of absolute myocardial perfusion, background-subtracted peak gray level intensity and the maximal slope of the appearance curve demonstrated a fair correlation (r = 0.67 and 0.51, respectively, p less than 0.0001). However, time to peak contrast appearance did not correlate (r = 0.14, p = 0.31). Intracyclic variability of gray level intensity at control (before contrast injection) and after contrast injection also did not correlate with perfusion (r = 0.18 and 0.06, respectively). In the evaluation of relative changes in myocardial blood flow, the percent change in the maximal slope of the appearance curve correlated with the percent change in blood flow (r = 0.77, p less than 0.0001). Seven of the eight regions with greater than 3.5-fold increase in blood flow were identified by an increase in maximal slope of greater than 50%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Detection of colovesical fistula in the emergency department: report of a case.

A case of colovesical fistula is described, revealing the pathognomonic findings of terminal pneumaturia and fecaluria. The sensitivity and specificity of various procedures that can be performed in the emergency department for confirmation of the diagnosis are evaluated. Dye studies including methylene blue, the Bourne test, the modified diatrizoate (gastrograffin) test, barium enema and cystography, cystoscopy and colocystoscopic examination, and computed tomography and nuclear medicine scans are discussed as diagnostic modalities. Surgical treatment of colovesical fistula is briefly reviewed. As colovesical fistula are thought to occur in 2% to 22% of patients with known diverticular disease, it is reasonable to question all patients with recurrent urinary tract infection, especially those with known disease of the colon, regarding symptoms of terminal pneumaturia and fecaluria.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Irrigation of treated wastewater in Braunschweig, Germany: an option to remove pharmaceuticals and musk fragrances.

In this study the fate of pharmaceuticals and personal care products which are irrigated on arable land with treated municipal wastewater was investigated. In Braunschweig, Germany, wastewater has been irrigated continuously for more than 45 years. In the winter time only the effluent of the sewage treatment plant (STP) of Braunschweig is used for irrigation, while during summer digested sludge is mixed with the effluent. In the present case study six wells and four lysimeters located in one of the irrigated agricultural fields were monitored with regard to the occurrence of 52 pharmaceuticals and two personal care products (PPCPs; e.g. betablockers, antibiotics, antiphlogistics, carbamazepine, musk fragrances, iodinated contrast media (ICM) and estrogens). No differences in PPCP pollution of the groundwater were found due to irrigation of STP effluents with and without addition of digested sludge, because many polar compounds do not sorb to sludge and lipophilic compounds are not mobile in the soil-aquifer. Most of the selected PPCPs were never detected in any of the lysimeter or groundwater samples, although they were present in the treated wastewater irrigated onto the fields. In the groundwater and lysimeter samples primarily the ICM diatrizoate and iopamidol, the antiepileptic carbamazepine and the antibiotic sulfamethoxazole were detected up to several mugl(-1), while the acidic pharmaceuticals, musk fragrances, estrogens and betablockers were likely sorbed or transformed while passing the top soil layer. Potential estrogenic effects are likely to disappear after irrigation, since the most potent steroid estrogens were not measurable.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2006

Accelerating the transit time of barium sulphate suspensions in small bowel examinations.

PURPOSE: To determine whether hyperosmolar and effervescent agents proven individually to accelerate transit time in the barium small bowel examination have an additive effect when combined, surpassing that of either agent alone. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and forty-nine patients were randomised to four groups. Three hundred milliliters of barium sulphate alone was given to the first group. Fifteen milliliters of iodinated hyperosmolar contrast agent (Gastrografin, meglumine/sodium diatrizoate, Schering) was given in addition to barium sulphate to the second group while six packets of effervescent granules (Carbex, Ferring) were added for the third group. The final group was given a combination of both additives and barium sulphate. The time taken following ingestion for the contrast column to reach the caecum, as assessed by frequent interval fluoroscopy, was recorded. A subgroup of 32 patients were selected randomly from the four groups, 8 from each and assessed for quality of examination. Statistical assessments were made using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. RESULTS: One hundred and nineteen patients were analysed after exclusions. The addition of accelerant to barium sulphate, both individually and in combination significantly reduced the small bowel transit time (p<0.001). No significant difference existed between the additives when used with barium alone. The combined group had significantly faster transit times compared to the hyperosmolar group (p=0.02). Differences between combined and effervescent groups tended towards significance (p=0.09). No significant difference existed between groups when examination quality was assessed. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the addition of combined effervescent and hyperosmolar agents to the barium suspension may significantly shorten the small bowel transit time without adversely affecting examination quality. This has implications for patient acceptability of the examination as well as potentially reducing screening time and therefore radiation dose.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Esophageal perforation.

Esophageal perforation can be caused by any instrument, device, or foreign body reaching the hypopharynx. Diagnosis remains difficult. If esophageal perforation is suspected, Gastrografin (meglucamine diatrizoate) swallow study, eventually followed by barium swallow study, is the most useful diagnostic test. Absolute rules cannot be made about the selection of nonoperative or surgical treatment. If diagnosed early, cervical or thoracic esophageal perforations can sometimes be treated conservatively if there are no signs of systemic sepsis. Recurrent leakage after surgical closure is not unusual. Local tissue flaps can reinforce the closure, particularly after delayed operation, thereby often avoiding the necessity for a reoperation or an esophageal exclusion.

Esophageal Diseases↗
PubMed1992

Case report: renal excretion of gastrografin following rectal administration.

Renal excretion of water soluble iodinated contrast media following oral administration has often been described but no reports describing renal excretion following rectal administration of such contrast have previously been described. We describe a case of renal excretion of diatrizoate methylglucamine (Gastrografin, Schering) following a diagnostic 'gastrografin enema' in a woman with caecal carcinoma.

Administration, Rectal↗
PubMed1987

Ventricular fibrillation during coronary angiography: the precatheterization QT interval.

Ventricular fibrillation during coronary angiography is associated with contrast-induced changes in repolarization and thus pre-catheterization abnormalities could predispose to this event. We retrospectively examined angiograms, pre-catheterization electrocardiograms and records of 26 consecutive patients who had ventricular fibrillation during coronary angiography, and compared these patients to controls matched for age, sex, and left ventricular function. Diatrizoate meglumine was used as the angiographic contrast agent in all instances. Catheterization findings and the prevalence of prior myocardial infarction were similar in both groups. However, pre-catheterization QT intervals in the ventricular fibrillation group (0.43 +/- 0.05 sec) were significantly longer than in control patients (0.39 +/- 0.04 sec, P less than 0.005) as were their QT intervals corrected for heart rate (QTc) (0.47 +/- 0.04 vs 0.42 +/- 0.03 sec; P less than 0.001). Only seven of the 16 patients (44%) with ventricular fibrillation who had a precatheterization QTc greater than 0.44 sec had the arrhythmia during angiography of a critically stenosed (greater than 75%) coronary artery, whereas VF followed injection of critically stenosed vessels in eight of 10 (80%) of those with a normal QTc (p NS). After a follow-up period of 24 to 54 months (mean 39), two ventricular fibrillation patients have died (one suddenly), as compared to five in the control group (two suddenly) (p NS). Therefore, pre-catheterization QT prolongation was associated with ventricular fibrillation during coronary angiography, but ventricular fibrillation did not necessarily portend a worse long-term prognosis.

Angiography↗
PubMed1982

Factors influencing the pressure-flow-perfusion system.

The methodology of the "Pressure-Flow-Perfusion System' used in the "Whitaker Test' was examined for factors which influence intrinsic resistance of that system. Considerable pressure changes were incurred by varying the concentration of sodium diatrizoate, perfusing needle, temperature and flow rates. For each renal pressure-flow-perfusion test, the resistance must be determined because of the effect of each variable in altering the intrinsic resistance.

Humans↗
PubMed1991

Pyopneumopericardium attributed to an esophagopericardial fistula: report of a survivor and review of the literature.

Herein we describe a case of pyopneumopericardium that resulted from formation of an acquired esophagopericardial fistula in a patient with silent, benign esophageal ulcer disease. Atypical features on initial examination suggested congestive heart failure or a pneumonic process (or both). The delayed development of pneumopericardium disclosed on a chest roentgenogram led to the clinical recognition of the esophagopericardial fistula. Subsequent emergent pericardiocentesis relieved cardiac tamponade and enabled us to diagnose pyopneumopericardium. A radiographic contrast study with use of meglumine diatrizoate revealed the site of the fistula in the midesophagus. The esophagopericardial fistula was surgically closed, and our patient had a good final result. Formation of an esophagopericardial fistula is a relatively uncommon finding; of the 60 previously reported cases, only 10 patients have survived. As illustrated in the current case, early diagnosis and treatment, including pericardial drainage and intense antibiotic therapy followed by a well-planned operative closure of the fistula, are paramount for the successful management of esophagopericardial fistulas.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Establishment of monolayer culture of pig pancreatic endocrine cells by use of nicotinamide.

A method for the isolation and primary monolayer culture of adult pig pancreatic endocrine (PE) cells was established. Cells were dissociated from the pancreas by autodigestion without addition of proteolytic enzymes and separated into distinct bands in a single centrifugation step using Histopaque-1077 (a mixture of polysucrose and sodium diatrizoate). The cells collected from an interfacial fraction were suspended in RPMI 1640 containing 11 mmol/l D-glucose with or without nicotinamide (0, 10, 20, 40 mmol/l), and then placed in culture dishes. Pancreatic cells formed a monolayer while fibroblasts became detached from the bottom of the dish when cultured in the presence of nicotinamide. More than 80% of monolayer-forming cells were stained for insulin, using an enzymatic method, and were identified as B-cells. Morphologically, the PE cells extended multiple processes terminating in growth-cone-like structures, as visualized by both light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Insulin secretion in response to glucose stimulation occurred for 35 days of incubation in the RPMI 1640 medium, with or without nicotinamide. Exposure of the cells to nicotinamide for 35 days resulted in a 2-3-fold increase in insulin secretion in response to high glucose stimulus (16.7 mmol/l) compared with low glucose (5.5 mmol/l). Glucose-induced Ca2+ responses were examined in individual cells cultured for 35 days in the presence of 10 mmol/l nicotinamide, using Ca2+ imaging with fura-2. These results indicate that it is possible to prepare pig PE cells in monolayer culture with low fibroblast contamination and to maintain functioning B-cells in vitro for relatively long periods. The present method provides useful preparations for further morphological and physiological studies on the differentiation, growth and regenerative capacity of islet cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Nonionic contrast media are less nephrotoxic than ionic contrast media to rat renal cortical slices.

BACKGROUND: Nephrotoxicity induced by contrast media (CM) is well recognized. Nonionic CM with lower osmolality than that of conventional ionic CM have been developed in an effort to reduce toxicity. However, the nephrotoxic effects of nonionic CM have not been well evaluated. Although our previous experiments using rat renal cortical slices indicated that the direct cellular toxicity of nonionic CM is less than that of ionic CM, it was suggested that the less toxic effects of nonionic CM on the metabolic function of renal epithelial cells were in part attributable to the lower osmolality of nonionic CM. In the present experiment, the direct toxicity of nonionic CM on renal epithelial cells was compared with that of ionic CM under equiosmolar conditions, where the effects of osmotic pressure were excluded. METHODS: Rat renal cortical slices were incubated with several kinds of CM at 37 degrees C for 120 min. Diatrizoate and iothalamate were employed as ionic CM. Iopamidol and iohexol were employed as nonionic CM. The activities of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGTP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) released from the renal slices into the incubation buffer were determined in order to evaluate renal epithelial damage caused by CM. Gluconeogenesis, p-aminohippuric (PAH) acid accumulation and ATP content in rat renal slices were determined with a view to examine the inhibitory effects of CM on the metabolic function of renal epithelial cells. The toxic effects of nonionic CM were compared with those of ionic CM under equiosmolar conditions, where mannitol was added to the experimental groups containing nonionic CM in order to exclude the effects of osmotic pressure. RESULTS: A significant difference was generally not found with regard to enzyme release between ionic CM and nonionic CM plus mannitol. The inhibition of gluconeogenesis and PAH accumulation in rat renal slices by nonionic CM with mannitol was less than that by ionic CM. Although the ATP content was reduced by both ionic CM and nonionic CM plus mannitol, there was no significant difference between these two groups. CONCLUSIONS: The present experiments demonstrated that nonionic CM were less nephrotoxic than ionic CM with regard to the function of renal epithelial cells, including gluconeogenesis and PAH accumulation, under equiosmolar conditions. These differences in nephrotoxicity between ionic and nonionic CM cannot be fully attributable to differences in osmotic pressure.

Acetylglucosamine↗
PubMed1996

Thrombogenic potential of non-ionic contrast media--fact or fiction?

The role of contrast media in determining the occurrence of thromboembolic complications is not easy to define. Contrast media have a series of effects on blood constituents and on the hemostatic system. As for in vitro studies, it is generally agreed that ionic contrast media are stronger anticoagulants than nonionic, this being due to the fact that nonionic media are more inert on biological systems. This has been confirmed also in a recent paper comparing a nonionic monomer (iopamidol) with an ionic monomer (diatrizoate) and an ionic dimer (ioxaglate). Clinical data failed to demonstrate a greater thrombogenicity of one class of contrast media with respect to the other. The occurrence of thromboembolic complications in coronary angiography and PTCA is mostly related to operator experience and type of angiographic procedure.

Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary↗
PubMed1985

Digital subtraction angiography in patients with transposition of the great arteries after surgical repair.

Digital subtraction angiography was used for postoperative evaluation of seven patients who underwent the Senning procedure for repair of d-transposition of the great arteries. Their ages ranged from 2.5 to 3 years. The patients were premedicated with methohexital (25 mg/kg rectally), and 0.3 to 0.4 ml/kg of diatrizoate was injected into a peripheral vein through a plastic needle. Images were obtained on a Technicare DR-960 or Diasonics DA 100 digital angiographic unit at four frames per second using 256 X 256 matrix and a 6 inch (15.24 cm) field size. In all patients, the venous systems, cardiac chambers and great arteries were well visualized. Two patients had obstruction of the superior vena cava with a dilated azygos vein draining into the inferior vena cava. One patient had severe obstruction of the left pulmonary artery. Digital subtraction angiography is safe and easy to perform and appears to be a valuable alternative method for evaluating patients after surgical repair of transposition of the great arteries. The small amount of contrast material required and the low radiation dose make it attractive for use in children.

Arterial Occlusive Diseases↗
PubMed1987

Enhanced myocardial washout and retrograde blood delivery with synchronized retroperfusion during acute myocardial ischemia.

The effects of synchronized coronary venous retroperfusion of arterial blood on myocardial washout were studied with digital subtraction angiography in 10 closed chest dogs during balloon occlusion of the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery. The center lumen of the intracoronary balloon catheter was used for sequential injections of 1 ml (meglumine diatrizoate) Renografin-76, and contrast washout rate was determined by videodensitometry in myocardial regions subserved by the left anterior descending coronary artery. Before coronary artery occlusion, washout rate was 22.4 +/- 2.7 min-1 (mean +/- SEM). Five minutes after occlusion, and immediately before synchronized retroperfusion, washout rate dropped sharply to 2.0 +/- 0.7 min-1. Twenty-five minutes after occlusion, with 50 ml/min synchronized retroperfusion treatment applied for 5 minutes, washout rate was 5.0 +/- 1.5 min-1. Thus, synchronized retroperfusion significantly (p less than 0.05) accelerated contrast disappearance over that during presynchronized retroperfusion ischemia. To determine the effects of synchronized retroperfusion on retrograde delivery to the ischemic myocardium, monastral blue dye was retroinfused through the system into the great cardiac vein before the dog was killed. Transverse heart slices were then studied by light microscopy, and regional intravascular dye content was scored from 0 to 3 (0 = no dye, 3 = maximal dye). After great cardiac vein synchronized retroperfusion, blue dye content in capillaries of ischemic anterior and nonischemic posterior aspects of the left ventricle was 2.3 +/- 0.5 versus 0.7 +/- 0.3, respectively (p less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Angiography↗