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PubMedDate not supplied

The use of the Delphi panel for consensus development on indicators of laboratory performance.

The objective of this research study is to identify laboratory performance areas and indicators of performance from the perspective of key laboratory constituencies. A specific technique, the Delphi panel, is used to achieve consensus on a system of indicators that can be used by laboratory service managers to build information pathways, increase efficiency, and improve outcomes. Individual panels represented the five highest ranked stakeholder groups: hospital executives, managed care executives, referring physicians, laboratory regulators, and laboratory managers. The instruments used for the Delphi panels were developed and validated in a pilot study. After three rounds, each panel had identified a set of priority performance areas and indicators for each area. Although concurring that the Delphi was valuable and effective in identifying performance areas, participants indicated that it was less useful in developing specific indicators enabling monitoring of laboratory performance over time or cross-laboratory comparisons.

Consensus Statements as Topic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome].

Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) is a clinical situation that has been described as a result of the rapid progress and advances that have been made in recent decades in the physiology, diagnosis, and therapeutic support of critically ill patients. In 1991, in view of the confusing terminology used to characterize processes coursing with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), a consensus conference was held. A series of basic definitions were established and the term "multiple organ failure" was replace by MODS. In response to outside aggression, the organism tries to defend itself with two mechanisms: a non-specific humoral and cellular response called inflammation, and a specific antigenic response that modifies the genetic codes of cells of the defense system and constitutes an immunological response. At present it is thought that the inflammatory response is activated (SIRS) in response to an uncontrolled aggression, but an antiinflammatory response syndrome (ARS) exists as well. An exaggerated SIRS can lead to MODS. MODS usually debuts with pulmonary dysfunction. If the aggression persists, cardiovascular, renal, hepatic, coagulation, central nervous system, gastrointestinal metabolism, neuroendocrine and musculoskeletal failure follow. A series of causes often trigger this syndrome and certain factors favor it. Prevention of these causes and factors in fundamental for controlling the occurrence of MODS. At present, there is no clear treatment for MODS, although numerous studies designed to block the release of certain proinflammatory mediators or to neutralize antiinflammatory responses are being carried out.

Consensus Statements as Topic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Evaluation of the pediatric aspects of the WHO document and meta-analysis of immunotherapy].

In spite of the existence of numerous scientific studies on the beneficial effect of immunotherapy with specific allergens in the treatment of allergic diseases, their results have not been easily accepted as the methodology and the valuation of the studies have been very heterogeneous. Over the last few years the meta-analysis technology has been developed as a useful tool to globally value the results on the different research studies related to a specific problem. When meta-analyse are carried out correctly, they are accepted as an optimum way to express the results obtained from the different studies from a common view point. In 1995 Abramson MJ, Puy RM and Weiner INI published the first meta-analysis on the efficiency of immunotherapy with specific allergens in the treatment of asthma. The same authors continued to carry out systematic reviews of this theme, and their results were published in the Cochrane Library Document. In october 1999 the latest meta-analysis on immunotherapy in asthma, also carried out by Abramson et al was published in Allergy. In this study 62 investigations published from 1954 to 1998 were included. None of the meta-analyses published to date have separately analysed the studies carried out on children, nor have special considerations been made with respect to the 105 patients who were of paediatric age. The first meta-analysis studies, as well as the ones carried out in 1999, only value random clinical tests, in which there is a valuation of the evolution of asthma and in which mite, pollen, animal, fungi or epithelial allergenic vaccinations are used. Only the subcutaneous administration of the vaccine was allowed. Although this meta-analysis has not been designed to obtain specific conclusions of the effectiveness of immunotherapy in children, probably of conclusions of some of the sections can be applied to the children and/or adolescent population. The authors point out, by valuing the results of the effect of immunotherapy on the clinical evolution, that the studies carried out on children were more homogenous than on adults, which means that their significance on this population is more important. Approximately 50% of the studies that evaluate the clinical evolution, the medicines taken and the specific BHR study with allergens, included children and/or adolescents. It is very probable that these conclusions can be applied to the population between 5 and 18 years old that suffer from allergic asthma, but it is clear that a meta-analysis of the efficiency of immunotherapy in paediatrics is needed. Recently regulations on immunotherapy have been published that appeared after the immunotherapy experts from the World Health Organisation met in Geneva in 1997 (1). The recommendations for immunotherapy in children are clear and similar to those applied to adults: 1. Rhonoconjunctivitis and allergic asthma mediated by IgE. 2. Serious anaphylactic reactions caused by hymenoptera bites. 3. The same diagnosis and treatment considerations recommended are applied to children as well as adults. It is not indicated for allergies to food substances and atopic dermatitis. The patients age is another factor to be considered and, except in the case of allergy to hymenoptera poison, when the patient is under 5 it is a relative counter indication to administer immunotherapy. In general it is admitted that immunotherapy is more efficient on children than on adults, but more studies need to be carried out on the efficiency and safety on children under 5. The early treatment with immunotherapy in children who suffer from allergic respiratory illnesses can have an important significance, as this type of treatment could have a preventive nature as it prevents the rhinitis developing into asthma, as well as the beneficial effect that has been shown on children with allergic asthma.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Preventive immunotherapy].

Allergen specific immunotherapy has been shown to be effective in rigorous double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trials in both children and adults A recent WHO position paper stated that immunotherapy is an effective treatment for patients with allergic rhinitis/conjunctivitis, allergic asthma and allergic reactions from stinging insects and is thought to be more effective in children than in adults. When speaking about children there are several questions that are important regarding the natural course of the disease. One of the most important is whether immunotherapy can prevent asthma, either by preventing sensitisation to allergens related to the development of asthma or by preventing the inflammation in the lungs caused by allergen exposure. Another point could be to establish the differences in the long term outcome of those patients treated with immunotherapy and medication during childhood, compared to the long term outcome of those with comparable asthma features who received only antiasthmatic medication The PAT study is a European multi-center study. The end-point is to show in what capacity allergen specific subcutaneous immunotherapy can prevent the development of asthma in children who only have rhinoconjunctivitis secondary to grass or birch pollen sensitisation. Two hundred and ten children aged from 5 to 13 years were included in the study. Children were randomised to the active treatment group receiving allergen specific immunotherapy with birch and/or timothy pollen allergen extract or to the control group receiving only pharmacotherapy. It is important to highlight that the main criteria to be included was that the children should never have had any asthmatic symptom. Immunotherapy has been effective in terms of decreasing significantly the amount of symptoms in the active group compared to the control one. It was safe with no serious adverse reactions and reduced the risk of the onset of asthma. After two years of treatment more children in the control group developed clinical asthma than in the active group: p = 0.004. Des Roches et al reported the results of a prospective non randomised trial of immunotherapy with Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus in 44 asthmatic children younger than six years of age who were sensitive only to dust mites. The purpose of the study was to assess whether immunotherapy could reduce the development of new sensitisation during a period of three years of follow up. Specific immunotherapy was given with only D. Pteronyssinus extract. All 22 children in the control group developed new sensitivities as determined by skin testing and in vitro tests, while 10 (45%) of 22 children who received mite immunotherapy did not develop additional sensitivities. The findings of this study suggests that immunotherapy may alter the natural course of the allergic sensitisation reducing the risk of developing new sensitisation in mono sensitive children. A limited number of studies have examined the long terms effects of immunotherapy on the clinical presentation of asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis, and have shown a long lasting efficacy decreasing the amount of symptoms 6-10 years after termination. In a retrospective study of children treated with immunotherapy during childhood for at least three years, that were re-evaluated in early adulthood, the control patients who were treated with medication and no immunotherapy suffered almost 3.5 times more symptoms than the active group treated with immunotherapy. The current findings suggest that immunotherapy should be considered earlier in the course of allergic disease to prevent progression or to prevent the development of new sensitisation. Further studies with long term follow up particularly in children could address this possibility.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Canadian Asthma Consensus Report, 1999. Canadian Asthma Consensus Group.

OBJECTIVES: To provide physicians with current guidelines for the diagnosis and optimal management of asthma in children and adults, including pregnant women and the elderly, in office, emergency department, hospital and clinic settings. OPTIONS: The consensus group considered the roles of education, avoidance of provocative environmental and other factors, diverse pharmacotherapies, delivery devices and emergency and in-hospital management of asthma. OUTCOMES: Provision of the best control of asthma by confirmation of the diagnosis using objective measures, rapid achievement and maintenance of control and regular follow-up. EVIDENCE: The key diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations are based on the 1995 Canadian guidelines and a critical review of the literature by small groups before a full meeting of the consensus group. Recommendations are graded according to 5 levels of evidence. Differences of opinion were resolved by consensus following discussion. VALUES: Respirologists, immunoallergists, pediatricians and emergency and family physicians gave prime consideration to the achievement and maintenance of optimal control of asthma through avoidance of environmental inciters, education of patients and the lowest effective regime of pharmacotherapy to reduce morbidity and mortality. BENEFITS, HARMS AND COSTS: Adherence to the guidelines should be accompanied by significant reduction in patients' symptoms, reduced morbidity and mortality, fewer emergency and hospital admissions, fewer adverse side-effects from medications, better quality of life for patients and reduced costs. RECOMMENDATIONS: Recommendations are included in each section of the report. In summary, after a diagnosis of asthma is made based on clinical evaluation, including demonstration of variable airflow obstruction, and contributing factors are identified, a treatment plan is established to obtain and maintain optimal asthma control. The main components of treatment are patient education, environmental control, pharmacotherapy tailored to the individual and regular follow-up. VALIDATION: The recommendations were distributed to the members of the Canadian Thoracic Society Asthma and Standards Committees, as well as members of the board of the Canadian Thoracic Society. In addition, collaborating groups representing the Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians, the Canadian College of Family Physicians, the Canadian Paediatric Society and the Canadian Society of Allergy and Immunology were asked to validate the recommendations. The recommendations were discussed at regional meetings throughout Canada. They were also compared with the recommendations of other similar groups in other countries. DISSEMINATION AND IMPLEMENTATION: An implementation committee has established a strategy for disseminating these guidelines to physicians, other health professionals and patients and for developing tools and means that will help integrate the recommendations into current asthma care. The plan is outlined in this report.

Adolescent↗