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PubMed2002

The effect of cognitive education on the performance of students with neurological developmental disabilities.

A cognitive education program was developed to facilitate acquisition of cognitive skills and address the learning deficits of adolescent students with neurological, developmental disabilities, and autism. This study examined the outcomes of incorporating mediated cognitive education into special education classrooms. Cognitive education provided cognitive training utilizing REHABIT materials through mediated teaching. Following a matched pair model, forty-six students were assigned to either a treatment or a control group. All students received weekly instruction in Individual Educational Program (IEP) goals. Curriculum areas included IEP objectives in reading, math, social skills, health, science and social studies. Students in the control group received regular classroom instruction. Students in the treatment group participated in cognitive educated one hour per week replacing thirty minutes of reading and thirty minutes of math. Pre and posttest comparisons on measures of intelligence, achievement and adaptive behavior showed those students in the treatment group attained higher scores across measures.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Operational processes and cognitive mapping.

Military operations involve human cognition at every level, from the front line soldier making life and death decisions on the battlefield, to the rear echelon making logistical and tactical decisions affecting divisions and armies. This section focuses on the performance of individuals and teams in the midst of extreme, hazardous environments--times and places when cognitive processes are most likely to be highly challenged and compromised. While active military operations do not lend themselves to the rigor of science, surrogate environments can simulate actual operational environments and allow mapping of military battle-relevant operational processes to research laboratory and analogue paradigms. Several current laboratory, analogue, and modeling endeavors are mentioned. Sleep-related fatigue and cognitive decrements have been studied extensively and countermeasures are showing promise in preventing and restoring cognitive declines. Future deliverables should include a prediction of an individual's overall cognitive performance state based on that person's individual baseline, the use of operationally robust metrics that can accompany the individual into extreme environments without adding an extra burden, and the provision of feedback to the operator as well as to decision-makers who make battlefield decisions. The area of intra- and inter-team cognition has direct relevance to military units working in complex, hazardous environments, and future research must include this larger, more complex concept of cognition in the development of risk mitigation aids. Papers in this section present the effects of combat-like stress on cognitive performance and mood of special operations personnel during rigorous training exercises, and the extent of psychiatric casualties as the reason for medical evacuations during recent combat operations.

Cognition↗
PubMed1992

The status of cognitive neuroscience.

Cognitive neuroscience rests on findings, methods, and theory from three fields: experimental psychology, systems-level neuroscience, and computer science. The strong trend over the past few years has been for a greater integration across these fields. The influence of this interdisciplinary approach on current research on memory, perception, and language will be illustrated.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Biases in the interpretation and use of research results.

The latter half of this century has seen an erosion in the perceived legitimacy of science as an impartial means of finding truth. Many research topics are the subject of highly politicized dispute; indeed, the objectivity of the entire discipline of psychology has been called into question. This essay examines attempts to use science to study science: specifically, bias in the interpretation and use of empirical research findings. I examine theory and research on a range of cognitive and motivational mechanisms for bias. Interestingly, not all biases are normatively proscribed; biased interpretations are defensible under some conditions, so long as those conditions are made explicit. I consider a variety of potentially corrective mechanisms, evaluate prospects for collective rationality, and compare inquisitorial and adversarial models of science.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Science and the future of psychiatry.

If humanity is lucky, the evolution of our knowledge of the living world will result in the elaboration of more perfect scientific eyes to probe the nature of the human brain and to understand the complexities of the human mind. This seems to be the best path to truly helping individuals who are battling psychiatric illnesses and to actually preventing many brain-related disorders. For such accomplishments to take place, the trajectory of our science has to change, to move from its unrelenting reductionism to a serious attempt at integrating knowledge that spans from the structure of the gene to the expression of complex cognition. The tension between the biomedical and the psychotherapeutic approaches in psychiatry needs to be eliminated and transformed into a fully integrated approach that is mindful of the biological, emotional, cognitive, and social complexity of each individual.

Biological Psychiatry↗
PubMed1994

Nurses' views of the coping of patients.

The findings of a study that explored the beliefs, assumptions and ideas nurses have about the coping of patients are presented. Interactive interviews with 26 nurses were used to elicit explanations of the meaning of coping and stories from their practice that illustrated coping. Analysis of the interview transcripts revealed three themes in the form of idioms or particular and different ways of talking about coping. Each idiom represented a different perspective or view of coping. The first idiom represented a view of coping as a rational, cognitive problem-solving response to illness. The nurses attributed, and thus valued, this view to science. In the second idiom the nurses spoke of coping as permeated with values that contrasted with the prior view of coping as a rational process. In the final idiom the nurses spoke of coping as courage--they told stories of patients who had faced existential situations with strength and will. The focus of this idiom was on issues of spirituality, struggle, personal meaning and acceptance. After each idiom is delineated and illustrated by data, the discussion is concentrated on the orientational and ontological metaphors that underlie them. Interpretation of the origin and construction of these different ways of talking about coping, and their underlying metaphorical meanings, is made in the context of cultural and subcultural influences.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1990

Medical informatics. An emerging academic discipline and institutional priority.

Information management constitutes a major activity of the health care professional. Currently, a number of forces are focusing attention on this function. After many years of development of information systems to support the infrastructure of medicine, greater focus on the needs of physicians and other health care managers and professionals is occurring--to support education, decision making, communication, and many other aspects of professional activity. Medical informatics is the field that concerns itself with the cognitive, information processing, and communication tasks of medical practice, education, and research, including the information science and the technology to support these tasks. An intrinsically interdisciplinary field, medical informatics has a highly applied focus, but also addresses a number of fundamental research problems as well as planning and policy issues. Medical informatics is now emerging as a distinct academic entity. Health care institutions are considering, and a few are making, large-scale commitments to information systems and services that will affect every aspect of their organizations' function. While academic units of medical informatics are presently established at only a few medical institutions in the United States, increasing numbers of schools are considering this activity and many traditional departments are seeking and attracting individuals with medical informatics skills.

Career Choice↗
PubMed2005

Interactions between melatonin and estrogen may regulate cerebrovascular function in women: clinical implications for the effective use of HRT during menopause and aging.

A number of clinical trials associated with the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) have assessed the potential benefits of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for protection against the development of cardiovascular disease and memory loss in menopausal women. The results of the WHI Memory Study suggest that HRT increases the risk of stroke and dementia in menopausal women. This finding has called into question the results of hundreds of basic science studies that have suggested that estrogen could protect brain cells from damage and improve cognition. A number of researchers have argued that inappropriate formulation, improper dosing, a limited study population, and poor timing of administration likely contributed to the reported findings from the clinical trial. Regarding appropriate formulation, it has been suggested that interactions between estrogen and other hormones should be considered for further investigation. A review of the literature has led us to conclude that a thorough investigation into such hormonal interactions is warranted. We hypothesize that the increased risk of cerebrovascular disease observed in menopausal women may, in part, be due to changes in the circulating levels of melatonin and estrogen and their modulatory affects on many relevant endothelial cell biological activities, such as regulation of vascular tone, adhesion to leukocytes, and angiogenesis, among others. Our hypothesis is supported by numerous studies demonstrating the reciprocal inhibitory effects of melatonin and estrogen on vascular tone, neuroprotection, and receptor expression. We believe that a thorough analysis of the distribution, localization, expression, quantification, and characterization of hormonal receptor subtypes, as well as changes in structural morphology in diseased and normal, healthy cerebrovascular tissue, will substantially aid in our understanding of the effects of HRT on the cerebrovascular circulation. The application of new molecular biological techniques such as tissue microarray analysis, gene and protein arrays, and multi-photon confocal microscopy may be of tremendous benefit in this regard.

Cerebrovascular Circulation↗
PubMed2003

Focusing on the big picture.

As a postdoc in cognitive neuroscience who's also a neurology fellow, Adam Gazzaley is a meld of basic science expertise and clinical experience: He studies brain aging in people by using functional magnetic resonance imaging at the University of California (UC), Berkeley, and he also sees patients at UC San Francisco's Memory and Aging Center. The 34-year-old native New Yorker dives with equal fervor into scientific research and nature photography, two lenses for viewing a single world of discovery. Growing up in Queens, Gazzaley knew from age 7 that he wanted to become a scientist, and as a teenager, he commuted long hours to attend the Bronx High School of Science. He earned an M.D.-Ph.D. from the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York City. Gazzaley's hobby as a shutterbug periodically takes him on backpacking trips to document the beauty of the great outdoors. He sells fine-art prints of his photographs to individuals, hospitals, and clinics through his company, Wanderings Inc.

Brain↗
PubMed1970

Status inconsistency theory and flying saucer sightings.

The analysis is completed. Through a series of propositions and hypothesized links between the reporting of UFO sightings and a particular kind of social position, the utility of social theory as a basis for explaining phenomena presumed to be in the domain of the physical sciences has been demonstrated. Nothing in the data rejects the possibility that some individuals have, in fact, seen objects propelled from another solar system or that all observations are of ill-understood or misperceived terrestrial phenomena. Empirical science, particularly social science, does not address itself to ultimate truth. What has been attempted here is the employment of a sociological theory to account successfully for observed regularity in patterns of UFO sightings. Another and reasonable, though not necessarily mutually exclusive, procedure for organizing social data might provide an equal degree of explanatory consistency. This analysis merely emphasizes the need to utilize such approaches outside the confines of laboratory groups and the more convenient and established domains of social science. Our analysis has presented just one application of sociological theory to the complex interplay among quasi-scientific phenomena, physical science knowledge, and human behavior in society.

Cognitive Dissonance↗
PubMed2006

Emotion-affected decision making in human simulation.

Human modelling is an interdisciplinary research field. The topic, emotion-affected decision making, was originally a cognitive psychology issue, but is now recognized as an important research direction for both computer science and biomedical modelling. The main aim of this paper is to attempt to bridge the gap between psychology and bioengineering in emotion-affected decision making. The work is based on Ortony's theory of emotions and bounded rationality theory, and attempts to connect the emotion process with decision making. A computational emotion model is proposed, and the initial framework of this model in virtual human simulation within the platform of Virtools is presented.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed2026

Updated adjunctive minocycline for schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical and cognitive outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Minocycline has been proposed as an adjunctive treatment for schizophrenia due to its anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. However, evidence regarding its efficacy across clinical and cognitive outcomes remains inconsistent. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis of double-blind RCTs was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Ovid MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Library were searched from January 2000 to August 2025. Eligible studies included patients with schizophrenia receiving adjunctive minocycline plus stable antipsychotics. Primary outcomes were PANSS total and subscale scores and overall cognitive performance. Secondary outcomes included SANS, CDS, CGI, GAF, and seven cognitive domains. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% CIs were calculated. RESULTS: Ten RCTs involving 895 participants were included. Adjunctive minocycline was associated with improvements in negative symptoms (PANSS negative: SMD = -0.55, 95% CI: -0.96 to -0.13; SANS: SMD = -0.75, 95% CI: -1.00 to -0.49) and overall psychopathology (PANSS total: SMD = -0.49, 95% CI: -0.80 to -0.18). Cognitive benefits were limited to a modest improvement in working memory (SMD = 0.24, 95% CI: 0.08 to 0.39), with no significant effects in other cognitive domains. Subgroup analyses suggested that illness stage, antipsychotic regimen, treatment duration, sample size, and geographic region may contribute to variability in treatment effects. Adverse event rates were comparable between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Adjunctive minocycline may improve negative symptoms and provide modest working memory benefits in schizophrenia. However, the evidence is limited by substantial heterogeneity, potential small-study effects, and inconsistent findings. Although short- to medium-term tolerability appeared comparable to placebo, larger, longer-term RCTs are needed to confirm its efficacy and safety.

Humans↗
PubMed1993

Psychological and educational interventions to reduce arthritis disability.

The extent of disability attributable to arthritis is briefly summarized and the World Health Organization's (WHO) classification scheme for progression from pathology to disability described. The types of outcomes that have been examined in evaluations of psychological and educational interventions aimed at preventing arthritis disability are described and classified according to the WHO scheme where appropriate. Next, the most common components included in psychological and educational interventions for arthritis are reviewed. These are (1) providing general information, (2) teaching illness self-management skills, (3) training in biofeedback, (4) applying cognitive-behavioural techniques, (5) using other psychotherapeutic techniques, and (6) enhancing social support. This is followed by a discussion of issues pertinent to assessing the efficacy of various intervention components, citing specific examples of intervention research. Finally, the conclusion that certain types of psychological interventions appear to be effective in mitigating arthritis disability is drawn and the contribution of social science theory to intervention efficacy acknowledged.

Arthritis, Rheumatoid↗
PubMed2004

Stereotypes of the elderly in U.S. television commercials from the 1950s to the 1990s.

Critics have charged that American advertisers have often portrayed the elderly with negative stereotypes. These negative portrayals, they suggest, not only offend elderly consumers but also contribute to ageism. This study examined whether American advertisers have indeed used a great deal of negative stereotyping of the elderly, as the critics have suggested. Employing a concept of stereotypes found in cognitive psychology, the authors examined trends in the portrayal of the elderly in television commercials produced in the United States from the 1950s through the 1990s. Results of the study do not support the contentions of the critics. Very little negative stereotyping was discovered. Analysis indicated trends in the appearance of several positive stereotypes, and differences in the stereotyping of gender groups and age segments within the elderly group. Results are interpreted from both marketing and social science perspectives.

Advertising↗
PubMed1992

Estimating the prevalence of organic brain dysfunction in maximum-security forensic psychiatric patients.

This is a descriptive study of 50 randomly selected male patients retained in a maximum-security state hospital for mentally disordered offenders. Data regarding the prevalence of several indicators of potential organic brain dysfunction are presented, including: (1) a diagnosis of any organic brain disorder, (2) a history of severe head injury with loss of consciousness, (3) a history of seizure activity, (4) evidence of cognitive impairment, (5) abnormal neurological findings, and (6) other relevant neurodiagnostic or historical findings. Results show that multiple indicators of potential brain dysfunction were present in 64% of the cases. At least one indicator of potential brain dysfunction was present for 84% of the subjects. Subjects with a diagnosis or history suggesting brain dysfunction were significantly more likely to have been indicted for violent criminal charges (p = 0.01). Implications of these findings for clinical treatment and forensic science decision-making are discussed.

Adult↗