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PubMed2003

Incidence of microflora and of ochratoxin A in green coffee beans (Coffea arabica).

Coffee is produced in tropical countries around the Equator where climatic conditions are favourable for fungal development and mycotoxin production; however, mycotoxins do not only occur in the tropical countries. The aim was to evaluate the mycoflora and possible incidence of ochratoxin A (OTA) in 60 samples of green coffee beans from Brazil. The mycological evaluation was carried out using a conventional method and the OTA was determined using sequential phenyl silane and immunoaffinity column cleanup followed by HPLC. The detection limit was 0.2 microg kg(-1). Practically all samples (91.7%) were contaminated with moulds. The dominant fungal genus was Aspergillus, including A. niger (83.3%), A. ochraceus (53.3%) and A. flavus (25.0%). The occurrence and the levels of the genus Cladosporium (16.6%) and Penicillium (10.0%) were substantially lower than Aspergilli. Twenty samples (33.3%) of 60 were contaminated with the toxin at levels ranging from 0.2 to 7.3microg kg(-1). The average concentration was 2.38 microg kg(-1). All positive samples showed OTA levels below the limit suggested by the European Union (8 microg kg(-1)).

Brazil↗
PubMed1994

Consequences on the newborn of chronic maternal consumption of coffee during gestation and lactation: a review.

The present review is devoted to effects on the newborn of maternal ingestion of caffeine during gestation and lactation. In rodents, caffeine is able to induce malformations, but usually at high doses never encountered in humans; indeed, when caffeine is administered in fractioned quantities during the day, as it is the case with human caffeine intake, caffeine is no longer a teratogen in rodents. Caffeine ingested during gestation induces a dose-dependent decrease in body weight, but only for large doses (> 7 cups/day of coffee), whereas it has no effect at moderate doses. Maternal caffeine consumption during gestation affects hematologic parameters in both rat and human infants and induces long-term effects on sleep, locomotion, learning abilities, emotivity and anxiety in rodent offspring, whereas in humans, more studies are needed to determine the consequences of early caffeine exposure on behavior. Investigators do not agree on the quantities of the methylxanthine found in breast milk, but caffeine does not change breast milk composition, and rather, stimulates milk production. We conclude in this review that maternal caffeine consumption in moderate amounts during gestation and lactation has no measurable consequences on the fetus and newborn infant. Pregnant mothers, however, should be advised to consume coffee and caffeinated beverages in moderation, especially because of the prolonged half-life of caffeine both during the last trimester of pregnancy and in the newborn infant.

Behavior↗
PubMed2005

Strong increase in total delta-THC in cannabis preparations sold in Dutch coffee shops.

The total concentration of THC has been monitored in cannabis preparations sold in Dutch coffee shops since 1999. This annual monitoring was issued by the Ministry of Health after reports of increased potency. The level of the main psychoactive compound, Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), is measured in marijuana and hashish. A comparison is made between imported and Dutch preparations, and between seasons. Samples of cannabis preparations from randomly selected coffee shops were analyzed using gas chromatography (GC-FID) for THC, CBD and CBN. In 2004, the average THC level of Dutch home-grown marijuana (Nederwiet) (20.4% THC) was significantly higher than that of imported marijuana (7.0% THC). Hashish derived from Dutch marijuana (Nederhasj) contained 39.3% THC in 2004, compared with 18.2% THC in imported hashish. The average THC percentage of Dutch marijuana, Dutch hashish and imported hashish was significantly higher than in previous years. It nearly doubled over 5 years. During this period, the THC percentage in imported marijuana remained unchanged. A higher price had to be paid for cannabis with higher levels of THC. Whether the increase in THC levels causes increased health risks for users can only be concluded when more data are available on adjusted patterns of use, abuse liability, bioavailability and levels of THC in the brain.

Cannabis↗
PubMed1993

Coffee, tobacco and alcohol as risk factors for cancer and adenoma of the large intestine.

Our aim was to estimate the association between smoking history, alcohol and tobacco smoking and tumours of the large intestine. Associations were studied at an early stage of colorectal cancer in order to avoid bias in the information. In order to estimate the link between adenoma and cancer the exposures were analysed separately for cancer and adenoma patients. The study was conducted as a case-control study within a randomized trial for colorectal cancer among males and females aged 45-74 years. Cases initially included all individuals with a positive Haemoccult-II test in three screens and an age- and sex-matched reference group was selected from the test negatives. Subsequent colonoscopy defined the final case group, which consisted of 49 colorectal cancer patients, 171 with adenoma and 177 test positives with no diagnosis or with non-adenomatous polyps or haemorrhoids. Controls were 362 age- and sex-matched test negatives. Data were collected by blind telephone interviewing before the first clinical examinations of test positives. Smoking history, coffee or alcohol intake were not statistically significantly associated with colorectal cancer. For adenomas, the odds ratios (OR) were between 2.0 and 2.7 in all smoking categories. For smokers with > 40 years duration OR = 2.7 (95% confidence interval (Cl): 1.6-4.7). Coffee consumption showed a clear protective effect. Consumers of 4-7 cups per day had an OR of 0.5 (95% Cl: 0.3-0.8) and heavy consumers of > or = 8 cups had an OR of 0.3 (95% Cl: 0.1-0.6). Neither tea nor alcohol consumption was related to adenoma risks.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adenoma↗
PubMed1982

Coffee consumption during pregnancy: subsequent behavioral abnormalities of the offspring.

Offspring of rats fed coffee during pregnancy had reduced body, liver, and brain weight at birth. By 30 days postnatally these animals had recovered in size but exhibited increased locomotion, decreased grooming time, and decreased time spent with a novel object. Offspring of dams fed decaffeinated coffee demonstrated reduced liver weight at birth and similar behavioral characteristics at 30 days of age.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

The glucose intolerance induced by caffeinated coffee ingestion is less pronounced than that due to alkaloid caffeine in men.

Although acute alkaloid caffeine (CAF) ingestion results in an impaired glucose tolerance, chronic coffee (RCOF) ingestion decreases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. This study examines the hypothesis that CAF ingestion impairs glucose tolerance to a greater extent than RCOF and that the ingestion of decaffeinated coffee (DECAF) results in a positive effect. Eleven healthy males underwent 4 double-blinded randomized trials. Each trial included the ingestion of either: 1) CAF in capsule form (4.45 mg/kg body weight), 2) RCOF (4.45 mg/kg body weight caffeine), 3) dextrose (placebo, PL) in capsule form, or 4) DECAF (equal in volume to the RCOF trial), followed 1-h later by a 2-h oral glucose tolerance test. Blood samples were collected at baseline (-30), 0 (time of treatment ingestion), 60 (initiation of oral glucose tolerance test), 75, 90, 120, 150, and 180 min. Area under the curve for glucose and insulin were higher (P < or = 0.05) following CAF than both PL and DECAF and, although a similar trend (P = 0.07) was observed following RCOF compared with DECAF, the effect was less pronounced. Interestingly, DECAF resulted in a 50% lower glucose response (P < or = 0.05) than PL, suggesting that the effects of PL and DECAF on glucose tolerance are not the same. These findings suggest that the effects of CAF and RCOF are not identical and may provide a partial explanation as to why acute CAF ingestion impairs glucose tolerance while chronic RCOF ingestion protects against type 2 diabetes.

Alkaloids↗
PubMed1991

Cigarette smoking, tea and coffee drinking, and subfecundity.

A population-based survey of life-style factors and subfecundity (prolonged time to pregnancy) was conducted between 1984 and 1987 in two cities in Denmark. Altogether, 11,888 women filled out a questionnaire in the last trimester of pregnancy (an 86 percent response rate). After exclusion of women who had been treated for infertility or who did not respond to the question on infertility, 10,886 subjects remained. Among nonsmokers, no association was found between subfecundity (defined as a waiting time of 1 year or more from cessation of contraception to achievement of pregnancy) and consumption of hot caffeinated beverages. For women who smoked and also consumed at least 8 cups of coffee per day (or an equivalent amount of tea), a statistically significant association was seen (odds ratio = 1.35, 95% confidence interval 1.02-1.48) for a wait of 1 year or more. Consumption of coffee was closely related to smoking habits and to a number of social factors, such as education and peer group acceptance, which may play a role in subfecundity.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Comparison of next-of-kin with self-respondents regarding questions on cigarette, coffee, and alcohol consumption.

Using the same questionnaire, personnel, and field procedures, we conducted interviews in 1985 with the next-of-kin of 108 deceased study subjects, and with 197 surviving subjects who had been interviewed earlier in a 1980 case-control study. Concordance in response between the two interviews for cigarette smoking, coffee drinking, and alcoholic beverage intake was high, generally 90% or above. Next-of-kin, particularly spouses, provided information as reliable as the self-informants for cigarette smoking and coffee consumption, but showed a somewhat higher discrepancy rate for alcohol drinking. Thus, surrogates, especially spouses, appear to be an accurate source of information in epidemiologic investigations.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Coffee intake and other factors in relation to multiple deliveries: a study in Greece.

We conducted a case-control study of factors that may be related to the prevalence of multiple births with at least one liveborn. Over a period of 15 months during 1991-1992 in Athens, Greece, we identified 380 women who had a multiple birth that was delivered in one of the six larger maternity hospitals in the area. We selected as controls 380 livebirth singleton pregnancies delivered at the same hospitals immediately following a multiple pregnancy. All mothers were interviewed in the maternity wards or at home, and zygosity was ascertained through the similarity method. The odds ratio for ovulation-inducing drugs was not elevated for monozygotic twins, but it was 9-fold for dizygotic twins and 90-fold for triplets or quadruplets. We excluded drug-induced pregnancies, twins of indeterminable zygosity, and all triplets from further analyses. We found no remarkable association between any of the study variables and the occurrence of monozygotic twins, with the exception of an increasing trend with age. For dizygotic twins, we found weak associations in the expected directions with maternal age (positive) and height (positive) as well as with parity and number of induced abortions (positive). A history of oral contraceptive use was inversely, but weakly, associated with dizygotic twinning. Each cup of coffee per day was associated with an increment in the odds ratio of 1.23-fold. (95% confidence interval = 1.05-1.43). Restriction of the analysis to dizygotic twins of different gender increased the point estimate of the odds ratio to 1.31 for each cup of coffee consumed daily.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Diet, alcohol, coffee and pancreatic cancer: final results from an Italian study.

The relation between selected indicator foods, alcohol and coffee intake, and the risk of pancreatic cancer was evaluated in a case-control study conducted between 1983 and 1992 in northern Italy on 362 patients with histologically confirmed, incident cancers of the pancreas, and 1,552 controls in hospital for acute, non-neoplastic diseases. Odds ratios (ORs) for subsequent tertiles of intake were computed after allowance for sociodemographic factors and tobacco smoking. Pancreatic cancer risk was directly associated with consumption of meat (OR for the highest frequency tertile = 1.43), liver (OR = 1.43) and ham and sausages (OR = 1.64), and inversely with consumption of fresh fruit (OR = 0.59), fish (OR = 0.65) and olive oil (OR = 0.58). No appreciable association was found with coffee (OR = 1.21) and alcohol consumption (OR = 1.20). A summary score was derived by summing the six related food items; compared to the lowest level, the OR was 2.7 for the highest quintile, and the population attributable risk was 36% (95% confidence interval, 15-57%), indicating the scope of diet for the prevention of this common neoplasm in the Italian population.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Alcohol, tobacco and coffee consumption and the risk of pancreatic cancer: results from the Canadian Enhanced Surveillance System case-control project. Canadian Cancer Registries Epidemiology Research Group.

The relationship between alcohol, tobacco and coffee consumption and pancreatic cancer was investigated using population-based case-control data obtained from eight Canadian provinces. Our findings are based on analyses performed on 583 histologically confirmed pancreatic cancer cases and 4813 controls. Questionnaire data were obtained directly from 76% of the cases. Male subjects with 35 or more cigarette pack-years had an increased risk of developing pancreatic cancer relative to never smokers (OR= 1.46, 95% CI 1.00-2.14). Similarly, women reporting at least 23 cigarette pack-years of smoking had an odds ratio of 1.84 (95% CI 1.25-2.69). For the most part, consumption of total alcohol, wine, liquor and beer was not associated with pancreatic cancer. Coffee drinking was not related to pancreatic cancer. More work is needed to clarify the role of these and other potentially modifiable risk factors as a means to reduce the incidence of this disease for which treatment results remain disappointing.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Possible mechanisms underlying the cholesterol-raising effect of the coffee diterpene cafestol.

Cafestol, a coffee diterpene present in unfiltered coffee brews, potently raises serum lipids in humans. The mechanism through which this dietary compound influences liporotein metabolism is largely unknown. Unravelling the mechanism of action might lead to new insights into the regulation of serum cholesterol levels in humans. This review summaries ways in which cafestol may act on serum lipids.

CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins↗
PubMed2003

Fruit set of highland coffee increases with the diversity of pollinating bees.

The worldwide decline of pollinators may negatively affect the fruit set of wild and cultivated plants. Here, we show that fruit set of the self-fertilizing highland coffee (Coffea arabica) is highly variable and related to bee pollination. In a comparison of 24 agroforestry systems in Indonesia, the fruit set of coffee could be predicted by the number of flower-visiting bee species, and it ranged from ca. 60% (three species) to 90% (20 species). Diversity, not abundance, explained variation in fruit set, so the collective role of a species-rich bee community was important for pollination success. Additional experiments showed that single flower visits from rare solitary species led to higher fruit set than with abundant social species. Pollinator diversity was affected by two habitat parameters indicating guild-specific nesting requirements: the diversity of social bees decreased with forest distance, whereas the diversity of solitary bees increased with light intensity of the agroforestry systems. These results give empirical evidence for a positive relationship between ecosystem functions such as pollination and biodiversity. Conservation of rainforest adjacent to adequately managed agroforestry systems could improve the yields of farmers.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Diagnostic tests in allergy to green coffee.

Twenty-two coffee roastery workers with work-related symptoms of various degree from the eyes, nose or bronchi were tested with partly purified water-soluble extract from dust of green coffee beans (GCB). Eighteen persons had a positive prick test, eight a positive bronchial provocation test and seven a positive nasal provocation test. Fourteen had a positive methacholine test, indicating unspecific bronchial hyperreactivity. Specific IgE antibodies to GCB extract were found in sera of 11 workers and to castor bean (CB) extract in 16. The workers measured their lung function with an air flow meter, three times a day for 1 week, and the values were lower in the second half of the week for the workers with IgE antibodies to GCB, but not for the others. It is concluded that the case history, prick test, RAST, and simple lung function tests for one or a few weeks are the best tools when investigating occupational allergy. When the allergen is unknown, but the occurrence of an IgE-mediated allergy is suspected, serial lung function measurements and determinations of total serum IgE, in addition to taking a careful case history, are valuable methods with which to start the investigation.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The impact of prior coffee consumption on the subsequent ergogenic effect of anhydrous caffeine.

This study examined whether the prior consumption of coffee (COF) decreased the ergogenic effect of the subsequent ingestion of anhydrous caffeine (CAF). Thirteen subjects performed 6 rides to exhaustion at 80 % VO2max 1.5 h after ingesting combinations of COF, decaffeinated coffee (DECOF), CAF, or placebo. The conditions were DECOF + placebo (A), DECOF + CAF (5 mg/kg) (B), COF (1.1 mg/kg caffeine) + CAF (5 mg/kg) (C), COF + CAF (3 mg/kg) (D), COF + CAF (7 mg/kg) (E), and colored water + CAF (5 mg/kg) (F). Times to exhaustion were significantly greater for all trials with CAF versus placebo (trial A). Exercise times (in minutes) were: 21.7 +/- 8.1, 29.0 +/- 7.4, 27.8 +/- 10.8, 25.1 +/-7.9, 26.4 +/- 8.0 and 26.8 +/- 8.1 for trials A through F, respectively. In conclusion, the prior consumption of COF did not decrease the ergogenic effect of the subsequent ingestion of anhydrous CAF.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1997

Coffee consumption and total body water homeostasis as measured by fluid balance and bioelectrical impedance analysis.

To investigate the impact of coffee consumption on fluid balance, 12 healthy volunteers were supplied with a standardized diet for 2 days after having abstained from consumption of methylxanthines for 5 days. During the first day, fluid requirement was met by mineral water. On the following day the same amount of fluid was supplied and the mineral water was in part replaced by 6 cups of coffee containing 642 mg of caffeine. This led to an increase in 24-hour urine excretion of 753 +/- 532 ml (p < 0.001), a corresponding negative fluid balance and a concomitant decrease in body weight of 0.7 +/- 0.4 kg (p < 0.001). Total body water as measured with bioelectrical impedance analysis decreased by 1.1 +/- 1.2 kg or 2.7% (p < 0.01). Urinary excretion of sodium and potassium was elevated by 80 +/- 62 mmol or 66% (p < 0.01) and 14 +/- 12 mmol or 28% (p < 0.01), respectively.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Cafestol, the cholesterol-raising factor in boiled coffee, suppresses bile acid synthesis by downregulation of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase and sterol 27-hydroxylase in rat hepatocytes.

Consumption of boiled coffee raises serum cholesterol levels in humans. The diterpenes cafestol and kahweol in boiled coffee have been found to be responsible for the increase. To investigate the biochemical background of this effect, we studied the effects of cafestol and a mixture of cafestol/kahweol/isokahweol (48:47:5 w/w) on bile acid synthesis and cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase and sterol 27-hydroxylase in cultured rat hepatocytes. Dose-dependent decreases of bile acid mass production and cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase and sterol 27-hydroxylase activity were found, showing a maximal reduction of -91%, -79%, and -49% respectively, at a concentration of 20 micrograms/mL cafestol. The decrease in 7 alpha-hydroxylase and 27-hydroxylase activity paralleled well the suppression of the respective mRNAs, being -79% and -77%, and -49% and -46%, respectively, at 20 micrograms/mL cafestol. Run-on data showed a reduction in 7 alpha-hydroxylase and 27-hydroxylase gene transcriptional activity after incubation with cafestol. The mixture of cafestol/kahweol/isokahweol was less potent in suppression of bile acid synthesis and cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase. Cafestol (20 micrograms/mL) had no effect on lithocholic acid 6 beta-hydroxylase mRNA, another enzyme involved in bile acid synthesis. LDL-receptor, HMG-CoA reductase, and HMG-CoA synthase mRNAs were significantly decreased by cafestol (-18%, -20%, and -43%, respectively). We conclude that cafestol suppresses bile acid synthesis by downregulation of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase and of, to a lesser extent, sterol 27-hydroxylase in cultured rat hepatocytes, whereas kahweol and isokahweol are less active. We suggest that suppression of bile acid synthesis may provide an explanation for the cholesterol-raising effect of cafestol in humans.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Coffee consumption among psychiatric inpatients.

Of 135 patients on an acute psychiatric ward, 34 were "high users" of coffee. The high users tended to be older, single, and have diagnoses of psychosis. They showed significantly more state anxiety than other patients, but there were no differences in trait anxiety or MMPI scores. Further research is suggested to determine whether high caffeine consumption among inpatients may be related to staff coffee-drinking behavior and/or treatment with anticholinergic drugs.

Adult↗