Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Cancer vulnerabilities”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,081 records · Page 60Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

[Health and the city: physical health and mental health].

In France, city size has very little bearing on the mortality rate as a function of age and life expectancy and it is in large cities that these indicators are the most favorable. No increase in maternal or infant mortality rates or deaths due to cancers has been observed in large cities. The lower mortality rate linked to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in large urban areas contradicts the fears concerning the impact of air pollution. Deaths linked to lifestyle are less frequent in big cities, which could be due to social structures (socio-professional level: the proportion of white-collar workers and professionals is higher in bigger cities than in the suburbs or small cities). However, although the overall mortality rate is lower, it should be emphasized that there is in large cities a greater incidence of sexually transmitted diseases, AIDS and certain infectious diseases (because of social diversity and the fact that certain individuals seeking anonymity and marginality are drawn to large cities). In terms of mental health, the breakdown of family structures, instability, unemployment, the lack of parental authority and failing schools render adolescents vulnerable and hinder their social integration. When the proportion of adolescents at risk is high in a neighborhood, individual problems are amplified and social problems result. In order to restore mental and social health to these neighborhoods, ambitious strategies are necessary which take into account family and social factors as well as environmental ones. At the present time, when physical health is constantly improving, the most pressing problems are those related to lifestyle and mental health which depend for a large part on social factors.

France↗
PubMed2005

Laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph-node dissection with the waterjet is technically feasible and safe in testis-cancer patient.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The acceptance of open retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) for stage I and II nonseminomatous testicular cancer has decreased because of the intraoperative and postoperative morbidity of the procedure. Laparoscopic RPLND is a minimally invasive and safe alternative for low-stage germ-cell tumors. It is, however, technically demanding and should therefore be performed only in experienced centers. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the waterjet technique for laparoscopic RPLND. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A series of 18 patients with clinical stage I testis cancer (group A) and 7 patients who had received chemotherapy for stage II disease (group B) underwent laparoscopic RPLND at our institution. The procedure was performed identically to the open approach using the modified template according to Weissbach and associates. The waterjet was used for removal of lymphatic tissue from the aorta and the vena cava, as well as from the sympathetic trunk. RESULTS: The operation was completed in all patients without conversion to open surgery. The mean operating time was 232 +/- 48 minutes. The waterjet was able to remove lymphatic tissue easily and atraumatically. At pressures of 20 bar, the lymph-node capsule remained completely intact, thus avoiding tumor-cell spread. Antegrade ejaculation could be preserved in all patients, who, to date, show no evidence of disease. CONCLUSIONS: The waterjet allows the safe and complete removal of lymphatic tissue, leaving vulnerable anatomic structures intact. It can decrease the learning curve of laparoscopic RPLND and contribute to better acceptance of this procedure.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Circadian rhythms of granzyme B, perforin, IFN-gamma, and NK cell cytolytic activity in the spleen: effects of chronic ethanol.

Recent studies show that alterations in the body's biological rhythms can lead to serious pathologies, including cancer. Acute and chronic ethanol consumption impairs the immune system by causing specific defects in the cellular components of the innate immune response and by creating increased risk and susceptibility to infections and cancer. NK cells are critical for immune surveillance against infected and malignant cells. To assess whether NK cell function follows a circadian trend and to determine ethanol effects on this rhythm, we measured, over a 24-h period, mRNA and protein levels of granzyme B, perforin, and the cytokine IFN-gamma, as well as NK cell activity, in the splenocytes of ad libitum-fed, pair-fed, and ethanol-fed Sprague Dawley male rats. Circadian rhythms were found in mRNA and protein levels of granzyme B, perforin, and IFN-gamma. A circadian pattern was also detected in NK cell cytolytic activity. Our data further demonstrated how chronic ethanol suppressed NK cell activity by directly disrupting the circadian rhythms of granzyme B, perforin, and IFN-gamma. These findings identify the circadian functions of splenic NK cells and show the vulnerability of these rhythms to chronic ethanol.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1994

Induction of ICAM 1 expression on bladder tumours by BCG immunotherapy.

AIMS: To determine the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and 2 (ICAM 1 and 2) in transitional cell carcinoma cells before and after immunotherapy with Calmette-Guérin bacillus (BCG). METHODS: Frozen sections from 22 untreated bladder carcinomas were immunohistochemically examined with monoclonal antibodies to ICAM 1 and 2. Urinary cytospin slides were made for six patients for each of the six clinical instillations which constitute a therapeutic course. These slides were also stained for ICAM 1 and for leucocyte function associated antigen 1 (LFA 1). RESULTS: Bladder cancer cells did not essentially express either ICAM 1 or 2, but cells in the stromal areas surrounding tumour expressed both these antigens. After repeated instillations of BCG organisms ICAM 1 positive normal and neoplastic epithelial cells were observed in the urine. Cells obtained from the first three instillations expressed lower densities of ICAM 1 than those from the later instillations. Many neutrophils expressing LFA-1 and some lymphocytes were also noted in the cytospin slides and some of these were conjugated to tumour cells expressing ICAM 1. Six months after treatment a single maintenance dose of BCG induced ICAM 1 expression. CONCLUSION: Untreated superficial bladder carcinoma cells do not express ICAM 1 or 2, but these important immunological molecules were expressed in the stromal areas of tissue. Importantly, neoplastic cells in the urine expressed ICAM 1 after immunotherapy. This molecule can render bladder tumour cells vulnerable to non-antigen specific cytotoxicity mediated by activated lymphocytes.

Antigens, CD↗
PubMed1992

[Patients and solicitude].

Patients are not only passive and vulnerable beings who need to be cared for. They are also autonomous, active and capable of caring for others as well as for themselves. In this study, the author has completed lengthy interviews with five women in order to identify different types of caring. Complicity-based caring is characterized by verbal and nonverbal behavior of patients who are sharing a common experience. This type of caring can be encouraged by a third-party who brings patients together with similar experiences. Action-oriented caring consists of intervening for other patients as an antidote for one's own fear, panic and anguish. Solidarity-based caring corresponds with assisting fellow patients in finding and maintaining their own identity, pride and dignity. Co-operative caring can be observed in group-type settings such as the behavior observed during support groups or vegetarian cooking classes for cancer patients. Self-centred caring refers to the various forms of concern one has for one's self. The experience of suffering can determine how caring is expressed. Concern can force individuals to examine their way of acting and interacting more carefully. Conscious choices are made to avoid empty and exhausting relationships and encourage the growth of positive relationships. Paradoxically, this change in perspective brings about an open mind and heart. It is at this time that caring for healthy individuals appears. Unfortunately, there is very little distinction between patients and healthy individuals, but rather sensitive relationships between individuals facing difficult life challenges.

Female↗
PubMed2005

18F-FDG PET for staging breast cancer in patients with inner-quadrant versus outer-quadrant tumors: comparison with long-term clinical outcome.

UNLABELLED: Extraaxillary metastases (i.e., in the absence of axillary involvement) are more likely to develop in patients with inner-quadrant (IQ) breast cancer than in patients with outer-quadrant (OQ) primary tumors. The relative difficulty of identifying extraaxillary metastases may lead to understaging of cancer in these patients. This study examined whether (18)F-FDG PET findings were differentially associated with the location of primary tumors, and with long-term prognosis, in IQ and OQ patients. METHODS: Follow-up data were obtained for 141 patients whose breast cancer was staged by PET and who were documented to have IQ (n = 42) or OQ (n = 99) primaries. Results were stratified according to PET findings consistent with different metastatic patterns. Data were further analyzed with respect to disease outcome after a mean 3-y follow-up period. RESULTS: Among IQ patients, progressive disease was identified in 26.1%, compared with 13.1% of OQ patients, for a relative risk (RR) of 2.0. Of patients with PET findings of isolated extraaxillary metastases, 36.1% had progressive disease, compared with 10.7% of other patients (RR = 3.4), and 61.9% of IQ patients had isolated extraaxillary metastases identified on PET, compared with 10.1% of OQ patients (RR = 6.1). CONCLUSION: IQ patients demonstrated a 6-fold greater frequency of PET findings of isolated extraaxillary metastasis, and such findings were associated with triple the risk for disease progression. Patients with IQ tumors could be vulnerable to understaging with conventional staging approaches and may particularly benefit from PET during the staging process.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1987

Circadian gating of S phase in human ovarian cancer.

Cell proliferation in 30 patients with ovarian cancer was analyzed using flow cytometry to determine changes in the percentage of cells in S phase. By this measure, proliferation in tumor cells appears to follow a cyclical pattern of peaks and troughs that is out of phase with the circadian rhythm in proliferation of normal tissues. In round-the-clock monitoring of replication stages in tumor cells recovered from i.p. lavage fluid in postsurgery patients, peaks of tumor and nontumor cell DNA synthesis commonly occurred at different times of day. When patients were grouped so that only tumor cell proliferation was being measured, a highly significant 24-h rhythm nearly 12 h out of phase with nontumor cell proliferation was found. This peak in the percentage of S-phase cells occurs most commonly in mid- to late morning and appears to offer an opportunity for timing chemotherapy to coincide with high tumor cell vulnerability and low toxicity to normal tissue.

Cell Division↗
PubMed2003

Having a parent with cancer: coping and quality of life of children during serious illness in the family.

Little research has addressed how a parent's cancer affects young children. The purpose of this study was to explore the well-being and coping of young children during a period of cancer illness in the family. An explorative design was chosen, and data were collected through qualitative in-depth interviews with children (ages, 7-12 years) and their parents. Data were analyzed and interpreted within a phenomenologic-hermeneutic frame of understanding. Four major themes emerged in the findings: illness ruling in the family, reactions over and under the surface, many efforts to manage the situation, and feeling good most of the time. This report discusses how children's reactions and their management of such a difficult life event affect their quality of life. By going "in and out" of the situation, both literally and emotionally, the children cope with the situation and maintain a balance in life. In general, the children reported "feeling good," but they put a lot of effort into it, and their quality of life appeared to be fragile. Their well-being was especially vulnerable at the time of the diagnosis and when the illness situation changed.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2004

Expression of the novel adrenocorticotropin-responsive gene selective Alzheimer's disease indicator-1 in the normal adrenal cortex and in adrenocortical adenomas and carcinomas.

Selective Alzheimer's disease indicator-1 (seladin-1) is a novel gene with antiapoptotic activity that is down-regulated in vulnerable brain regions in Alzheimer's disease. This gene encodes 3-beta-hydroxysterol Delta-24-reductase (DHCR24), which converts desmosterol into cholesterol. In the adrenal cortex, increased expression of seladin-1/DHCR24, which appears to be modulated by ACTH, has been recently reported in cortisol-secreting adenomas, compared with the adjacent atrophic tissue. In our study, we measured the expression level of seladin-1/DHCR24 in cortisol- (n = 18) and aldosterone-secreting (n = 16) adrenocortical adenomas, in carcinomas (n = 17), and in normal adrenal glands (n = 8) by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. The amount of seladin-1/DHCR24 mRNA was significantly reduced in carcinomas (total RNA, 2.5 +/- 0.8 pg/ micro g) compared with the other groups (P < 0.01). Western blot analysis confirmed the mRNA results. Similarly, in adrenal malignancies, significantly reduced levels of expression of the ACTH receptor gene were found. In the adrenal cancer cell line H295R and in primary cultures from adrenocortical cells, ACTH (1 nM) and forskolin (10 micro M) effectively increased seladin-1/DHCR24 expression, confirming that seladin-1/DHCR24 is modulated by the ACTH/cAMP-driven pathway. In summary, this is the first demonstration that seladin-1/DHCR24 expression is reduced in adrenal cancer, suggesting that it might be viewed as a new potential marker of adrenal malignancies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

X-linked inheritance of Fanconi anemia complementation group B.

Fanconi anemia is an autosomal recessive syndrome characterized by diverse clinical symptoms, hypersensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents, chromosomal instability and susceptibility to cancer. Fanconi anemia has at least 11 complementation groups (A, B, C, D1, D2, E, F, G, I, J, L); the genes mutated in 8 of these have been identified. The gene BRCA2 was suggested to underlie complementation group B, but the evidence is inconclusive. Here we show that the protein defective in individuals with Fanconi anemia belonging to complementation group B is an essential component of the nuclear protein 'core complex' responsible for monoubiquitination of FANCD2, a key event in the DNA-damage response pathway associated with Fanconi anemia and BRCA. Unexpectedly, the gene encoding this protein, FANCB, is localized at Xp22.31 and subject to X-chromosome inactivation. X-linked inheritance has important consequences for genetic counseling of families with Fanconi anemia belonging to complementation group B. Its presence as a single active copy and essentiality for a functional Fanconi anemia-BRCA pathway make FANCB a potentially vulnerable component of the cellular machinery that maintains genomic integrity.

Chromosomes, Human, X↗
PubMed2001

Chinese women's experiences and images of the Pap smear examination.

Cervical cancer remains a significant cause of mortality and morbidity in Chinese women, despite the efficacy of the screening procedure for the disease. This article focuses on specific gender and culturally related experiences of Chinese women presenting for Papancolaou (Pap) tests. The first phase of a descriptive exploratory study involved the administration of a questionnaire to a total population of female Hong Kong Chinese clerical and technical staff working in academic departments of a tertiary institution. The second phase consisted of in-depth semistructured interviews with a purposive sample of women to explore experiences of Pap smear screening. Of these women, 68.2% associated pain with a Pap smear. In addition, 78.6% of the women associated a Pap smear with embarrassment. Older women were more likely to experience pain and embarrassment during the procedure. In the qualitative data, women's personal images and experiences reflected four subthemes including pain, sexual connotations of the procedure, vulnerability, and diminished embarrassment after childbirth. The second substantive theme, characteristics of the practitioner, highlighted the importance of procedural, interpersonal, and culturally sensitive skills, particularly in respect to information-giving and interaction with women. The conclusion outlines the nursing implications for Chinese women presenting for Pap smears in terms of cultural sensitivity as a means of enhancing attendance patterns.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Defective acidification in human breast tumor cells and implications for chemotherapy.

Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a significant problem in the treatment of cancer. Chemotherapeutic drugs distribute through the cyto- and nucleoplasm of drug-sensitive cells but are excluded from the nucleus in drug-resistant cells, concentrating in cytoplasmic organelles. Weak base chemotherapeutic drugs (e.g., anthracyclines and vinca alkaloids) should concentrate in acidic organelles. This report presents a quantification of the pH for identified compartments of the MCF-7 human breast tumor cell line and demonstrates that (a) the chemotherapeutic Adriamycin concentrates in acidified organelles of drug-resistant but not drug-sensitive cells; (b) the lysosomes and recycling endosomes are not acidified in drug-sensitive cells; (c) the cytosol of drug-sensitive cells is 0.4 pH units more acidic than the cytosol of resistant cells; and (d) disrupting the acidification of the organelles of resistant cells with monensin, bafilomycin A1, or concanamycin A is sufficient to change the Adriamycin distribution to that found in drug-sensitive cells, rendering the cell vulnerable once again to chemotherapy. These results suggest that acidification of organelles is causally related to drug resistance and is consistent with the hypothesis that sequestration of drugs in acidic organelles and subsequent extrusion from the cell through the secretory pathways contribute to chemotherapeutic resistance.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2003

Social capital and neighborhood mortality rates in Chicago.

Several empirical studies have suggested that neighborhood characteristics influence health, with most studies having focused on neighborhood deprivation or aspects of the physical environment, such as services and amenities. However, such physical characteristics are not the only features of neighborhoods that potentially affect health. Neighborhoods also matter because of the nature of their social organization. This study examined social capital as a potential neighborhood characteristic influencing health. Using a cross-sectional study design which linked counts of death for persons 45-64 years by race and sex to neighborhood indicators of social capital and poverty for 342 Chicago neighborhoods in the USA, we tested the ecological association between neighborhood-level social capital and mortality rates, taking advantage of the community survey data collected as part of the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods. We estimated a hierarchical generalized linear model to examine the association of race and sex specific mortality rates to social capital. Overall, neighborhood social capital-as measured by reciprocity, trust, and civic participation-was associated with lower neighborhood death rates, after adjustment for neighborhood material deprivation. Specifically, higher levels of neighborhood social capital were associated with lower neighborhood death rates for total mortality as well as death from heart disease and "other" causes for White men and women and, to a less consistent extent, for Blacks. However, there was no association between social capital and cancer mortality. Although, the findings from this study extend the state-level findings linking social capital to health to the level of neighborhoods, much work remains to be carried out before social capital can be widely applied to improve population health, including establishing standards of measurement, and exploring the potential "downsides" of social capital.

Cause of Death↗
PubMed1997

Complement-regulatory proteins in ovarian malignancies.

Ovarian cancer has features that makes it well-suited for MAb adjuvant immunotherapy. Several of the MAbs used in clinical trials mediate cancer cell destruction by activation of complement (C). In this study, therefore, we examined the ability of ovarian-tumor cells to resist C attack. We found that the C regulators membrane cofactor protein (MCP, CD46) and protectin (CD59) were strongly expressed in the tumor cells in all 28 benign and malignant tumors examined. Decay-accelerating factor (DAF; CD55) was more heterogeneously expressed, and only 75% of the tumors exhibited a moderate amount of DAF in the tumor cells. In adenoma cells, CD59 and DAF were preferentially located apically, while in adenocarcinoma cells they were expressed also at the basolateral cell surface. The ovarian-carcinoma cell lines SK-OV-3, Caov-3, SW626 and PA-1 expressed both the 58- and the 68-kDa isoforms of MCP. DAF was present as a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol(GPI)-anchored 70-kDa glycoprotein. The surface-expression level of DAF varied, and correlated with the vulnerability of the cells to C-mediated lysis. CD59 was expressed as a GPI-linked 19- to 25-kDa protein exhibiting multiple glycosylation variants. The surface expression of CD59 correlated with the amount of the main 1.9 + 2.1-kb CD59 mRNA transcripts. Neutralization of CD59 with an anti-CD59 MAb significantly enhanced C-mediated killing of the cell lines. Low expression of C regulators on the PA-1 teratocarcinoma cell line was associated with high sensitivity to C lysis. Thus, the expression of C regulators on malignant ovarian cells may constitute a tumor escape mechanism, and is a critical parameter to be examined when MAb therapy is being considered.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2005

Subclinical hyperthyroidism: clinical features and treatment options.

Subclinical hyperthyroidism appears to be a common disorder. It may be caused by exogenous or endogenous factors: excessive TSH suppressive therapy with L-thyroxine (L-T4) for benign thyroid nodular disease, differentiated thyroid cancer, or hormone over-replacement in patients with hypothyroidism are the most frequent causes. Consistent evidence indicates that 'subclinical' hyperthyroidism reduces the quality of life, affecting both the psycho and somatic components of well-being, and produces relevant signs and symptoms of excessive thyroid hormone action, often mimicking adrenergic overactivity. Subclinical hyperthyroidism exerts many significant effects on the cardiovascular system; it is usually associated with a higher heart rate and a higher risk of supraventricular arrhythmias, and with an increased left ventricular mass, often accompanied by an impaired diastolic function and sometimes by a reduced systolic performance on effort and decreased exercise tolerance. It is well known that these abnormalities usually precede the onset of a more severe cardiovascular disease, thus potentially contributing to the increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality observed in these patients. In addition, it is becoming increasingly apparent that subclinical hyperthyroidism may accelerate the development of osteoporosis and hence increased bone vulnerability to trauma, particularly in postmenopausal women with a pre-existing predisposition. Subclinical hyperthyroidism and its related clinical manifestations are reversible and may be prevented by timely treatment.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Anxiety and depressive symptoms in patients treated due to haematologic malignancies].

BACKGROUND: Haematological treatment is associated with excessive distress due to side effects of cytostatics and due to severe life consequences of the illness. It could be a cause of anxiety or depressive states in vulnerable persons. AIM: The purpose of the study was to assess prevalence of depression, anxiety disorders, and distress among patients treated due to haematologic malignancies. METHODS: 45 patients with leukaemia or lymphoma, 29 treated due to other internal diseases and 28 healthy persons were assessed. The following research instruments were used: the Present State Examination (PSE), the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-30), criteria scales (ICD-10) for depression and anxiety. RESULTS: Depression was diagnosed in 29% of the patients with hematological illnesses and in 11% of patients with other internal illnesses. Prevalence of GAD was appropriately 11% and 9%. Generally, psychiatric disorders were present in a half of the patients in every group. About 1/4 th of the haematologic patients had much more severe depressive symptoms than others. CONCLUSION: The groups of patients have much higher, depressive and distress scores than controls. Psychiatric or psychotherapeutic treatment could be considered as part of the treatment of malignant haematologic cancers.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Screening and community outreach programs for priority populations: considerations for oncology managers.

The goals of screening and community outreach efforts are to translate knowledge into relevant interventions to enhance health, prevent disease and manage chronic illness. Despite recent progress in the fight against cancer, a disproportionate share of the cancer burden is observed among ethnic minorities and medically underserved populations. Studies consistently link low socioeconomic status to low survival rates for nearly all types of cancer. Cultural differences, low literacy skills, language barriers and limited access to health care pose additional barriers to preventative health care for priority populations. Reaching priority populations with effective, appropriate and measurable ways to reduce cancer morbidity and mortality are key considerations for oncology managers seeking to provide comprehensive screening and community outreach care. This article addresses the importance of culture and literacy when developing screening and community outreach programs for at-risk populations, highlights the value of community partnerships to achieve programmatic goals, and outlines key considerations for creating successful breast screening and community outreach among Hispanic farmworker and rural women.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1987

Evidence for cytosolic glutathione transferase-mediated denitrosation of nitrosocimetidine and 1-methyl-2-nitro-1-nitrosoguanidine.

Nitrosocimetidine (NC) and 1-methyl-2-nitro-1-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) are closely related N-nitrosamidines. NC is the nitrosated derivative of cimetidine (Tagamet), an orally administered compound used extensively in the treatment of gastric ulcers. MNNG is a potent carcinogen capable of initiating tumors close to the site of administration and used experimentally to produce stomach cancer. It has become evident that the primary metabolic fate of both of these agents is denitrosation. We have discovered an activity in the cytosol fraction of hamster liver which is capable of denitrosating these nitrosamidines with an efficiency approaching 100%. The activity is heat sensitive and requires reduced glutathione as a cofactor. Inhibition of the denitrosating activity with compounds which inhibit in parallel the conjugation of glutathione with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) provides evidence that the activity is glutathione transferase. One molecule of reduced glutathione is consumed in each denitrosation event. Nitrite is formed as denitrosation proceeds with a yield equivalent to 25-50% of the denitrosated product produced. Glutathione disulfide is a minor reaction product, representing 3% of the denitrosation product yield in the MNNG case and 12% in the NC case. Thus far in our survey of N-nitrosamines, N-nitrosamides and N-nitrosamidines, only the nitrosamidines appear to be vulnerable to the cytosolic denitrosating activity. In an attempt to evaluate the importance of the glutathione-dependent reaction in the intact hamster, we have depleted glutathione by pretreatment with the commonly used agents diethyl maleate (DEM) and L-buthionine-S,R-sulfoximine (L-BSO). Nitroso compound was administered i.v. and the circulating blood levels of intact and denitrosated compound 5 min after dosing quantified. NC- and MNNG-derived methylation of organ DNA was also monitored. Pretreatment had no effect on the cytosolic denitrosating or CDNB-conjugating activities. L-BSO pretreatment had no apparent effect on the denitrosative metabolism of NC or MNNG. With DEM pretreatment we obtained clear indications of a decreased rate of denitrosation and observed a 10-fold increase in MNNG-derived liver DNA methylation. The differential effects of these pretreatments are taken as an indication that DEM-sensitive processes other than those requiring glutathione dominate N-nitrosamidine denitrosation in the hamster.

Animals↗