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PubMed1993

Suicide rates in Canada before and after tightening firearm control laws.

In Canada, Bill C-51 was implemented in 1977 to restrict the use of firearms, providing a good opportunity to study the effects of gun control laws in the use of firearms for suicide. The present study examined the use of guns for suicide during the period prior to the bill and during the period after the passing of Bill C-51 to assess the association of the bill with suicide rates. Analysis showed a significant decreasing trend after passage of Bill C-51 on the firearm suicide rate in Canada and the percentage of suicides using firearms. The analysis supports the position that restricting easy access to lethal methods of suicide may assist in reducing suicide.

Canada↗
PubMed1995

Time series analysis of improved quality of life in Canada: social change, collective consciousness, and the TM-Sidhi program.

Two replication studies test in Canada a field theory of the effect of consciousness on social change. The exogenous variable is the number of participants in the largest North American group practice of the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program, in Iowa. The first study indicated a significant reduction in violent deaths (homicide, suicide, and motor vehicle fatalities), using both time series intervention analysis and transfer function analysis methods, in weeks following change in the exogenous variable during the period 1983 to 1985. The second study, using time series intervention analysis, gave during and after intervention periods a significant improvement in quality of life on an index composed of the behavioral variables available on a monthly basis for Canada from 1972 to 1986-homicide, suicide, motor vehicle fatalities, cigarette consumption, and workers' days lost due to strikes. Implications of the findings for theory and social policy are noted briefly.

Canada↗
PubMed2004

Legalized gambling and crime in Canada.

In the 10 provinces and 2 territories of Canada in 2000, but not in 1990, the total number of types of gambling activities was positively associated with rates of robbery (p<.05). Controls for other social variables did not eliminate these associations. With so many correlations in the present study the likelihood of a Type I error was quite large. Alpha was adjusted to control that likelihood. Statistical analysis now required even stronger evidence before concluding that there were significant relationships between crime and gambling variables or among gambling variables. In the 10 provinces of Canada in 1999/2000, the total numbers of electronic gambling machines for each province was associated with rates of theft over $5000 (p<.01). In 1990 there were positive associations found for burglary with off-track betting and race/sportsbooks; motor vehicle theft with off-track betting, and race/sportsbooks; rate of theft with casinos; quarter horse racing with thoroughbred racing. In 2000 there were positive associations for robbery with casinos and slot machines; casinos with slot machines; scratch tickets with raffles, break-open tickets, sports tickets, and charitable bingo; raffles with break-open tickets, sports tickets, and charitable bingo; break-open tickets with sports tickets; charitable bingo with break-open tickets and sports tickets.

Canada↗
PubMed1979

Education and certification of biomedical engineers in Canada.

The education of biomedical engineers in Canada is discussed, with reference to the Canadian health care system and related industry. Information on specific educational programmes, with enrollment data, is presented. The paper concludes with brief comments on the certification of clinical engineers in Canada.

Biomedical Engineering↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A history of pediatric hematology/oncology in Canada.

In summary, the history of hematology/oncology in Canada is a varied one. Beginning in 1945 in hematology, it has gradually expanded to include oncology. The growth of this specialty has provided a high standard of medical care and free services to afflicted children and their families. A substantial amount of basic and clinical research is carried out in this field. A great deal of work remains to be done in Canada, as elsewhere, if the needs of all patients are to be met and the diseases afflicting them are to be adequately studied.

Canada↗
PubMed1995

Charles H. Best, the Canadian Red Cross Society, and Canada's first national blood donation program.

This article examines how Canada's first national blood donation program originated during World War II. It focuses on the genesis of Charles H. Best's serum project at the University of Toronto, and the federal government's decision in 1940 to sponsor it as the nation's most viable blood banking option. While Best's personal initiatives were crucial, his project's success was also a result of the larger scientific, political, and institutional circumstances of Canadian medicine. The article also analyzes why the federal government gave responsibility for blood collection to the Canadian Red Cross Society. It shows how the organization's traditional association with military medicine, its more recent involvement with community health services (including blood transfusion), and its flexible national structure suited it for this task. Moreover, Ottawa's willingness to assign this role to a volunteer agency was an indication of the structural deficiencies in Canada's primitive health-care system. The decisions of 1940 flowed from the immediate wartime pressures and individual initiatives. They reflected as well the deeper scientific, institutional, and cultural realities of the time.

Blood Banks↗
PubMed1995

Thomsonian medical books and the culture of dissent in Upper Canada.

Adherents to American lay healer Samuel Thomson's system of medicine have been viewed in Canada primarily as antagonists of mainstream medicine. Their publishing activities, however, reveal a wide reform impulse. As this discussion illustrates by considering publishers, printers, editors, and compilers of Thomsonian books in Upper Canada, most had links--real and temperamental--to Reform politics and to dissenting Protestant beliefs, especially Methodism. Their publications may thus be viewed as vehicles for social change in a British colony having a strong Tory alliance between church and state.

Canada↗
PubMed1996

[An iatrochemist in Lower Canada: François Blanchet and his Research on medicine, or application of chemistry in medicine].

Francois Blanchet holds a central place in the history of medicine in Lower Canada (now Quebec): a prime mover in the professionalization of French-Canadian physicians, Blanchet was also one of the first Canadians to have studied outside of Canada. While he was in New York, where he studied medicine at Columbia College, he published a book entitled Recherches sur la medecine ou application de la chimie a la medicine. The historiography of Canadian medicine frequently cites this book and presents it as one of the first Canadian medical publications but has not always explored its scientific content. This article therefore examines the medico-chemical aspects of Blanchet's work. Influenced by the Lavoisian revolution in chemistry, Blanchet elaborated a system where etiology and therapy rested on two new elements of nomenclature put forward by French chemists--oxygen and caloric. After examining Blanchet's iatrochemical system, this article compared Recherches sur la medecine with contemporaneous American and European publications in medicine which were themselves inspired by the pneumatic theory of French chemists.

Books↗
PubMed1997

Cruel knives? Vivisection and biomedical research in Victorian English Canada.

This discussion shows how the use of animals in biomedical research in Canada evolved during the latter half of the nineteenth century from simple demonstrations to more sophisticated series of experiments. More important, however, is the argument advanced that Anglo-Canadian society's response to vivisection and the use of animals in research centred on issues such as cruelty, exploitation, and broader notions of religion, power, and gender. This exploration of vivisection in Victorian Canada, then, reveals that it was, as elsewhere, a complex debate involving more than the use of animals for biomedical research purposes.

Animal Welfare↗
PubMed1998

[The long controversy over anti-tuberculosis vaccination in Canada: the Calmette-Guerin bacillus (BCG), 1925-1975].

The focus of this article is the history of Canada's reception of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), an anti-tuberculosis vaccine which has almost constantly been plagued with controversy. The article examines this vaccine NRCC sponsored introduction in 1925, which led to the creation of the Associate Committee on Tuberculosis Research, a committee almost unique for its acrimonious debates. It also analyzes the interests at stakes in the ultimate rejection of the BCG by the federal Department of Agriculture veterinary services and, with the exception of Quebec and Newfoundland, by almost all public health authorities in Canada. Based on sources never taped before, this paper sheds a light on the multiple ramifications of a little known episode of the Canadian public health history.

BCG Vaccine↗
PubMed2002

The rising generation: laying claim to the health of adolescents in English Canada, 1920-70.

During the opening years of "Canada's Century," adolescents came to constitute a "youth problem," another of the often-overlapping "social problems" of the day. Medical doctors formed a significant cohort among those authorized to identify such potential threats to the national health, in its every sense. As they successfully professionalized, modernized, and took the reins of a burgeoning child welfare movement, doctors became increasingly interested in adolescents. This essay considers the medicalization of adolescence in English Canada between 1920 and 1970. During this half-century, doctors and other "experts" shaped and shared approaches to the all-encompassing "health" of the young, in collectively theorizing a modern adolescence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Treaties and tuberculosis: First Nations people in late 19th-century western Canada, a political and economic transformation.

This paper examines the explosion of tuberculosis infections among First Nations communities of western Canada during the critical period from Canada's acquisition of the Northwest to the early 1880s. In the early 1870s, the disease was relatively rare among the indigenous population of the plains. Within a few years, the situation changed dramatically. By the early 1880s, TB was widely recognized to be the primary cause of morbidity and mortality among First Nations populations. Rather than direct infection from the burgeoning European population in the region, the explosion of the disease was caused by sudden ecological, economic, and political changes in the west that were primarily the result of the imposition of Canadian hegemony.

Canada↗
PubMed2006

Zoological medicine education in Canada: options and opportunities.

Canada has four veterinary schools, from which approximately 325 veterinarians graduate each year. Curricular offerings in zoological medicine consist of limited core material and a variety of internal and external electives pursued by students with particular interests. Several electives are offered jointly by and rotate among the existing schools. All schools offer graduate programs that encompass some aspects of zoological medicine. A fifth veterinary school, expected to open in 2007, will have a stronger focus on ecosystem health and zoological medicine. In Canada, the most effective method of increasing educational opportunities in zoological medicine is likely through enhanced collaboration among the five schools. Employment opportunities exist in private veterinary practice and at universities, research establishments, provincial or federal governments, and zoological gardens and safari parks. Increasing recognition of the importance of ecosystem health and of the relevance of wildlife diseases to public and domestic animal health will likely result in additional opportunities for veterinarians with an interest in and knowledge of zoological medicine.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

1951 influenza epidemic, England and Wales, Canada, and the United States.

Influenza poses a continuing public health threat in epidemic and pandemic seasons. The 1951 influenza epidemic (A/H1N1) caused an unusually high death toll in England; in particular, weekly deaths in Liverpool even surpassed those of the 1918 pandemic. We further quantified the death rate of the 1951 epidemic in 3 countries. In England and Canada, we found that excess death rates from pneumonia and influenza and all causes were substantially higher for the 1951 epidemic than for the 1957 and 1968 pandemics (by > or =50%). The age-specific pattern of deaths in 1951 was consistent with that of other interpandemic seasons; no age shift to younger age groups, reminiscent of pandemics, occurred in the death rate. In contrast to England and Canada, the 1951 epidemic was not particularly severe in the United States. Why this epidemic was so severe in some areas but not others remains unknown and highlights major gaps in our understanding of interpandemic influenza.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

A dual infection of infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) virus and a togavirus-like virus in ISA of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in New Brunswick, Canada.

Two viruses, infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) virus and a novel togavirus-like virus, were isolated from ISA disease outbreaks that were first reported as a new syndrome, haemorrhagic kidney syndrome (HKS) affecting farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. on the East coast of Canada. Laboratory confirmation of ISA diagnosis was initially complicated by isolation of only the togavirus-like agent using the CHSE-214 cell line. Here we demonstrate that a clinical sample from a disease outbreak of ISA contained a mixture of ISA virus and togavirus-like virus. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) confirmed the presence of both viruses during serial passage of cultures in SHK-1 and CHSE-214 cells. Virus harvested at passage level 3 in both cell lines caused high mortalities and severe gross pathology consistent with ISA virus infection in experimentally inoculated Atlantic salmon parr (approximately 35 g) in freshwater, beginning 12 d post inoculation. ISA virus was detected by virus isolation from kidney and liver tissues of all dead or moribund fish tested. A comparison of virus isolation, 1-step procedure RT-PCR and RNA dot-blot hybridization for detection of ISA virus (ISAV) in fish tissues showed virus isolation to have 100% sensitivity, followed by RT-PCR (66 and 28% sensitivity in kidney and liver, respectively), with RNA dot-blot hybridization as the least sensitive method (20 and 10% sensitivity in kidney and liver, respectively). No togavirus-like virus was detected in these samples by virus isolation. Moreover, another togavirus-like virus isolate grown in CHSE-214 cells in the absence of any other detectable pathogen was non-pathogenic in experimentally inoculated fish. This study confirms that the original ISA outbreaks in New Brunswick, Canada, were caused solely by ISAV.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Traditional and market food access in Arctic Canada is affected by economic factors.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the access that Indigenous women have to traditional and market foods in 44 communities across Arctic Canada. STUDY DESIGN: This secondary data analysis used a cross-sectional survey of 1771 Yukon First Nations, Dene/Métis and Inuit women stratified by age. METHODS: Socio-cultural questionnaires were used to investigate food access and chi-square testing was used to ascertain the distribution of subject responses by age and region. RESULTS: There was considerable regional variation in the ability to afford adequate food, with between 40% and 70% saying they could afford enough food. Similarly, regional variation was reflected in the percentage of the population who could afford, or had access to, hunting or fishing equipment. Up to 50% of the responses indicated inadequate access to fishing and hunting equipment, and up to 46% of participants said they could not afford to go hunting or fishing. CONCLUSIONS: Affordability of market food and accessibility to hunting and fishing in Arctic Canada were major barriers to Indigenous women's food security.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

[A century of French immigration to Canada (1881-1980)].

French immigration to Canada from 1881 to 1980 is examined. It is noted that "in one century, about 144,000 Frenchmen emigrated to Canada. The movement, which was very limited until 1900, spread until 1914, collapsed between 1914 and 1945 and then soared after the Second World War. Until 1914 Frenchmen went mainly to the West; since 1945 they have gone principally to Quebec." The history of Canadian immigration policy during the past century is also reviewed (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)

Americas↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Driving evaluation practices of clinicians working in the United States and Canada.

OBJECTIVE: To determine off-road and on-road driving evaluation practices of clinicians in the United States and Canada who assess individuals with disabilities for fitness to drive. PARTICIPANTS: Participants were 114 clinician attendees at the 2003 annual Association of Driver Educators for the Disabled with driving assessment experience ranging from 1 month to 25 years. MEASURES: Information was elicited regarding the clinician, clientele, referral practices, and off-road and on-road driving evaluation practices and retraining practices using a self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: Participants were largely occupational therapists (68%) who worked in 42 different states and provinces. The most prevalent clientele were persons with traumatic brain injury (97%) and stroke (96%). Testing times greater than 60 min were common for both the off-road (61%) and on-road (49%) evaluations. Commonly performed off-road assessments included the Brake Reaction Timer; Trail Making Test, Parts A and B; and the Motor Free Visual Perception Test, used by 73%, 72%, and 66%, respectively; comprehensive computer-based driving evaluation was rare. Sixty-one percent indicated that all clients underwent on-road evaluation regardless of the off-road results. Finally, 78% used a standard driving route, whereas 24% used a scoring system to evaluate on-road driving. CONCLUSION: Driving assessment in Canada and the United States is multidimensional and time-intensive. Although the domains being assessed are similar across clincians, specific off-road and on-road assessment practices vary greatly. The majority use nonstandardized on-road assessments.

Automobile Driver Examination↗