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PubMed2004

Enhanced reduction and determination of trace thyroxine at carbon paste electrode in the presence of trace cetyltrimethylammonium bromide.

The electrochemical response of thyroxine (T4) at a carbon paste electrode (CPE) in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) was investigated. It gave a well-defined oxidation peak at 0.80 V and a sensitive reduction peak at 0.40 V. Compared with the indiscernible signal in the absence of CTAB, the reduction current of T4 at CPE was greatly enhanced in the presence of CTAB, due to the interactions between T4, CTAB and the hydrophobic electrode surface. The electrode process of T4 was explored by cyclic voltammetry and chronocoulometry. The effect of surfactants on the reduction reaction proved that bromide ions (Br(-)) in CTAB might form special ion complexes with T4 via a special interaction with the iodine atoms on T4, which would activate the reduction of T4. The sensitive and selective reduction of T4 in this system was applied to the determination of T4 in drugs; a detection limit of 6.5 x 10(-9) M was obtained (sigma= 3).

Bromides↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Visualizing bromide and iodide water tracer in soil profiles by spray methods.

In this study we developed and tested a spray method to visualize bromide water tracer in soil profiles. The method is based on the transformation reaction of a white precipitate into a colored one (Prussian blue) in the presence of Br-. After application of water containing bromide (0.2-0.4% wt.), a soil profile is dug out from the irrigated area and sprayed with a Br- indication suspension containing ferric ion and silver ferrocyanide precipitate. About two hours later, the pattern of irrigation water movement in the soil profile appears due to the formation of Prussian blue complex. We describe the method and demonstrate its use in a field experiment to visualize water flow paths. Since this method might be subject to possible interference from Cl-, a newly designed method with iodide ion as a water tracer and its indication solution containing soluble starch and ferric ion is also presented and recommended for use in soils with high chloride background.

Bromides↗
PubMed2001

Pyridostigmine bromide and the long-term subjective health status of a sample of female reserve component Gulf War veterans: a brief report.

The role of pyridostigmine bromide (PB) pills in explaining the long-term subjective health status of a sample of over 100 female Reserve Component Gulf War veterans was examined through regression analysis. Results fell just short of significance (p < .06) for the prediction of subjective health approximately six years after the war and were clearly not significant for the prediction of subjective health at previous times. Results parallel Golomb's 1999 RAND report, which found suggestive but not conclusive evidence for the possible adverse effects of Gulf War veterans' consumption of pyridostigmine bromide pills. Our data suggest that use of more than 10 pills may have been especially risky with respect to long-term subjective health.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Pyridostigmine bromide and the long-term subjective health status of a sample of over 700 male Reserve Component Gulf War era veterans.

Data from a 1996-1997 survey of approximately 700 Reserve Component male veterans indicate that the consumption of pyridostigmine bromide pills, used as a pretreatment for potential exposure to the nerve agent Soman, was a significant predictor of declines in reported subjective health status after the war, even after controlling for a number of other possible factors. Reported reactions to vaccines and other medications also predicted declines in subjective health. While higher military rank generally predicted better health during and after the war, educational attainment, minority status, number of days in theater, and age generally did not predict changes in subjective health. Although servicemembers were directed to take three pills a day, veterans reported a range of compliance--less than a fourth (24%) followed the medical instructions compared to 61% who took fewer than three pills daily and 6% who took six or more pills a day. Implications for use of pyridostigmine bromide are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

A randomized study comparing glucagon and hyoscine N-butyl bromide before endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.

BACKGROUND: This study tried to resolve whether glucagon is a better premedication for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). METHODS: We first measured the basal blood sugar and amylase levels. Then an endoscope was placed in the duodenum without premedication, and basal pulse and duodenal peristaltic rates were measured. ERCP began after studied subjects were randomly premedicated with either 1 mg glucagon (n = 38) or 40 mg hyoscine N-butyl bromide (n = 36) intravenously. Ten minutes later the variables were measured again. RESULTS: Glucagon elicited hyperglycemia whereas hyoscine N-butyl bromide manifested an anticholinergic effect. No difference was found between these two groups with regard to the necessary interval for ERCP (20.6 +/- 14.1 min versus 21.4 +/- 14.7 min; NS) or the success rate for cholangiopancreatography (92.1% versus 91.7%; NS). Neither hyperamylasemia nor pancreatitis was preventable when glucagon was used. CONCLUSIONS: The two premedications appear equally effective in the performance of ERCP.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

Cyanogen bromide fragments of bovine interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein induce experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis in Lewis rats.

Interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP), a retinal specific antigen, induces experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU) when injected into Lewis rats. Here we report that certain cyanogen bromide fragments of IRBP are capable of inducing EAU. Bovine IRBP, reduced and S-carboxymethylated, was subjected to cyanogen bromide cleavage. This CNBr digest was subjected to reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Three fragments were purified to apparent homogeneity. These three fragments were subjected to gas-phase amino-terminal sequencing analysis. All three yielded single sequences, confirming their purity. On the basis of this amino-terminal sequencing and sequencing of cDNAs encoding bovine IRBP, two of these sequences, named CB-58 and CB-71, were localized to the C-terminal one-third of the IRBP molecule, whereas the third, a subfragment thought to result from cleavage at a tryptophan residue and named CB-47, was localized to the N-terminal one third of the protein. CB-71 and CB-47 shared a strong homology, suggesting a putative internal gene duplication event in the evolution of IRBP. All three of these fragments when injected into Lewis rats caused moderately severe EAU with early onset at relatively low doses. The histopathologic changes induced were indistinguishable from those caused by the intact protein. It would seem, therefore, that bovine IRBP contains multiple uveitogenic sites.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1983

Effects of age and diabetes mellitus on cyanogen bromide digestion of human dura mater collagen.

To extend previous studies on the apparent acceleration of collagen aging in diabetes mellitus, dura collagen from human adults of different ages, with and without diabetes, was processed to yield soluble and insoluble fractions. Insoluble fractions were cleaved by cyanogen bromide. Release of peptides from insoluble collagen by cyanogen bromide decreased markedly with age and was much less from the collagen of diabetics than from nondiabetics of similar ages. The acrylamide gel profiles of peptides released were similar, but not identical, for samples of different ages and for samples from diabetics. It was concluded that age-dependent and diabetes-dependent cross-linking was widespread throughout helical regions of collagen molecules and that collagen throughout the body is altered in diabetes. Analyses of fragments of insoluble collagen are required to gain information on the chemistry of the cross-links that form with aging and diabetes.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Chemical studies of tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA). II. Partial amino acid sequences of cyanogen bromide fragments of TPA subunit B1.

A subunit (designated B1) of the tumor associated peptide "Tissue Polypeptide Antigen" (TPA) has been cleaved by cyanogen bromide. Some of the fragments contained TPA-activity (as measured by a standardized hemagglutination inhibition method). The fragments have been separated, and partial amino acid sequences have been determined for some of the fragments. A method for purification of the most active fragment (designated BrCN:C) has been worked out from cleavage products obtained by cleavage with cyanogen bromide of "Washed Tissue Powder". By this method fragment BrCN:C has been isolated from a pool of placentae and a pool or carcinoma tumors, and the amino acid sequences of more than 50 amino acids from the N-terminus have been determined. Fragment BrCN:C has been demonstrated from three different sources, which indicates the presence of a common part in subunit B1 independent of source.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1976

Circular dichroism studies on DNA condensed in NaCl cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide solutions.

It is shown by means of circular dichroism studies of variously condensed forms of DNA that the specific supramolecular structure of DNA determines the type of CD spectra. DNA, condensed (crystallized) slowly in the presence of cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide yields a spectrum very similar to that of DNA in solution in the B-form. The condensates appear in the phase-contrast microscope as spherulitic crystallites. Rapidly condensed DNA in the presence of cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide shows a spectrum of the psi-type with large negative ellipticites. The influence of condensation velocity upon the supramolecular structure of DNA gives evidence that the various condensation forms of DNA are not thermodynamical equilibrium conformations.

Bromides↗
PubMed1978

[Rule of antibody structure: the primary structure of a human monoclonal IgA1-immunoglobulin (myeloma protein Tro), II. Cleavage of the monomer IgA-molecule and the reduced and alkylated H- and L-chains by cyanogen bromide (author's transl)].

The monomer of myeloma protein Tro as well as the reduced and alkylated H- and L-chains were cleaved by cyanogen bromide. All cyanogen-bromide fragments were isolated and characterized by amino acid analyses, end-group and molecular weight determinations. The 4 smaller fragments of the 5 H-chain fragments were split with trypsin. The peptides were isolated and their primary structure was determined.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1979

The primary structure of Lactobacillus casei thymidylate synthetase. I. The isolation of cyanogen bromide peptides 1 through 5 and the complete amino acid sequence of CNBr 1, 2, 3, and 5.

Thymidylate synthetase from Lactobacillus casei was S-carboxymethylated and degraded by treatment with cyanogen bromide. Although the protein contains 6 methionine residues, only 5 cyanogen bromide peptides were obtained due to the presence of 1 methionine on the NH2 terminus and another adjacent to a threonine residue which was resistant to cleavage. The peptides were isolated by differential extraction, first with ammonium acetate, then pyridine acetate, and finally the residue was solubilized with 50% acetic acid. Each peptide was further purified to homogeneity by Bio-Gel chromatography. The size of the peptides from the amino to carboxyl end of the enzyme subunit was CNBr 1, 4,100; CNBr 2, 10,300; CNBr 3, 8,100; CNBr 4, 11,800; CNBr 5, 2,200. The sum of the amino acid residues of the peptides is equal to the sum of the residues in an enzyme subunit, indicating that all of the CNBr peptides have been isolated. The CNBr-resistant methionine was located in CNBr 2 and the 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine 5'-monophosphate binding site in CNBr 4. The holoenzyme molecular weight, based on the residue weights of the amino acids in the two equivalent subunits, is equal to 73,176. The complete sequence of each of the CNBr peptides, except for CNBr 4, which is presented in the following paper, is described.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1975

Amino acid sequence of beta-galactosidase. IV. Sequence of an alpha-complementing cyanogen bromide peptide, residues 3 to 92.

Intracistronic alpha-complementation between a cyanogen bromide digest of beta-galactosidase and an extract of the lac Zminus operator-proximal deletion mutant M15 was used to monitor the purification of a cyanogen bromide peptide (CB2) responsible for the complementation. Key steps in the purification were ion exchange chromatography on carboxymethylcellulose and sulfopropyl-Sephadex in the presence of urea, and Sephadex gel filtration. CB2 contains residues 3 to 92 of beta-galactosidase. Its sequence is: Ile-Thr-Asp-Ser-Leu-Ala-Val-Val-Leu-Gln-Arg-Arg-Asp-Trp-Glu-Asn-Pro-Gly-Val-Thr-Gln-Leu-Asn-Arg-Leu-Ala-Ala-His-Pro-Pro-Phe-Ala-Ser-Trp-Arg-Asn-Ser-Glu-Glu-Ala-Arg-Thr-Asp-Arg-Pro-Ser-Gln-Gln-Leu-Arg-Ser-Leu-Asn-Gly-Glu-Trp-Arg-Phe-Ala-Trp-Phe-Pro-Ala-Pro-Glu-Ala-Val-Pro-Glu-Ser-Trp-Leu-Glu-Cys-Asp-Leu-Pro-Glu-Ala-Asp-Thr-Val-Val-Val-Pro-Ser-Asn-Trp-Gln-Met. Thus no more than 1/13 of the beta-galactosidase polypeptide chain, starting 2 residues from the NH2 terminus, is necessary for alpha-complementation with M15 as alpha-acceptor.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The adult respiratory distress syndrome and pancuronium bromide.

The institution and maintenance of artificial ventilation for a patient with the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is frequently difficult because the hypoxic patient is often confused, agitated, or combative. Pancuronium bromide, a recently introduced neuromuscular blocking agent, was used to facilitate artificial ventilation in 6 patients with ARDS. As compared with morphine sulfate and diazepam, pancuronium bromide has fewer cardiovascular and central-nervous system effects. It also has fewer cardiovascular effects than does curare, and its prolonged administration does not lead to a desensitization neuromuscular block as is seen with succinylcholine. However, continuous high-quality nursing care is necessary if this drug is used.

Abdominal Injuries↗
PubMed2002

[Behavior of serum IgE and IgA in patients with allergic rhinitis treated with iodine bromide thermal water].

The aim of this study was to test the effects of the iodine bromide water of the thermal baths of Salsomaggiore on patients suffering from specific nonseasonal rhinitis (Dermatophagoides Farinae and Dermatophagoides Pteronyssinus). The patients, 80 in all, were divided in two groups (group A and group B). All of the patients underwent rhinoscopic examination, anterior rhinomanometry, prick test, rast screening, total IgE assay together with that of the other immunoglobulins (IgA, IgM, IgG), mucociliary clearance evaluation and were asked to evaluate their degree of nasal obstruction, before and after 30 days of treatment. Group A carried out the experiment by applying endonasal Acqua Sal spray seven times a day for 30 days; group B used oily drops for the same time and with the same frequency. At the end of the trial period, the patients in group A showed a 100% improvement in their subjective perception of their symptomatology, in comparison with a 33% improvement in the control group. A characteristic decrease in the IgE and increase in the IgA was observed in the serum of the patients who had been treated with Acqua Sal spray. Iodine bromide water has a general and local anti-inflammatory effect, which is also due to the activation of the corticosurrenal system (with a relative increase in cortisol). The cleansing action of hypertonic water in the nasal cavities must also be cited, as it minimizes contact between the mucosa and allergens.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Primary structure of streptococcal proteinase. I Isolation, composition, and amino acid sequences of the tryptic and chymotryptic peptides of cyanogen bromide fragments 1 to 4.

Tryptic and chymotroptic peptides were isolated and characterized from cyanogen bromide fragments 1 to 4 of streptococcal proteinase and subjected to sequence analysis by the Edman degradation, carboxy-peptidase digestion, and hydrolytic regeneration of the amino acid residues from the phenylthiocarbamyl derivatives. The results, together with the sequence data of the cyanogen bromide fragment 5 reported in the accompanying papers, provide the structural formula of streptococcal proteinase.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1976

Primary structure of streptococcal proteinase. II. Isolation, composition, and amino acid sequences of the tryptic and chymotryptic peptides of cyanogen bromide fragment 5.

The amino acid sequence of the cyanogen bromide fragment 5 of streptococcal proteinase has been determined. This fragment comprises residues 130 to 253 of the proteinase chain. Six tryptic peptides were isolated from maleylated cyanogen bromide fragment 5, and their alignment was obtained by the overlap of chymotryptic peptides. Sequence analysis of tryptic, chymotryptic, and thermolysin peptides was performed by the 5-deimethylaminoaphthalene-1-sulfonyl technique and carboxypeptidases digestion.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Germanium dioxide as internal standard for simplified trace determination of bromate, bromide, iodate and iodide by on-line coupling ion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.

The use of elemental mass spectrometry as detection for ion chromatography allows sensitive determination of several bromine and iodine species at a reasonable time scale. Lowest concentrations observable are 66 ng L(-1) for bromate, 45 ng L(-1) for iodate, 74 ng L(-1) for bromide and 151 ng L(-1) for iodide. A major drawback of previous IC-ICP-MS applications is the high consumption of time and thus the running costs. The use of GeO2 as internal standard not only allows improved external calibration, but also semiquantitative determination of bromate, bromide, iodate and iodide without any calibration procedure. Furthermore, GeO2 can be used for all known types of anion exchange columns regardless of their construction principles. It is shown, that the analyte-to-GeO2 ratio of four bromine and iodine species was nearly constant over 4 months and almost independent from the ICP-MS instrumental settings. The quantification by means of the analyte-to-GeO2 ratio for samples taken from a bromate round robin test shows that the values obtained are in excellent agreement with calibration curve and isotope dilution results.

Bromates↗