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PubMed1992

Meteorological observations at Hiroshima on days with weather similar to that of the atomic bombing.

An attempt to explain discrepancies between measured neutron-induced radioactivities (i.e., 152Eu, 60Co) and calculated yields based on the Dosimetry System 1986 was made by considering moist air densities at different altitudes over Hiroshima, Japan. The investigation checked the validity of moist air density estimates used in the Dosimetry System 1986 computer codes. Meteorological observations were conducted to obtain atmospheric temperature and pressure profiles for the Hiroshima area. By coupling these observations with surface measurements taken on 6 August 1945 at Ebayama Park (3.6 km from the hypocenter), estimates of temperature, pressure, and humidity at the time of detonation were derived. This allowed the calculation of densities for dry air, moist air, and water vapor. The results proved similar to the Dosimetry System 1986 estimates. Water vapor density calculations showed the largest difference (at most 7%). These results imply that the 152Eu yield contradiction in the Dosimetry System 1986 calculations vs. real measurements for large ground distances (> 900 m) is not the result of an erroneous estimate of moist air density in Hiroshima.

Cobalt Radioisotopes↗
PubMed2000

Accelerator mass spectrometry of 63Ni at the Munich Tandem Laboratory for estimating fast neutron fluences from the Hiroshima atomic bomb.

After the release of the present dosimetry system DS86 in 1987, measurements have shown that DS86 may substantially underestimate thermal neutron fluences at large distances (>1,000 m) from the hypocenter in Hiroshima. This discrepancy casts doubts on the DS86 neutron source term and, consequently, the survivors' estimated neutron doses. However, the doses were caused mainly by fast neutrons. To determine retrospectively fast neutron fluences in Hiroshima, the reaction 63Cu(n, p)63Ni can be used, if adequate copper samples can be found. Measuring 63Ni (half life 100 y) in Hiroshima samples requires a very sensitive technique, such as accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), because of the relatively small amounts of 63Ni expected (approximately 10(5)-10(6) atoms per gram of copper). Experiments performed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory have demonstrated in 1996 that AMS can be used to measure 63Ni in Hiroshima copper samples. Subsequently, a collaboration was established with the Technical University of Munich in view of its potential to perform more sensitive measurements of 63Ni than the Livermore facility and in the interest of interlaboratory validation. This paper presents the progress made at the Munich facility in the measurement of 63Ni by AMS. The Munich accelerator mass spectrometry facility is a combination of a high energy tandem accelerator and a detection system featuring a gas-filled magnet. It is designed for high sensitivity measurements of long-lived radioisotopes. Optimization of the ion source setup has further improved the sensitivity for 63Ni by reducing the background level of the 63Cu isobar interference by about two orders of magnitude. Current background levels correspond to a ratio of 63Ni/Ni<2x10(-14) and suggest that, with adequate copper samples, the assessment of fast neutron fluences in Hiroshima and Nagasaki is possible for ground distances of up to 1500 m, and--under favorable conditions--even beyond. To demonstrate this capability, we have measured successfully 6Ni/Ni ratios as low as (3.5 +/- 0.6) x 10(-13). The latter are, based on DS86, representative of a ratio expected from a typical Hiroshima copper sample at about 1,300-m ground range.

Body Burden↗
PubMed2006

Biological foreign body implantation in victims of the London July 7th suicide bombings.

On the morning of July 7, 2005, a co-ordinated attack by suicide bombers on the London public transport system resulted in four explosions at densely packed civilian targets. Of the victims of these attacks, 194 were treated at the Royal London Hospital, where among the most severely injured an unusual pattern of injury was seen. Bone fragments from other victims (or possible the bomber) were found embedded as biological foreign bodies within the soft tissues of several patients. We present case reports of five of these patients, and discuss problems arising from the management of their injuries. Allogenic bony foreign bodies, rarely reported in the medical literature, present unusual problems in their management, in particular the risk of transmitting blood borne diseases, which should be anticipated and addressed in a hospital's major incident planning.

Adult↗