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PubMed1997

Persistence of the dominant follicle during melengestrol acetate administration and its regression by exogenous estrogen treatment in beef cattle.

Experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that estrogen treatment will regress a persistent dominant follicle developed during melengestrol acetate (MGA) treatment in the absence of a functional corpus luteum (CL) with normal fertility following development and ovulation of a newly recruited follicle. In Exp. 1, nonlactating beef cows (n = 31) were administered .5 mg.cow-1.d-1 of MGA (d 0) for 14 d with 25 mg of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) administered on d 6 and 8 to regress the CL. On d 11 of treatment, approximately half the MGA-treated cows received 5 mg of estradiol valerate (EV) i.m. (MGAEV, n = 14) and the remainder were maintained on MGA (n = 17). Ovaries were checked with ultrasound on d 8, 10, 12, and 14 of MGA treatment and every day until ovulation. A persistent dominant follicle developed in 90% of the MGA-treated cows by d 10 of treatment. Most of the MGA-treated cows ovulated the persistent dominant follicle (n = 13/17), whereas EV treatment regressed the persistent dominant follicle (n = 10/14) with the recruitment of a new follicle that ovulated (n = 8/10). Diameter of the ovulatory follicle was larger (P < .05) for the MGA (19.8 +/- .6 mm) than for the control (15.1 +/- .8 mm) and MGAEV (14.8 +/- .7 mm) cows. In Exp. 2, nonlactating, multiparous beef cows (n = 97) and yearling heifers (n = 38) were equally allotted to either a control, MGA alone, or MGA + estradiol-17 beta (MGAE) group with the same dose of MGA as administered in Exp. 1. The 1st d of MGA feeding was the 1st d of treatment. On d 10 of treatment half the MGA-treated animals were injected i.m. with 5 mg of estradiol-17 beta. In controls, behavioral estrus was detected and animals were artificially inseminated (AI) for 5 d (d 10 to 14 of experiment). All controls not exhibiting estrus by d 15 of experiment were injected with 25 mg of PGF2 alpha. The remaining controls and all MGA cows were observed for behavioral estrus and AI commenced for 7 d following withdrawal of MGA (d 15 to 21 of experiment). More (P < .05) controls (90.3%) than MGA (84.8%) or MGAE (63.6%) cows showed estrus within 7 d after MGA withdrawal. The percentage of animals conceiving to the synchronized estrus did not differ (P > .05) among treatments. The data support our hypothesis that a persistent dominant follicle developed and can be regressed with exogenous estrogen treatment followed by the recruitment and ovulation of a new follicle after MGA withdrawal and fertility of that estrus does not seem to be significantly compromised.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Prenatal stress has long-term effects on behavioral responses to stress in juvenile rhesus monkeys.

The effect of maternal psychological disturbance during pregnancy on postnatal responses of the offspring to stressful events was investigated in juvenile rhesus monkeys. Six pregnant monkeys were repeatedly removed from their home cages and briefly exposed to unpredictable noise during mid to late gestation (Days 90-145 postconception). Six undisturbed pregnant mothers served as controls. Behavioral data were later collected from the 18-month-old offspring under a baseline and four progressively stressful conditions. Social behaviors were considerably more affected by prenatal treatment than nonsocial behaviors. Prenatally stressed offspring showed more abnormal social behavior (mutual clinging) and less normal social behavior (proximity, contact) than controls. These results suggest that offspring of mothers stressed during pregnancy may show enhanced responsivity to stressors later in life, and concur with rodent findings indicating that prenatal stress may have long-term effects on behavioral reactivity.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Voltage-dependent Na+/K+ ion channel blockade fails to ameliorate behavioral deficits after traumatic brain injury in the rat.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) induces massive, transient ion flux, after impact. This may be via agonist gated channels, such as the muscarinic, cholinergic or NMDA receptor, or via voltage-dependent channels. Pharmacological blockade of the former, is neuroprotective in most TBI models, but the role of voltage-dependent Na+/K+ channels has not been tested. We have therefore tested the hypothesis that intraventricular tetrodotoxin (TTX) (20 microliters, 5 mM) induced blockade of post-TBI ion flux will prevent cytotoxic cell swelling, Na+ and K+ flux, and behavioral deficit. Microdialysis demonstrated blockade of [K+]d flux in the TTX group compared to controls. Behavioral evaluation of motor (days 1-5) and memory function (days 11-15) after TBI revealed no beneficial effect in the TTX group compared to controls. Thus, although evidence of reduced ionic flux was demonstrated in the TTX group, memory and behavior were unaffected, suggesting that agonist-operated channel-mediated ion flux is more important after TBI.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Bilateral control and interhemispheric coordination in the avian song motor system.

Birdsong is a complex learned motor behavior controlled by an interconnected network of vocal control nuclei that are present in both cerebral hemispheres. Unilateral lesions of song nuclei in the left or the right hemisphere result in different effects on song structure, suggesting that normal song output results from the activation of two parallel but functionally different motor pathways. Because each syringeal half is innervated primarily by ipsilateral motor structures and activity in both halves is tightly coordinated during singing, motor commands originating from both hemispheres must be tightly coordinated to produce the appropriate vocal output. This coordination occurs despite the absence of direct interhemispheric connections between song control nuclei. In this article, we discuss how motor commands in nucleus HVC, a key forebrain song control region, are coordinated by precisely timed inputs that act to synchronize premotor activity in both hemispheres. Synchronizing inputs are tightly linked to syllable and note onset, which suggests that bilaterally organized circuits in the midbrain or brainstem act in specifying higher-order song features, such as duration, order, and possibly even structure of individual song syllables. The challenge ahead lies in identifying the networks that generate the synchronizing timing inputs and to determine how these inputs specify the motor commands in HVC. Resolving these issues will help us gain a better understanding of how pattern-generating networks in the midbrain/brainstem interface with forebrain circuits to produce complex learned behaviors.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

An automated system for measuring parameters of nematode sinusoidal movement.

BACKGROUND: Nematode sinusoidal movement has been used as a phenotype in many studies of C. elegans development, behavior and physiology. A thorough understanding of the ways in which genes control these aspects of biology depends, in part, on the accuracy of phenotypic analysis. While worms that move poorly are relatively easy to describe, description of hyperactive movement and movement modulation presents more of a challenge. An enhanced capability to analyze all the complexities of nematode movement will thus help our understanding of how genes control behavior. RESULTS: We have developed a user-friendly system to analyze nematode movement in an automated and quantitative manner. In this system nematodes are automatically recognized and a computer-controlled microscope stage ensures that the nematode is kept within the camera field of view while video images from the camera are stored on videotape. In a second step, the images from the videotapes are processed to recognize the worm and to extract its changing position and posture over time. From this information, a variety of movement parameters are calculated. These parameters include the velocity of the worm's centroid, the velocity of the worm along its track, the extent and frequency of body bending, the amplitude and wavelength of the sinusoidal movement, and the propagation of the contraction wave along the body. The length of the worm is also determined and used to normalize the amplitude and wavelength measurements. To demonstrate the utility of this system, we report here a comparison of movement parameters for a small set of mutants affecting the Go/Gq mediated signaling network that controls acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction. The system allows comparison of distinct genotypes that affect movement similarly (activation of Gq-alpha versus loss of Go-alpha function), as well as of different mutant alleles at a single locus (null and dominant negative alleles of the goa-1 gene, which encodes Go-alpha). We also demonstrate the use of this system for analyzing the effects of toxic agents. Concentration-response curves for the toxicants arsenite and aldicarb, both of which affect motility, were determined for wild-type and several mutant strains, identifying P-glycoprotein mutants as not significantly more sensitive to either compound, while cat-4 mutants are more sensitive to arsenite but not aldicarb. CONCLUSIONS: Automated analysis of nematode movement facilitates a broad spectrum of experiments. Detailed genetic analysis of multiple alleles and of distinct genes in a regulatory network is now possible. These studies will facilitate quantitative modeling of C. elegans movement, as well as a comparison of gene function. Concentration-response curves will allow rigorous analysis of toxic agents as well as of pharmacological agents. This type of system thus represents a powerful analytical tool that can be readily coupled with the molecular genetics of nematodes.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1999

Stage of change as a predictor of success in weight control in adult women.

Weight change over 3 years was examined in a large and heterogeneous sample of women as a function of stage of change for weight control. Women were classified into Precontemplation, Contemplation, Preparation, and Action stages on the basis of reports of current and past weight control behaviors and future intentions. Stage of change did not predict success in weight control. Mean weight changes over 3 years were 1.1 kg, 1.0 kg, 2.1 kg, and 2.3 kg for Precontemplation, Contemplation, Preparation, and Action stages, respectively. The findings call into question the generality of the stages-of-change classification system across behavioral domains.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Intracerebral transplantation of testis-derived sertoli cells promotes functional recovery in female rats with 6-hydroxydopamine-induced hemiparkinsonism.

Recently, we demonstrated amelioration of behavioral deficits associated with 6-hydroxydopamine-induced hemiparkinsonism by transplanting rat testis-derived Sertoli cells into adult male rat brains. In the present study, we used adult female hemiparkinsonian rats to investigate whether the beneficial effects of transplantation of Sertoli cells may be differentially affected by gender of the animal transplant recipient. At 1 month posttransplantation, animals transplanted with Sertoli cells showed functional recovery as revealed by significant reductions in apomorphine-induced rotational behavior and asymmetrical elevated body swing behavior. Control animals that received medium alone did not display any visible behavioral recovery. These results suggest that transplantation of Sertoli cells is not male hormone-dependent and further support the use of these cells as a graft source for Parkinson's disease and other neurological disorders.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Relation of maternal responsiveness during infancy to the development of behavior problems in high-risk youths.

Although problematic parenting has been consistently associated with behavior problems in youths, prospective links between early parenting and childhood behavior problems are less well established. This study examined the association of maternal responsiveness (MRes) during infancy and behavior problems in middle childhood (N = 77). MRes was significantly associated with disruptive behavior problems but was unrelated to attention problems. Absence of MRes during infancy increased the risk of disruptive behavior problems in middle childhood, even with concurrent parenting and established risk factors for disruptive behavior controlled. MRes also interacted with concurrent family risk to predict disruptive behavior symptoms. These findings underscore the importance of early parenting for developmental pathways to disruptive behavior disorders in high-risk youths. The identification of a relatively modifiable early risk factor for disruptive behavior problems has important implications for prevention.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed1989

Behavioral strategies for weight reduction in obese type II diabetic patients.

This article reviews strategies that have been shown to be helpful in the treatment of obesity and are applicable to obese type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients. Emphasis is placed on the use of behavior modification strategies, including careful description of the behavior to be changed, setting of goals for new behavior, and procedures for modifying the environmental cues and reinforcers that control behavior. It is recommended that weight-loss programs for obese diabetic patients include intensive long-term contact with the patient, therapists with training in behavior modification, and a multifaceted intervention involving behavior modification, diet, and exercise.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1996

Touch-plate and statolith formation in graviceptors of ephyrae which developed while weightless in space.

Ultrastructural studies of the statocysts and touch-plates of graviceptors (rhopalia) of Aurelia ephyrae revealed that (1) touch-plate hair cells are present; and (2) cytoplasmic strands from the hair cell bases extend from the neurite plexus to touch similar strands from the lithocytes. This close association of hair cell neurites and statocysts may have important implications regarding the transmitting and processing of positional information with respect to the gravity vector. Graviceptors of ephyrae which developed while weightless in microgravity were compared with controls at the ultrastructural level. We found that hair cells of ephyrae which developed in microgravity had fewer lipid droplets in the large spaces near their bases as compared with 1 g controls. In the ephyrae from the first microgravity experiment, hair cells had more large apical vacuoles with filamentous content than were found in hair cells of ephyrae from the second experiment and controls. The neurite plexus and the network of cytoplasmic strands extending to the statocysts were not different in microgravity-developed ephyrae from controls. Behavioral differences in swimming and orienting in ephyrae in microgravity and controls (reported earlier) were not explained by morphological differences in the hair cells of the touch-plates or the statocysts, although functional differences apparently occurred.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Effect of perception of mechanical loading on human respiratory pattern regulation.

We applied external flow resistive (R) and elastic (E) mechanical loads over the entire respiratory cycle to five normal subjects by using a pseudorandom loading protocol. Loads ranged in magnitude from imperceptible (R0/E0) through just perceptible (R1/E1) to large (R2/E2) and resulted in respiratory pattern responses that were due to reflex responses alone (R0/E0) or to a combination of reflex responses and behavioral reactions to the perception of impeded breathing (R1/E1 and R2/E2). Pattern regulation dynamics were estimated from the computed impulse responses of tidal volume and inspiratory and expiratory durations. We anticipated that emergence of behavioral contributions would be marked by increased variability in response strategies and by increased nonlinearity in the observed responses. Regarding the immediate pattern response to loading, there was a tendency for increased qualitative variation across subjects as the load size increased, but the within-subject variability (coefficient of variation) was unaffected. We found no evidence for increased nonlinearity as loads became perceptible. The emergence of behavioral control in some instances seemed to be marked by reduction of complexity of the impulse response to one dominated by the zeroth-order lag, leading to dynamically simpler responses compared to control.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Effects of d-amphetamine, maprotiline, L-dopa, and haloperidol on the components of the predatory behavior of the ferret, Putorius furo L.

Ferret predation on rats was examined in an arena. One hour before the test one of the following drugs was administered. d-Amphetamine (0.8 and 1.4 mg/kg IM), MAPROTILINE (10 AND 40 Mg/kg orally), L-dopa (30 and 60 mg/kg orally), or haloperidol (0.14 and 0.6 mg/kg IM). Provided that capture was successful, the sequence of the behavioral components was not changed by these drugs. With the exceptions of paw movements and rolling over, which were not affected by the drugs, the components of predatory behavior were influenced differently. This leads to the assumption that a drug affects different mechanisms which control behavior. It is assumed that dopamine is involved in the control of capture elicitation as well as in the control of pursuit and biting. Capture elicitation was inhibited by d-amphetamine and L-dopa, but not by maprotiline, and was even facilitated by haloperidol. The orientation of pursuit movements and biting was impaired by L-dopa and improved by haloperidol, whereas maprotiline did not influence these components.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Control of breathing in young twins.

To clarify the role of genetics in determining chemical and behavioral control of breathing, an age-, body size-, and sex ratio-matched study was conducted in 62 twins (mean age 16.4 yr, 20 pairs of monozygotic twins (MZ) and 11 pairs of dizygotic twins (DZ)] for ventilatory responses to hypoxia (A) and hypercapnia (S) along with thresholds for perception of added inspiratory resistance. A and S were determined by a dual-control system developed to regulate arterial blood gases at predetermined levels. Mean values for A, S, thresholds for added resistance, and mouth pressure at the threshold were not different between MZ and DZ. Within-pair variances for A, S, and mouth pressure at the threshold were significantly smaller in MZ than DZ. Neither A nor S correlated with thresholds for resistance and mouth pressure in either MZ or DZ. These results indicate that in adolescent twins sensitivity to added inspiratory resistance and chemosensitivity to hypoxia and hypercapnia involve genetically determined factors, and perception of added inspiratory resistance is not directly related to chemical control of breathing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Unusual behavioral profile of alprazolam in squirrel monkeys.

Alprazolam was studied for its effects on schedule-controlled behavior of squirrel monkeys. Monkeys responded by pressing a lever under fixed-ratio or two separate fixed-interval (FI) schedules. Responding was maintained by the presentation of food under all three schedules and was suppressed under one of the FI schedules by electric shock. Unlike lorazepam, alprazolam did not increase rates of either suppressed or nonsuppressed responding under the two FI schedules after acute administration. When given for 3 (at 0.03 mg/kg) or 11 (at 0.1 mg/kg) consecutive days immediately before test sessions, alprazolam also did not increase suppressed responding. Under all three schedules, alprazolam (0.03-3.0 mg/kg) produced dose-dependent decreases in response rate. The rate-decreasing effects of alprazolam were attenuated by drugs known to have benzodiazepine (BZ) antagonist action: Ro 15-1788 (0.01 and 0.3 mg/kg), Ro 15-4513 (0.01 and 0.1 mg/kg) and 3-(methoxycarbonyl)amino-beta-carboline (10.0 and 30.0 mg/kg). These latter drugs alone either had no effect on or decreased fixed-ratio responding. Alprazolam also was tested in combination with lorazepam under the two FI schedules. In general, low doses of lorazepam, equal to or less than those having little effect on response rate when given alone, increased suppressed and nonsuppressed responding when combined with low to moderate doses of alprazolam. The results show that although the rate-decreasing effects of alprazolam probably are due to actions at BZ recognition sites, alprazolam alone does not have typical BZ-like agonist effects on FI responding; it did, however, potentiate the behavioral effects of lorazepam.

Alprazolam↗
PubMed1981

Pharmacological studies of behavioral influences on cardiovascular function.

Squirrel monkeys, prepared with chronic arterial and venous catheters, responded (pressed a key) under fixed-ratio schedules of termination of a stimulus associated with electric shock or under fixed-ratio schedules of food presentation. Although there was no necessary correlation between schedule-controlled responding and cardiovascular changes, pronounced elevations in both heart rate and blood pressure occurred during and just after brief periods of fixed-ratio responding. These episodic increases in blood pressure and heart rate were as marked under schedules of food presentation as under schedules of stimulus-shock termination. Thus, these episodic changes appear to be more dependent upon the schedule-controlled behavior than upon the type of event maintaining the behavior. Pharmacological studies indicated that under the conditions of the behavioral experiments the squirrel monkey has a relatively high degree of cardiac sympathetic tone; however, blood pressure elevations produced by administration of 1-norepinephrine were associated with an increased parasympathetic tone and decreased heart rate. The reflex bradycardia induced by 1-norepinephrine was inhibited during periods of schedule-controlled responding, suggesting that environmental and behavioral factors can not only modulate the parameters of physiological variables but also modulate this basic cardiovascular control system.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Methylphenidate compared with behavioral self-control in attention deficit disorder: preliminary report.

The effects of methylphenidate and behavioral self-control training on sustained attention were compared in 12 boys aged 6-9 years. Subjects were of low-average intelligence and had academic and behavioral problems including distractibility, short attention span, and impulsiveness. Treatment conditions (baseline, placebo, methylphenidate, and behavioral self-control training) were assigned according to a single-subject randomized blocks design. Attention was measured by the Children's Checking Test (CCT). Methylphenidate improved performance on the CCT and was superior to the other treatment conditions. Several children benefited from behavioral training, but statistical analysis of this change was nonsignificant. These results are consistent with and extend those of previous studies.

Attention↗
PubMed1983

Self-management psychology and the treatment of childhood asthma.

Self-management programs for childhood asthma are reviewed from the perspective of the psychology of self-managed change. Three characteristics of self-control behavior are discussed: (1) conscious effort, (2) conflict of choice, and (3) focused attention. The predominant model of self-control, the three-stage model developed by Kanfer and Karoly, is critiqued, and an alternate model for conceptualizing self-control, the expanded cognitive social learning model, is proposed. This is an interactive model whereby the individual is represented by cognitive and physiologic factors along with the physical and social environment and the individual's overt behaviors. Influence is seen as being multidirectional and interactive. This model, when applied to self-control programs, requires attention to the multiple ways in which an individual can influence his or her behavior and environment; behaviors, cognitive and physiologic processes, and specific environments must be evaluated as interactive factors in self-control. Based on the reciprocal model of self-control, nine criteria were derived and used for the review of 11 asthma self-management programs. Two programs are noted for their comprehensive application of the psychology of self-managed change to childhood asthma.

Asthma↗
PubMed2002

Operant conditioning.

Operant behavior is behavior "controlled" by its consequences. In practice, operant conditioning is the study of reversible behavior maintained by reinforcement schedules. We review empirical studies and theoretical approaches to two large classes of operant behavior: interval timing and choice. We discuss cognitive versus behavioral approaches to timing, the "gap" experiment and its implications, proportional timing and Weber's law, temporal dynamics and linear waiting, and the problem of simple chain-interval schedules. We review the long history of research on operant choice: the matching law, its extensions and problems, concurrent chain schedules, and self-control. We point out how linear waiting may be involved in timing, choice, and reinforcement schedules generally. There are prospects for a unified approach to all these areas.

Attention↗